The transportation of containerized shipments will continue to be a topic of interest in the world because it is the primary method for shipping cargo globally. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the impact of the Panama Canal Expansion (PCE) on the trade flows of containerized shipments between the United States and its trade partners for US exports and imports. The results show that the Panama Canal Expansion would affect the trade flows of US imports and exports significantly. The major findings are as follows: (1) the PCE affects not only US domestic trade flows, but also international trade flows since inland transportation and ocean transportation are interactive, (2) delay cost and toll rate at the Panama Canal do not have a significant impact on trade volume and flows of US containerized shipments after the Panama Canal Expansion mainly because delay cost and toll rate at the canal account for a small portion of the total transportation costs after the PCE, (3) West Coast ports would experience negative effects and East Coast ports would experience positive effects from the PCE, while Gulf ports would experience no effects from the PCE, and (4) an optimal toll rate is inconclusive in this study because changes in toll rate at the canal account for a small portion of the total transportation costs and the PNC competes with shipments to/from Asia shipping to the US West. / Mountain Plains Consortium (MPC) / U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)

MAAS / Department of Developmental Studies

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This thesis explores a new competence of the investment policy Union conferred upon the European Union by the Lisbon treaty. The reform of the primary legislation in 2009 incorporated foreign direct investment among the components of the Common Commercial Policy. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse this new component, to describe the means of its execution and to discuss the European investment policy in the context of European law. This research aims to be an introduction to this topic in the Czech academia as it is a very topical issue due to the ongoing negotiations with the United States on a free trade agreement including an investment chapter. The thesis is composed of three chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the European investment policy. The first two parts are more of a theoretical nature, whereas the last part is a practical demonstration of the policy results in the form of negotiated agreements. Chapter One is introductory and acquaints the reader with the systematics of the Common Commercial Policy in the section of External action in the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU, its aims and principles and the scope of the newly conferred exclusive competence. It also defines basic terminology used in the thesis - the term foreign direct investment. Finally the last...

Esta tese trata das relações comerciais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos, através da perspectiva da história econômica, num recorte temporal de cinqüenta anos, que vão desde o pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial até meados dos anos noventa, período no qual se desenvolveram importantes transformações produtivas, nas relações comerciais, bem como no relacionamento político-diplomático bilateral. Também remontam a este período, a formação do marco institucional de representação dos interesses sociais e produtivos, tanto nas economias nacionais, quanto no âmbito internacional. Nosso objetivo foi traçar a evolução deste relacionamento bilateral, a partir do tema da política comercial, inserida no contexto dos interesses nacionais - expressos pelos setores produtivos domésticos -, e pela política externa, que limitam ou potencializam a evolução da política comercial e que ao mesmo tempo também são influenciados por ela. Para validar nossos argumentos, utilizamos a cronologia como fio condutor, entrelaçando as posições diplomáticas das relações internacionais, com os acontecimentos econômicos, comerciais e institucionais de representação. / This thesis is regarding Brazil\'s and United States of America commercial relationship under the economic history perspective, within a period of fifty years, since the post Second World War until mid nineties. In that period several important productive transformations occurred, at the commercial relationship, as well as at the bilateral political -diplomatic matters. It is also from that period the institutional representational mark of the social and productive interests, at the national and international economies. Our objective is to set an evolutionary track of those bilateral relationships, from the commercial point of view, inserted at the national interests context- expressed throughout the domestic productive sectors- and by the external policy which put a limit or give more strength to the commercial policy evolution, at the same time as they are influenced by it. In order to validate our arguments, we used the chronology as a conductor track, interlacing the diplomatic international relationship with the economic events, commercial and institutional of representation.

O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Orientador: Tullo Vigevani / Banca: Janina Onuki / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Ferreira e Carvalho / Resumo: A forma como os atores domésticos defendem seus interesses econômicos pode influenciar os rumos da política de comércio internacional. Sob tal perspectiva de análise, esta dissertação tem por objetivo demonstrar como os lobistas dos produtores de etanol influenciaram a definição da política agrícola e energética dos Estados Unidos na última década. Com base no modelo de dois níveis proposto por Robert Putnam, foram identificados os grupos ligados à cadeia produtiva do etanol, bem como mapeadas as estratégias adotadas por eles para fazer valer seus interesses tanto na arena eleitoral como nas arenas decisórias dos poderes Executivo e Legislativo. As evidências sugerem que o lobby do etanol utilizou seus recursos financeiros e canais de influência para pressionar os membros do Congresso dos EUA a aprovar leis que concedessem benefícios setoriais na forma de subsídio. Os produtores do etanol fizeram doações aos candidatos em defesa de uma agenda agrícola, aumentando as chances de elegê-los para que representassem seus interesses na Câmara dos Representantes e no Senado; contrataram lobistas e custearam atividades em prol da indústria agrícola nacional; emplacaram representantes em agências do governo; apresentaram a pauta de reivindicações durante os trabalhos dos comitês agrícolas da Câmara e do Senado; e fizeram contribuições para a campanha de reeleição dos congressistas às vésperas das votações dos projetos de lei. Essa estratégia do lobby do etanol se revelou eficiente, visto que no período estudado foram aprovadas peças legislativas que atenderam às suas reivindicações. Por outro lado, o sucesso dos produtores americanos de etanol em suas iniciativas produziu distorções no comércio internacional de produtos agrícolas, prejudicando países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil / Abstract: The way in which domestic actors defend their economic interests can influence international trade. From this perspective of analysis, this Master's thesis aims to demonstrate that ethanol lobbyists influenced the features of U.S. agricultural and energy policy in the last decade. The two-level model proposed by Robert D. Putnam allowed identifying the lobbying groups for the ethanol industry and the strategies by asserting their interests, especially in the electoral arena and in decision arenas in Executive and Legislative decision-making. Evidence suggests that the ethanol lobby has used its financial resources and channels of influence for pressuring Members of U.S. Congress to pass laws providing benefits in the form of sectorial subsidies. Ethanol producers donated money to candidates in defense of agricultural issues, increasing the chances of electing congressional representatives to represent their interests in the House and in the Senate. They engaged in lobbying and financed activities in agricultural defense. They had representatives in government agencies. They presented a list of demands during the work time of the agricultural committees. They contributed to Members of Congress' reelection campaign on the eve of voting of the bills. This strategy of the ethanol lobby was effective because representatives and senators enacted pieces of legislation towards the parochial demand. On the other hand, the triumph of American producers of ethanol created distortions for international trade of agricultural products, harming developing countries like Brazil / Mestre