The Australian Government expects universities to engage in technology transfer and commercialisation (TT&C) and almost all universities have established a technology transfer office (TTO) for this purpose. The primary aim of this research was to identify what would enhance the overall performance of Australian universities in research commercialisation and industry uptake of the university research commercialisation outcomes. Four research questions were enunciated: 1 What are the systemic barriers to research commercialisation within Australian universities? 2 How could Australian universities overcome the systemic barriers to the commercialisation of university research? 3 How, in particular, could Australian smaller and regional universities enhance their research commercialisation capacity and performance? 4 How could the uptake by industry of Australian university research outcomes be improved? Question 1 was answered using a qualitative content analysis on the substantial body of literature available. Questions 2 and 3 were answered using multiple-case analysis involving eight Australian university case studies and comparing Australian university practice with five benchmark universities œ two from the US, two from Canada, and one from New Zealand. The first major conclusion was that there are three essential criteria upon which university TT&C success is built: institutional and senior executive support for TT&C superior TTO management; and sufficient world-class research being conducted. The second major conclusion was that the same key criteria for success in TT&C apply across the board, whether a university is smaller, regional, technical, new or old, research-intensive or otherwise. Question 4 was answered using case studies developed on five SME companies in the electronics industry in one Australian State and comparing these results with the outcome of a narrative review conducted on the literature to permit methodological triangulation. The research found a rich engagement occurring between universities and industry, with the most important element involving individual personal relationships.

A common characteristic of the theoretical developments within the field of social media marketing is that activities to which consumers devote themselves in social media settings shift power from firms to consumers. Extant literature has therefore analysed the practices of consumers within social media and their potential implications for marketing. The current state of social media, however, suggests that these settings are undergoing a process of transformation. Although social media were initially characterised as non-commercial in nature, firms have started to manage interactions within these digital landscapes. From initially being characterised by its social base, this development implies that social media have become increasingly commercialised. The aim of this dissertation is to expand the literature on social media by describing the process through which they evolve from their initially social character to a commercial utility. More specifically, it seeks to develop a conceptual framework that captures the role of marketing processes that lead to the commercialisation of these spheres. This is done mainly through a netnographic study of the Swedish fashion blogosphere in order to explain how and why consumers and professionals interact, organise, create and appropriate commercial values in the fashion blogosphere. Drawing on theory of spheres, this dissertation proposes a sphereological understanding of social media that expands the role of marketing. It is suggested that social media may be understood as a collection of micro-spheres that, together, comprise a densely connected foam of spatiality and place. In these spheres, consumers, together with commercial actors, take part in practices that become increasingly commercial. In that sense, marketing takes the roles of navigating social media in search of symbolic meanings of value, and of affecting, negotiating and redefining atmospheres of places in the social media landscape. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense the following paper was unpublished and had the status as follows. Paper 2: Accepted.</p>

Plusieurs modèles de mise en marché de la fraise existent à travers le monde. Ces modes de mise en marché, aussi appelés modes de coordination, se situent le long du continuum de la coordination verticale. En Amérique du Nord, on retrouve tant des modes de coordination près du marché que des contrats de production à forfait. Dans certains pays d'Europe, des coopératives se chargent de mettre en marché les fraises de centaines de producteurs, alors que dans d'autres régions du monde, les fraises sont produites par un système qui sera proche de la production à contrat. Le contrôle d'un maillon de la chaîne sur un autre est donc très variable selon le mode de coordination choisi par les acteurs des différentes filières. Toutefois, la transaction de l'échange de fraises est sensiblement la même partout dans le monde : elle est caractérisée par une grande spécificité des actifs et une incertitude-prix élevée. Quel mode de coordination est le plus aligné avec les caractéristiques de la transaction? L'objet de cette recherche est aussi d'analyser la performance et la durabilité des divers modes de coordination du secteur de la fraise. En effet, y a-t-il un mode de coordination qui permet à la chaîne d'approvisionnement d'être davantage performante et durable? La mesure de la performance sera faite en fonction des enjeux et opportunités de la filière. De fait, les filières de production de fraises ont à faire face à des enjeux spécifiques, comme la diminution des produits phytosanitaires et de l'utilisation du plastique, la hausse des températures et la pénurie de main-d'œuvre. Les filières auront aussi à décider si elles saisissent ou non les opportunités qui s'offrent à elles dans les prochaines années. Donc, des indicateurs de performance associés aux défis et enjeux seront sélectionnés pour répondre aux questions de recherche. / Several strawberry marketing methods exist around the world. These methods, also called coordination methods, are found along the continuum of vertical coordination. In North America, we find coordination methods very similar to the spot market as well as fixed price production contracts. In some European countries, producer cooperatives are responsible for marketing strawberries from several hundred producers, while in other regions of the world, strawberries are produced by a system similar to production by contract. The control of one link of the chain over another is therefore variable depending on the coordination method chosen by the actors in the different supply chains. However, the strawberry exchange transaction is much the same all over the world: it is characterized by high asset specificity and high price uncertainty. Which coordination method is therefore the most aligned with the characteristics of the transaction? The aim of this research is also to analyse the performance and sustainability of various coordination methods in the strawberry sector. I will be reviewing the hypothesis that there is acoordination method that allows the supply chain to be more efficient and sustainable. Performance measurement will be based on the challenges and opportunities of the sector. In fact, the strawberry production sectors face sector-specific challenges, such as the reduction in phytosanitary products and of plastic use, the rise in temperatures due to climate change and the shortage of labor. Sectors will also have to decide whether or not to seize the opportunities open to them in the coming years. Hence, performance indicators associated specifically with the challenges and issues will be selected to answer the research questions.

Les enfants sont fortement exposés aux publicités d'aliments moins sains dans divers lieux et médias. Ceci est préoccupant en raison de leurs capacités cognitives sous-développées, qui les rendent particulièrement vulnérables à l'influence de la publicité. La pandémie de COVID-19 pourrait avoir influencé l'exposition des enfants aux publicités d'aliments moins sains en modifiant leur consommation de médias et leurs routines quotidiennes. Des études suggèrent que les enfants ont passé plus de temps devant des écrans, en partie en raison de l'enseignement en ligne. Comme des recherches antérieures suggèrent qu'une augmentation du temps passé devant un écran est associée à une exposition plus fréquente aux publicités de boissons sucrées, l'augmentation du temps passé devant un écran pourrait avoir partiellement influencé l'exposition des enfants aux publicités de boissons sucrées, pouvant avoir des conséquences sur leur consommation. Ces changements potentiels peuvent varier d'un pays à l'autre en raison des politiques différentes en matière de restriction de la publicité alimentaire auprès des enfants. L'objectif de cette étude était donc d'examiner la fréquence et le lieu d'exposition des enfants aux publicités de boissons sucrées dans six pays, avant et pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, et d'examiner l'association entre l'exposition aux publicités et la consommation. Les données proviennent de l'*International Food Policy Study*, une enquête transversale répétée menée auprès d'enfants en Australie, au Canada, au Chili, au Mexique, au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis. Les résultats suggèrent une accélération possible de la numérisation de la publicité de boissons sucrées pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, et une diminution de l'exposition des enfants aux publicités dans les commerces. Une exposition plus fréquente aux publicités, et dans chacun des lieux, a été associée à la consommation de boissons sucrées. Ces résultats ont d'importantes retombées pour la mise en œuvre de politiques de restriction de la publicité alimentaire auprès des enfants. / Children are highly exposed to the marketing of less healthy foods and in a variety of media and settings. This is of concern due to their underdeveloped cognitive abilities, making them particularly vulnerable to marketing influence. The COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced children's exposure to the marketing of less healthy foods through changes in media consumption and daily routines. Evidence suggests children spent more time in front of screens during the COVID-19 pandemic, partly due to online schooling. As previous research suggests that an increase in screen time is associated with more frequent exposure to sugary beverage advertising, the increase in screen time may have influenced children's exposure to the advertising of sugary beverages, with implications for intake. These potential changes in children's exposure to sugary beverage advertising may have varied between countries, which have different policies in place to restrict the marketing of less healthy foods to children. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency and setting of children's exposure to advertisements of sugary beverages in six countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine the association between exposure to advertisements and intake of sugary beverages. Data were from the *International Food Policy Study*, a repeated cross-sectional survey conducted among children in Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States. The findings suggest a possible acceleration of the digitalization of sugary beverage advertising during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a concomitant decrease in children's exposure to retail advertising. More frequent exposure to sugary beverage advertisements and in each of the settings was associated with sugary beverage intake. These findings have important policy implications in evolving policy dialogues surrounding restrictions on the marketing of less healthy foods to children and may serve as a benchmark for impending restrictions.

L’immatriculation des satellites est une procédure issue du droit international spatial, et en particulier de l’article VIII du Traité sur l’espace de 1967 et de la Convention relative à l’immatriculation des objets spatiaux de 1975. De nombreux États en précisent le champ, les modalités et la portée dans leur droit national. C’est le cas de la France, qui prévoit ce mécanisme dans sa « Loi relative aux opérations spatiales » de 2008 et ses textes d’application. L’immatriculation établit un lien de rattachement entre un État et un objet spatial, et c’est en particulier les satellites actifs qui font l’objet de la présente analyse. Ce lien de rattachement est attributif de la « juridiction et du contrôle » sur l’objet, expression dont il fallait cerner le sens précis. Synonyme de compétence dans un sens général, elle n’en renvoie pas moins à un devoir d’encadrement technique des activités dans l’espace de la part de l’État qui y procède. Ceci permet de préserver l’une des normes fondamentales du droit de l’espace, la liberté d’accès à l’espace extra-atmosphérique par tous les États. Le fait de mettre en place ces normes permet d’éviter que ces activités, intrinsèquement dangereuses, ne soient dommageables. Cette liberté d’accès à un espace non soumis à un titre de compétence territorial est un corollaire de la souveraineté de l’État. Cette liberté ne va pas sans difficultés. L’évolution des activités dans des espaces partagés, tels que l’espace extra-atmosphérique, la haute mer ou l’espace aérien surplombant cette dernière y contribue. Elle s’intensifie. L’espace extra-atmosphérique est de plus en plus utilisée. Le secteur spatial fournit en effet des services très demandés, et désormais indispensables à la société. On pense en particulier à la télédétection, aux télécommunications et aux systèmes de positionnement. De ce fait les satellites participent du mouvement de digitalisation de l’économie. L’espace peut donc être considéré comme un ressource rare, comme l’est déjà le spectre radioélectrique, indispensable aux communications avec les satellites. Dans un environnement de plus en plus concurrentiel, la tendance à optimiser le choix du droit applicable peut être un facteur d’économie, parfois au détriment de la sécurité des activités.Le droit maritime connait ce phénomène, avec les pavillons de complaisance. L’évolution des activités spatiales doit de ce fait prendre ce risque en compte. Dans ce cadre l’immatriculation est un mécanisme fondamental. D’une part, pour des raisons de sûreté matérielle. Il permet en effet d’assurer que le satellite sera opéré sous la surveillance d’un État. Si ce mécanisme ne peut pour l’instant que difficilement être contourné du fait de la responsabilité qui s’attache au statut d’Etat de lancement, il faut néanmoins soulever que celui-ci est un héritage des premiers temps des activités spatiales, qui ne correspond que peu avec la dynamique actuelle de ces activités. D’autre part, pour des raisons d’applicabilité du droit aux espaces numériques. En effet les satellites sont des infrastructures numériques, considérant le caractère fluide de ces activités, c’est bien le contrôle sur l’infrastructure qui constitue la dernière garantie de l’applicabilité du droit. / Satellites registration is a mechanism of international space law. Article VIII of the 1967 Space Treaty and the 1975 Convention on the Registration of Space Objects are the two main treaties establishing it. Many States specify its scope, modalities and range in their national legislations. This is the case of France, which provides for this mechanism in its municipal law on space operations of 2008 and its implementing texts. Registration establishes a link between a State and a space object. In particular, the functioning satellites are the subject of this analysis. This connecting link attributes "jurisdiction and control" over the object, the meaning of which was to be understood. It can be asserted as a synonymous with competence in a general sense. Nonetheless, it also refers to a duty of technical supervision of activities in outer space from the State, which proceeds to the registration. This preserves a fundamental norm of outer space law, the freedom of access to outer space by all States. Putting these standards in place prevents these inherently dangerous activities from being harmful. This freedom of access to an area not subject to territorial jurisdiction is a corollary of the sovereignty of States. This freedom does not come without challenges. The evolution of activities in shared spaces, such as outer space, the high seas or the airspace above it contributes to the phenomenon of intensification of uses. Outer space knows indeed a more and more intense utilization. The space sector provides high-demand services, which are now essential to society. In particular, we can mention remote sensing, telecommunications and positioning systems. As a result, satellites are part of the digitization movement of the economy. Outer space is therefore be considered as a scarce resource, as is already the radio spectrum, essential for communications with satellites. In an increasingly competitive environment, the tendency to optimize the choice of the applicable law can be a saving factor, sometimes to the detriment of the safety of the activities. Maritime law knows this phenomenon with flags of convenience. The evolution of space activities must therefore take this risk into consideration. In this context, registration is a fundamental mechanism. On the one hand, for reasons of material safety. It makes it possible to ensure that the satellite operator is under State supervision. While this mechanism cannot for the moment be easily circumvented by the responsibility attached to the status of launching State, it must nevertheless be pointed out that it is a legacy from the earliest days of space activities. It does not quite correspond to the current dynamics of these activities. On the other hand, for reasons of applicability of the law to digital spaces. Indeed satellites are digital infrastructures. Considering the fluid nature of these activities, it is the control over the infrastructure that constitutes the last guarantee of the applicability of the law.

ITC/USA 2006 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Second Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 23-26, 2006 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / This paper presents a case study of the commercialisation of an ad-hoc wireless network technology from a subsidiary of a multinational company. The paper does not disclose any intellectual property specifics, the organisations or individuals involved. Instead the paper focuses on generic issues associated with technology transfer; exploration of market opportunities, market validation, the identification of a novel business model and economic validation. The paper wraps the case study within the academic context of commercialisation providing substantive literature sources, tools and techniques for readers faced with similar challenges; tools and techniques that can be applied irrespective of the underlying technology.

This thesis seeks to analyse to what extent, in what ways and with what success does the Chinese government seek to manage its interaction with sport globalisation in Olympic Movement, football and basketball? Held et al's (1999) conceptualisation of globalisation provides the major theoretical framework for the analysis. In order to analyse the behaviour of the Chinese state we adopt Houlihan's (1994) concepts of 'reach' and 'response' which focus attention on global actors and pressures external to the country and state (reach) and the capacity of states to determine their response. A set of quantitative and qualitative indicators of globalisation have been identified. Data were collected from a number of sources including official government documents, news media, and a series of 32 interviews with Chinese officials. The analysis reveals that the Chinese government has demonstrated a desire and a capacity to manage the impact of the Olympic Movement, global football and basketball on domestic sport practices; and second, the Chinese government has attempted, with reasonable success, to manage the impact of commercial interests on Chinese domestic football, basketball and other Olympic sports practices, elite athletes and professional clubs. However, a number of tensions exist: first, between the priorities of commercial clubs and national teams' development; and second, between the highly paid and internationally mobile 'star players' and the centrally controlled elite development system.

China's media have undergone significant commercialisation since the introduction of the economic reforms initiated three decades ago. But how this process is unfolding is still not well discussed. Book publishing, the oldest media sector but the one least studied, has been in the forefront of media commercialisation and provides a useful vantage point for the investigation of this transformation. This thesis will examine the role of the party-state and the market during the commercialisation of state publishing, paying particular attention to the core processes of conglomeration and corporatisation and, since the party-state has also been decentralised, to the role of regional government. Drawing on original documentary research and primary data generated in an internship in a provincial publishing group, this thesis advances three main arguments. Firstly, that the process of commercialisation in publishing cannot be fully understood outside of the transformation of the wider economic and political context, especially the shift in the general organisation of industry and the evolution of party ideology. Secondly, that this process has been marked by persistent tensions and contradictions. And thirdly, that despite the ongoing commercialisation the publishing industry remains controlled predominantly by the party-state and is far from being a market-driven business. Decentralisation may have enabled local governments to gain strong control over the economics of local publishers, but the central party-state remains dominant on political issues.

Nepal occupies a unique global position as a peripheral social formation subject to decades of relative isolation from capitalism. Although the agrarian sector has long been understood to be dominated by pre-capitalist economic formations, it is important to examine whether contemporary changes underway in the country are transforming the rural economy. There has been an expansion of capitalist markets following economic liberalization and improvements in the transport infrastructure. Furthermore, neo-liberal commercialisation initiatives such as the Agriculture Perspective Plan provide the ideological justification and pre-conditions for the broader process of capitalist expansion, despite the pro-poor rhetoric. However, just as neo-liberal poverty alleviation strategy is flawed, there are also shortcomings in many Marxian understandings of the transition from pre-capitalist to capitalist agriculture in peripheral social formations. There is a tendency for political-economic theorists to assume the inevitable ‘dominance’ of capitalism, contradicting considerable evidence to the contrary from throughout the world. The central objective of this thesis is to understand how pre-capitalist economic formations have been able to ‘resist’ capitalist expansion in rural Nepal. There is a necessity to understand the mechanisms through which older ‘modes of production’ are reproduced, their articulations with other economic formations – including capitalism – and how they are situated globally. As a case study, one year’s fieldwork was completed on Nepal’s eastern Terai using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research suggested that surplus appropriation through rent in a mode of production which can only be described as ‘semi-feudal’, has for a majority of farming households impeded accumulation and profitable commercialisation, a precondition for the emergence of capitalist relations. Semi-feudalism has been reproduced for decades internally by the political control over land and externally by Nepal’s subordinate position in the global economy. The latter process has constrained industrialization and rendered much of the peasantry dependent upon landlords who have no incentive to lower rents. The economic insecurity which has arisen in the context of semi-feudal production relations has allowed further forms of surplus appropriation in the sphere of circulation to flourish, through for example, interest on loans and price manipulation on commodity sales. This further hinders profitable commercialisation amongst both semi-feudal tenants and also owner cultivators who farm under what can be termed an ‘independent peasant’ mode of production. Even wealthier independent peasant producers who could potentially become capitalist farmers are constrained both by high cultural capital expenses, oligoposnistic activity by industry in the capitalist grain markets, and Indian rice imports which depress local prices. Furthermore, development initiatives which could potentially facilitate capitalist transition through the introduction of productivity boosting techniques have had limited success under the prevailing relations of production and the associated ideological relations of caste and gender. The above findings are of crucial significance if one is to develop policies and political strategies for equitable change in peripheral social formations such as Nepal.

Creating spinout companies (USOs) from university research is one focus of innovation policy. The phenomenon features in two main fields of enquiry: academic entrepreneurship studies, and literature on academic capitalism and the entrepreneurial university. Studies have explored the academic entrepreneur, the development stages of these nascent ventures, and the tools universities can provide to encourage and assist in the spinout process. This literature is however limited in that it is overwhelmingly concerned with resources, and little is known about how the USO relates to the parent research institution over time. The purpose of this study is therefore to explore social forces in research linked to a USO, and the main research question is: how can a social lens help us to understand some of the forces at play in research commercialisation, specifically through the early development of a USO from a parent research organisation? The case study is based on interviews and observations of university researchers, USO actors, and representatives from state agencies and a multinational corporation involved in a technology demonstration project. The sociologist Robert Park’s concepts of social groups, the individual within the collective, and social forces are used to explore the experiences of actors involved in academic research and industrial development throughout the changing relationship of a research group and USO. Five social forces were identified around the border between academia and industry, based on some of the concepts that seem to inform the actors’ understandings of the case at hand. An exploration of these forces helps to develop an understanding of how actors experience and negotiate various forces, and positions the results of the study in relation to the dominant models in academic entrepreneurship and academic life. Park’s concepts of specialised roles moves the discussion forward by considering how social forces might be handled within research and research commercialisation, and how such forces might in turn motivate the movement of individuals within and out of a particular social group. This discussion leads into the metaphor of the theatre, connected to project management literature, and research commercialisation as a performance by actors to safeguard the collective’s interests.