Spelling suggestions: "subject:"commercial treating."" "subject:"eommercial treating.""
21 |
Revenue, welfare and trade effects of EU FTA on South AfricaGuei, Kore Marc Antoine January 2015 (has links)
The study used the partial equilibrium WITS-SMART Simulation Model to assess the impact of liberalization under the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) of a free trade area between the EU and South Africa. The findings of the study reveal that total trade effects in South Africa are likely to surge by US$ 1.036 billion with a total welfare valued at US$ 134 million. Dismantling tariffs on all EU goods would be beneficial to consumers through net trade creation. Total trade creation would be US$ 782 million. However, South African producers are likely to contribute a trade diversion of US$ 254 million which has a negative impact on consumer welfare. The country might also experience a revenue loss amounting to US$ 562 million due to the removal of tariffs. On trade, the country’s export and import to the EU is expected to increase by US$ 12.419 million and US$ 1.266 million respectively. To mitigate revenue loss, the country should try to diversify its current tax base.
|
22 |
The Impact of Multilateral Trade Association Membership on Agricultural and Food TradeMcKoy, Shahera Diane January 2007 (has links)
This thesis models trade flows between countries as a function of several variables, including those representing membership in multilateral trade agreements (MTAs). The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of trade policies, trading costs, trade agreements and other demographic characteristics on exports of food and agriculture products. More specifically, the paper uses a gravity model augmented with three sets of dummy variables to estimate the impact of 13 trade arrangements on intra-bloc and extra-bloc trade. Results indicate that several MTAs enhance intra-bloc trading at the expense of non-members while others have been successful at increasing both intra-bloc trade and trade with the rest of the world. Findings further suggest that several arrangements had no significant effect on member trading and that a few have effectively reduced trade for members.
|
23 |
International trade in wine and geographical indications : common interests between the EU and South AfricaGrewlich, Jerome 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European-South African trade relations concerrnng wine and spirits are characterized by
various opportunities and, at the same time, a range of conflicts. The latter notably relates to
the dispute over geographical indications and designations of origin. Considering this
confusing amalgamation of discord and harmony, it is the purpose of this study, entitled
"International Trade in Wine and Geographical Indications - Common Interests between the
EU and South Africa", to understand the rationale for trade in wine from both sides of the
coin. Moreover, this research assesses possible multilateral and bilateral solutions for dealing
with trade frictions between the EU and South Africa and identifies common interests with a
view to establish a lasting foundation for blossoming trade in wine and sustained growth. The
underlying methodology is a qualitative interpretative approach and bases on insights into
modern marketing and international management theory.
On this basis the "objective" interests of the EU and South Africa in trade in wine are
analysed in order to assess the coming into existence of the Trade, Development and
Cooperation Agreement as well as the Wine and Spirits Agreement. Pivot of these trade
negotiations is the dispute on geographical indications, which is scrutinized by looking into
relevant chapters of the WTO and its TR.IPS Agreement. With regards to the Wine and Spirits
Agreement it is salient to ask whether it is economically and politically reasonable for South
Africa to accept a financial package from the EU to secure the 'voluntary' phasing out of a
number of trademarks and geographical indications. The study concludes with an outlook
regarding the globalisation of the world's wine market, potential future investment flows
between the EU and South Africa and the need for an effective marketing strategy in order to
become or remain global player in an increasing competitiveness caused by globalisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese en Suid-Afrikaanse handelsverhoudinge in wyn en spiritualieë word gekenmerk
deur verskeie geleenthede en terselfdertyd 'n reeks konflikte. Laasgenoemde hou merkbaar
verband met die twis oor geografiese indikatore en aanwysings van oorsprong. Gegewe
hierdie verwarrende tweedrag en harmonie, is die doel van hierdie studie, getiteld
"Internasionale Handel in Wyn en Geografiese Aanwysings - Gemeenskaplike belange tussen
die EU en Suid-Afrika", om die 'rationale' agter die wynhandel van twee kante te beskou.
Verder ondersoek hierdie navorsing moontlike multi- en bilaterale oplossings vir die
handelswrywing tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika en identifiseer gemeenskaplike belange met
die doelom 'n fondament te bou vir volhoubare groei in die wynhandel. Die onderliggende
metodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe verklarende benadering, gebaseer op insigte uit moderne
bemarkings- en bestuursteorie.
Op hierdie vlak word die 'objektiewe' belange van die EU en Suid-Afrika in die wynhandel
ontleed om gevolgtrekkings oor die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms
en die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms te maak. Onderliggend aan hierdie onderhandelinge
is die twis oor geografiese aanwysings, wat noukeurig ondersoek is deur relevante hoofstukke
van die WHO Ooreenkoms en sy TRIPS-komponent te raadpleeg. Met verwysing na die
Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms is dit voor die hand liggend om te vra of dit ekonomies en
polities verstandig vir Suid-Afrika is om 'n finansiële pakket van die EU te aanvaar in ruil vir
die vrywillige uitfasering van 'n aantal handelsmerke en geografiese aanwysings. Die studie
sluit af met '11" blik op globalisering van die wêreld se wynmarkte, die potensiële toekomstige
vloei van beleggings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika, en die behoefte aan 'n effektiewe
bemarkingsstrategie om 'n globale speler te word.
|
24 |
The EU-SA wine and spirits agreement : implications for South AfricaVan Wyk, J. T. (Jacobus Tertius) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the negotiating stages of the TOCA, the EU and South Africa could not
reach an agreement on the use of certain EU geographical indications related
to wine products. The geographical indication issue threatened the signing of
the entire TOCA. At the request of the EU, South Africa agreed to negotiate a
separate Wine and Spirits Agreement, in order to finalise the TOCA.
The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement was eventually negotiated and came
into effect on 1 January 2002. The initial issue relating to the geographical
indications remained controversial throughout the negotiations and matters
were made worst when the initial contentious denominations of Port and
Sherry were expanded by the EU to include Grappa, Ouzo, Korn, Kornbrand,
Jagertee, Jaqertee, Jagatee and Pacharan. South Africa eventually agreed to
phase out the use of these denominations over specified time periods.
The current wording of the agreement will also result in South Africa having to
yield a variety of well known trade marks such as Nederburg and Roodeberg.
Article 7(8) of the Wine Agreement implies that in the case of conflict between
a South African wine trade mark and an EU geographical indication for wine,
the South African trade mark will always have to yield to the EU geographical
indication. The entire geographical indication matter is being contested by
South Africa and is still under negotiation. South Africa and the EU agreed to allocate reciprocal duty free tariff quotas to
wine products. These tariff quotas will remain effective until the FTA has been
established, following the transitional periods as agreed upon in the TOGA.
The duty free funds will however not have such a direct impact on the wine
industry as have been envisaged initially, because the funds are in the hands
of the EU importers. Various business plans are being implemented to allow
the South African wine industry to benefit from these and any future funds.
The EU offered financial assistance to the value of €15 million for the
restructuring of the South African wine industry as well as for the marketing of
the South African wine and spirits products. To date none of these funds have
been allocated and various proposals have been made to the South African
government in order to obtain these funds from the EU.
The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement is a continuous evolving agreement,
where both parties are allowed to modify the existing agreement with the
consent of the other party. Such modifications are allowed with the premise
that it would contribute to the facilitation and promotion of trade in wine and
spirits products between South Africa and the EU.
South Africa must take cognisance of the implications of the
EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement and ensure that they do not end up
losing more than what they are gaining. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Sien volteks vir opsomming
|
25 |
An analysis and appraisal of restructuring in SADCC/SADC since 1990Masemola, Hendrick 30 September 2005 (has links)
This dissertation analyses and appraises factors that lead SADCC/SADC to restructure in 1992 and in 1999 respectively. Regime theory is used as an analytical tool of these factors throughout this study. The restructuring of regional organisation in the world is often associated with a decision that is taken by regional leaders, only to hide failures of these organisations to deliver. Studies of this phenomenon, however, frequently fail to research the underlying causes.
In the case of SADCC/SADC, apart from the fact that the organisation failed to achieve its intended objectives, such as regional integration, economic independence, regional security, and more, this study argues that there were a lot of elements that influenced the pace and the operations of SADCC/C in achieving regional integration and other objectives. The basic debate in this study thus revolves around the fact that the restructuring exercise in SADCC/SADC was a result of many factors and this argument is supported by the regime theory. / Political Science / M.A. (Political Science)
|
26 |
Botswana's role in the global economy : opportunities and challengesMosarwa, Magdeline Tsholo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the world globalises there is need for economic integration. These integration processes
can be both regional and global Africa as one of the world's continents is not immune to
these integrations; regions within the continent have formed trade blocs which enhance
economic development for individual member states of such blocs. Even though these
countries are not equal in terms of economic development the ultimate goal is to have
sustainable economic development and be able to compete in the global world. Botswana
is one country with such aspirations and dreams.
This paper addresses the role of Botswana in the global economy; highlighting its
opportunities and challenges. Botswana has been a success story in Africa, with its GOP
per capita increasing from less than US$2 000 in 1975 to around USSIO 000 in 2005,
recording economic growth rates of over seven per cent. The country's economy has been
heavily reliant on mining. tourism. manufacturing and agriculture. Diamonds are by far the
most important source of income for Botswana, accounting for more than 70 per cent of
total export earnings. The satisfactory performance of the financial sector impacts on
overall development and the diversification of the economy.
In its efforts to integrate and strengthen bilateral relations with bigger market economies,
Botswana is a signatory to a number of trade agreements such as World Trade
Organisation (WTO), Cotonou, Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), Africa
Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA) and Southern African Customs Union (SA CU). As a
member of the WTO, the inclusion of China into the organisation implies that Chinese
products are now highly competitive when compared to Botswana products due to lower
production costs enjoyed by Chinese finns. Chinese finns also enjoy competitive
advantage in US markets where Botswana exports some of its textile products under
AGOA. However, the country has enjoyed productive relationships with the European
countries since its colonial period and through the Cotonou agreement, which was signed
between the European Community and the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific countries.
Botswana is also a signatory to regional blocs such as the SADC through which it has
agreed on a number of economic issues such as trade, gender, water resources, peace and
security, democracy and good governance. Through the SADe, member states such as
Botswana are able to lobby for support or form partnerships with developed nations such
as Sweden. By being a member of SACU, Botswana can export to a large market and
complement its smaller domestic market.
As players in the global economy, countries are exposed to many challenges and
opportunities. There are opportunities for attracting more investment into the country due
to its excellent economic performance. Investment can be attracted in financial and
manufacturing sectors through encouraging private-public partnerships. This paper
discusses some of the growth sectors in the economy and how they can be enhanced to
contribute to sustainable development. It is also worth mentioning that Botswana faces
challenges such as HIV/AIDS and unemployment. By being landlocked, the country is
relatively expensive for investors to manufacture locally and export to foreign countries,
which dampens the attraction of foreign direct investment.
Some of these challenges and opportunities experienced by Botswana can serve as lessons
for other African countries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die globaliseringsproses wereIdwyd vorder is daar ook 'n proses van toenemende
ekonomiese integrasie, wereldwyd en op 'n streeksbasis. Afrika neem ook deel aan die
proses. In die verskillende streke van die kontinent is handelsblokke besig om te ontplooi.
AI is hierdie lande nog ver agter in die internasionale mededingingsproses strewe hulle
daarna om op 'n volhoubare manier internasionaal mee te ding. Botswana het beslis die
mikpunt.
Hierdie studie spreek Botswana se rol in die wyer streeks- en internasionale ekonomie aan.
Die land word algemeen beskou as 'n ontwikkelingsukses, met 'n BBP per capita toename
van US$2 000 in 1975 tot US$I0 000 in 2005, en 'n gemiddelde jaarlikse groeikoers van
meer as sewe persent. Die landsekonomie is sterk afhanklik van die mynbousektor,
landbou, toerisme en fabriekswese, met diamante tot 70 persent van uitvoere.
As deel van die proses om nouer in te skakel by die groter markte het Botswana by 'n reeks
ooreenkomste aangesluit, naamlik die Wereld Handelsorganisasie, die Cotonou-ooreenkoms,
die SADC, AGOA en SACU. Terwyl die aansluiting by hierdie
ooreenkomste Botswana se uitvoermarkte uitgebrei het, het Sjina se aansluiting by die
WTO vir Botswana se nywerhede groter mededinging veroorsaak. Aan die ander kant het
die lidmaatskap van Botswana by die SADC en Sacu vir die land baie geleenthede geopen
om meer effektief te pleit en te onderhandel vir ekonomiese, sosiale en ander
ontwikkelingsvoordele, veral waar Botswana se eie bevolking en markte so klein is.
Om 'n beeld te kry van die uitwerking van die stappe van Botswana word in die studie ook
gekyk na ontwikkelingstendense in spesifieke sektore asook na pogings om buitelandse
kapitaal na die land te trek. Terselfdertyd moet besef word dat Botswana vanwee sy hoe
HIV/Vigs koers tans en in die toekoms te kampe het met 'n reeks heel spesiale
struikelblokke wat die ontwikkelingsproses beinvloed.
|
27 |
A critical appraisal of the role of aid for trade in the achievement of a global partnership for development in respect of Kenya and Tanzania.Chetty, Rushantha. January 2013 (has links)
No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
|
28 |
International trade agreements.Wei, Zhang January 2009 (has links)
In recent years, the use of the mode of regional trade liberalisation has proliferated, while the multilateral talks through the WTO have proceeded slowly, resulting in a debate on the role of bilateral and multilateral trade liberalisation. This thesis aims to provide new insights to this debate by studying the welfare effects of different types of trade agreements and the equilibrium outcome(s) of trade negotiation. We apply the three-country and three-good “competing-exporters model" developed by Bagwell and Staiger (1999) as our basic trade framework. By comparing the equilibrium welfare of each country under different structures of trading blocs, we clarify the welfare impacts of each trade agreement. Then we model the process of trade negotiation as a trade negotiation game, in which each country endogenously decides whether to negotiate through multilateral or bilateral trade liberalisation. By solving the equilibrium of the game, the stable structure of trading blocs and the path(s) to reach it can be found. We start with a framework in which all countries are welfare maximising. We find that at the early stage of trade negotiation, a free trade agreement (FTA) is Pareto welfare improving, despite the fact that member countries benefit more than any non-member. Although being the hub is the best position, a spoke is in a worse position than being outside a single FTA. Thus, a “hub-and-spoke" structure cannot be achieved and the unique equilibrium outcome of trade negotiation is given by multilateral free trade (MFT) through a multilateral trade agreement (MTA). The welfare-maximising analysis is followed by the examination of cases in which each government is politically motivated. The political structure we use is similar to Ornelas (2005), which follows the basic framework developed by Grossman and Helpman (1995), emphasising the interaction between lobby groups representing the special interest of one industry and the government in their home country. We first consider a circumstance where the political pressures are only from the import- competing sector. It is then generalised to a case in which all sectors are allowed to lobby the local government. Furthermore, the analysis is extended into an asymmetric world that includes two big countries and one small country. Our results show that political economy forces usually reduce the likelihood of forming trade agreements and that when the political concerns are sufficiently large, all trade agreements can be prevented by political pressures. Also, our findings suggest that the option of bilateral FTAs does not cause an initially infeasible MFT to become feasible, while a previously feasible MFT is likely to be blocked by the option of FTAs. Thus, our thesis provides some evidence to support the argument that the formation of FTAs can be a “stumbling block" for global trade liberalisation. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2009
|
29 |
International trade agreements.Wei, Zhang January 2009 (has links)
In recent years, the use of the mode of regional trade liberalisation has proliferated, while the multilateral talks through the WTO have proceeded slowly, resulting in a debate on the role of bilateral and multilateral trade liberalisation. This thesis aims to provide new insights to this debate by studying the welfare effects of different types of trade agreements and the equilibrium outcome(s) of trade negotiation. We apply the three-country and three-good “competing-exporters model" developed by Bagwell and Staiger (1999) as our basic trade framework. By comparing the equilibrium welfare of each country under different structures of trading blocs, we clarify the welfare impacts of each trade agreement. Then we model the process of trade negotiation as a trade negotiation game, in which each country endogenously decides whether to negotiate through multilateral or bilateral trade liberalisation. By solving the equilibrium of the game, the stable structure of trading blocs and the path(s) to reach it can be found. We start with a framework in which all countries are welfare maximising. We find that at the early stage of trade negotiation, a free trade agreement (FTA) is Pareto welfare improving, despite the fact that member countries benefit more than any non-member. Although being the hub is the best position, a spoke is in a worse position than being outside a single FTA. Thus, a “hub-and-spoke" structure cannot be achieved and the unique equilibrium outcome of trade negotiation is given by multilateral free trade (MFT) through a multilateral trade agreement (MTA). The welfare-maximising analysis is followed by the examination of cases in which each government is politically motivated. The political structure we use is similar to Ornelas (2005), which follows the basic framework developed by Grossman and Helpman (1995), emphasising the interaction between lobby groups representing the special interest of one industry and the government in their home country. We first consider a circumstance where the political pressures are only from the import- competing sector. It is then generalised to a case in which all sectors are allowed to lobby the local government. Furthermore, the analysis is extended into an asymmetric world that includes two big countries and one small country. Our results show that political economy forces usually reduce the likelihood of forming trade agreements and that when the political concerns are sufficiently large, all trade agreements can be prevented by political pressures. Also, our findings suggest that the option of bilateral FTAs does not cause an initially infeasible MFT to become feasible, while a previously feasible MFT is likely to be blocked by the option of FTAs. Thus, our thesis provides some evidence to support the argument that the formation of FTAs can be a “stumbling block" for global trade liberalisation. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2009
|
30 |
International trade agreements.Wei, Zhang January 2009 (has links)
In recent years, the use of the mode of regional trade liberalisation has proliferated, while the multilateral talks through the WTO have proceeded slowly, resulting in a debate on the role of bilateral and multilateral trade liberalisation. This thesis aims to provide new insights to this debate by studying the welfare effects of different types of trade agreements and the equilibrium outcome(s) of trade negotiation. We apply the three-country and three-good “competing-exporters model" developed by Bagwell and Staiger (1999) as our basic trade framework. By comparing the equilibrium welfare of each country under different structures of trading blocs, we clarify the welfare impacts of each trade agreement. Then we model the process of trade negotiation as a trade negotiation game, in which each country endogenously decides whether to negotiate through multilateral or bilateral trade liberalisation. By solving the equilibrium of the game, the stable structure of trading blocs and the path(s) to reach it can be found. We start with a framework in which all countries are welfare maximising. We find that at the early stage of trade negotiation, a free trade agreement (FTA) is Pareto welfare improving, despite the fact that member countries benefit more than any non-member. Although being the hub is the best position, a spoke is in a worse position than being outside a single FTA. Thus, a “hub-and-spoke" structure cannot be achieved and the unique equilibrium outcome of trade negotiation is given by multilateral free trade (MFT) through a multilateral trade agreement (MTA). The welfare-maximising analysis is followed by the examination of cases in which each government is politically motivated. The political structure we use is similar to Ornelas (2005), which follows the basic framework developed by Grossman and Helpman (1995), emphasising the interaction between lobby groups representing the special interest of one industry and the government in their home country. We first consider a circumstance where the political pressures are only from the import- competing sector. It is then generalised to a case in which all sectors are allowed to lobby the local government. Furthermore, the analysis is extended into an asymmetric world that includes two big countries and one small country. Our results show that political economy forces usually reduce the likelihood of forming trade agreements and that when the political concerns are sufficiently large, all trade agreements can be prevented by political pressures. Also, our findings suggest that the option of bilateral FTAs does not cause an initially infeasible MFT to become feasible, while a previously feasible MFT is likely to be blocked by the option of FTAs. Thus, our thesis provides some evidence to support the argument that the formation of FTAs can be a “stumbling block" for global trade liberalisation. / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2009
|
Page generated in 0.0914 seconds