<p>Abstract</p><p>Purpose/Aim: To study the effect competition from commercial-TV has had on public-service-TV in Sweden in terms of quality and diversity.</p><p>Material/Method: Literature study</p><p>Main results: The SVT Corporation continues to offer a wide range of quality programming. Its new digital-TV ventures also show clear characteristics of high ambitions in regards to quality and diversity. The company’s investment in light entertainment is not in conflict with its public service commitments. TV4 has shown a clear tendency to move towards a more commercial outline. Its programming shows a smaller diversity-profile and light entertainment has increased substantially. Its digital-TV ventures are also of lesser ambitions in regards to quality and diversity than those of SVT.</p><p>Keywords: Public Service, Media, Quality, Commercialisation, Diversity</p>

The intention with this thesis is to examine the preparation for commercialisation of industrial innovations. Both in the industry and in the academic perspective there is a common need for support of the commercialisation process of innovations, especially concerning the preparation phase. A preparation model for commercialisation has consequently been designed. The propeller of commercialisation incorporates a perspective of parallel preparation concerning the three critical aspects technology characteristics, environment scanning and preparation of the venture. Generally the model can thus contribute with a structured way of evaluation and preparation and reduce the risks by limiting the budget needed in the early phase of commercialisation through the use of subsequent steps incorporating all three critical perspectives. To demonstrate the model and to provide a basis for evaluation, the Propeller of Commercialisation was applied on the specific commercialisation preparation of the SMB technology at Johnson Pacific Pte Ltd in Singapore.

Abstract Purpose/Aim: To study the effect competition from commercial-TV has had on public-service-TV in Sweden in terms of quality and diversity. Material/Method: Literature study Main results: The SVT Corporation continues to offer a wide range of quality programming. Its new digital-TV ventures also show clear characteristics of high ambitions in regards to quality and diversity. The company’s investment in light entertainment is not in conflict with its public service commitments. TV4 has shown a clear tendency to move towards a more commercial outline. Its programming shows a smaller diversity-profile and light entertainment has increased substantially. Its digital-TV ventures are also of lesser ambitions in regards to quality and diversity than those of SVT. Keywords: Public Service, Media, Quality, Commercialisation, Diversity

This thesis examines the impact of outdoor advertising on public space, by situating outdoor advertising within arguments about global corporate domination. I argue that the implosion of commercial messages into ever-increasing amounts of public space has repercussions for our ability to relate to each other as anything other than commercial beings. Outdoor advertising necessitates the use of stereotypes to communicate with its audience. The regulatory mechanisms for advertising sanction this use of stereotypes, which puts commercial needs and rights to free speech before the public's right to distance itself from commercial messages and values. The discourses of advertising and its progenitors reinforce hegemonic conceptions of gender, class and ethnicity thereby imbuing space with values which do not encourage diversity but promote narrow and limiting options for the self. By carefully examining the 'entrepreneurial adexec' and 'public interest' discourses that surround outdoor advertising, I argue that its global privatising power has been able to continue without challenge, as potential criticisms are silenced before they are even articulated. It will be shown how the various regulatory mechanisms operating under discourses of 'public accountability' actually serve commercial interests rather than public interests by supporting private-public partnerships and focussing narrowly on the implicit meaning in ads. Particularly problematic representations of gender, class and ethnicity in outdoor ads will be analysed to discern the various ways these impose certain values on public spaces in Christchurch through the process of commercialisation. Finally, graffiti and billboard liberation as forms of cultural resistance to this commercialisation will be examined.

Creative industries have significance in considerations of regional development because of their potential for both social-cultural and political-economic benefit. This is especially the case in Indigenous communities, given the potential of traditional and contemporary cultural expression for industry development and employment. This research set out to explore and evaluate an action research approach to creative industries development in regional contexts, stimulated by a research initiative of　Queensland's Department of State Development in cooperation with Queensland University of Technology's Creative Industries Research and Applications Centre. It is based on an analysis of seven pilot projects undertaken between 2002 and 2004, most of which involved Indigenous　participation and which gave rise to consideration of the additional value of Indigenist research perspectives. The research found that an action research methodology, informed by Indigenist research values, can assist creative enterprise development in a regional context through the development of new businesses or by value-adding to existing businesses, and the consequent generation and exploitation of new intellectual property. In this process, it found that there is an emerging role for the creative entrepreneur, such a role arising from the practices of community cultural development and social-cultural animation.

[Truncated abstract] Technological innovation is considered the main contributor to economic growth. The systems of innovation framework aims to examine the causal pathways leading to technological innovation. However, most existing research under this framework, due to theoretical or methodological weaknesses, is unable to validate causal pathways or determinants of innovation. Institutions that guide human interaction within innovation systems are thought to be particularly important. The challenge has been to develop a taxonomy with which to conduct an empirical analysis of the impact of the institutional milieu on innovation. This thesis examines medical technological innovation within Australia and provides a basis from which such a taxonomy and other associated measures for systems of innovation have been developed. Medical industries are economically significant in developed countries and are amongst the most profitable worldwide. They use patents extensively to protect their innovations. In this context medical patents are an efficient means of examining the determinants of innovation. Few studies worldwide have explored the commercialisation process from patent to technological innovation and none has examined medical patents specifically. This thesis contains three empirical studies: - a description of Australian medical technology patented in the US between 1984-1999; - a survey of their inventors to examine the commercialisation process and identify the determinants of technological innovation; and - a case study of the commercialisation of an invention arising within an Australian university using qualitative methods. The first study is a population-based descriptive study of all US medical patents granted to Australian resident inventors between 1984 and 1999. During this period 7,835 US patents were granted to Australian resident inventors. Of these, 17% are identified as medical, and the proportion of medical patents rose from 10% to 25% of all Australian patents in the US from 1984 to 1999. The increase is largely due to Australian biotechnology patents, which increased from 10% to 55% of all medical patents during this period. Overall, medical patents are an increasingly significant proportion of Australia’s intellectual property portfolio. The second study is a survey of 402 first-named Australian inventors listed on the 602 medical patents granted in the US in 1984-1994. The aim is to assess their experience and success in commercialising their patented inventions. The correct address was found for 274 inventors of whom 177 (65%) were surveyed with no evidence of a significant response bias. This is the first known study surveying a nationally representative sample of medical inventors listed on patents

Thesis (MScEng (Industrial Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The evolution of the university’s role in national innovation systems has lately received increasing attention in international academic circles, with emphasis on its role in stimulating and sustaining national and regional economic growth. Universities in leading economies have adopted economic development as a third mission, along with the traditional objectives of teaching and research, directly leading to the inception of a technology transfer facilitator as an institutional unit. Translating this mission shift into the context of the Innovation Life Cycle, it seems that universities are involved in a larger part of the innovation process, rather than simply supplying inputs for the innovation funnel of industry. The subsequent need to gain maximum value from research has led innovation management practitioners to consider ways in which the innovation capability of universities can be improved. Several approaches have been documented to improve the performance of a university’s technology transfer office as an isolated entity. Most of these studies, however, have neglected to consider the technology transfer office in the context of the organisation-wide innovation process. The aim of this research is therefore to evaluate the innovation capability of a research institution to enable the improvement of their research commercialisation system. As a foundation the state of research commercialisation, innovation, and the relationship between the two are investigated. This process resulted in the validation that research commercialisation can be modelled by utilising an innovation model. The Innovation Capability Maturity Model version 2 (ICMMv2) of Essmann (1) is subsequently investigated with the aim of applying the model. This in turn leads to the application of the Innovation Capability Improvement Methodology accompanying the ICMMv2 in case study format on Stellenbosch University. The results obtained from the case study are presented in terms of the strengths and weaknesses of the innovation capability of the University. The results were found to be an accurate description of the current issues in the commercialisation system at Stellenbosch University. The latter was validated by individuals tasked with the execution of the research commercialisation process at the University. This, in turn, validates the use of the Innovation Capability Maturity Model for the identification of any aspects that need improvement in order to streamline a university’s research commercialisation efforts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die evolusie van die universiteit se rol in nasionale innovasie stelsels kry toenemend aandag in internasionale akademiese kringe. Dit beklemtoon universiteite se rol in die stimulering en handhawing van nasionale en plaaslike ekonomiese groei. Universiteite in voorste ekonomieë het ekonomiese ontwikkeling aangeneem as 'n derde missie, saam met die tradisionele missies van onderrig en navorsing. Dit het direk gelei tot die inlywing van ‘n tegnologie-oordrag fasiliteerder as 'n institusionele eenheid. Die verskuiwing van missie in die konteks van die Innovasie lewensiklus, dui daarop dat universiteite betrokke raak in 'n groter deel van die innovasie proses, eerder as om net die verskaffer van insette vir die innovasie tregter van die industrie te wees. Die daaropvolgende vereiste om maksimum waarde te verkry uit navorsing, het veroorsaak dat innovasie bestuur praktisyns verskeie maniere ondersoek waarop die innovasie vermoë van universiteite verbeter kan word. Verskeie benaderings om die prestasie van 'n universiteit se tegnologie-oordrag eenheid as 'n geïsoleerde entiteit te verbeter, is gedokumenteer. Die meeste van hierdie studies het egter nagelaat om die tegnologie-oordrag eenheid te oorweeg in die konteks van die organisasie-wye innovasie proses. Die doel van hierdie navorsing is dus om die innovasie vermoë van 'n navorsingsinrigting te evalueer om die verbetering van hul navorsing kommersialisering stelsel moontlik te maak. As 'n basis word die stand van navorsing kommersialisering, innovasie en die verhouding tussen die twee ondersoek. Hierdie proses het gelei tot die validasie dat navorsing kommersialisering gemodelleer kan word deur middel van 'n innovasie model. Daarna is die Innovation Capability Maturity Model weergawe 2 (ICMMv2) van Essmann(1) ondersoek om ten einde die model toe te pas. Dit word gevolg deur die uitvoering van die Innovation Capability Improvement metodologie, as deel van die ICMMv2, op die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, in ‘n gevallestudie-formaat. Die resultate wat verkry is uit die gevallestudie word in terme van sterk en swak punte met betrekking tot die innovasie vermoë van die Universiteit bespreek. Die resultate is bevind om 'n akkurate beskrywing van die huidige kwessies in die kommersialiseringstelsel by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch te wees. Dit is dan ook bevestig deur sekere individue gemoeid met die uitvoering van die navorsing kommersialiseringproses by die Universiteit. Dit op sy beurt, bekragtig die gebruik van die ICMMv2 vir die identifisering van die aspekte wat verbeter moet word om 'n universiteit se navorsing kommersialiseringpoging vaartbelyn te maak.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2762995 bytes, checksum: ad3b3233b9ea769c6aaf65ef3462cc80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cette recherche a eu pour but d´analyser la production et la commercialisation des marchandises dans le Brejo da Parahyba do Norte , entre les années de 1793 à 1883. Le choix de l´année de 1793 comme période initale se doît à la grande sécheresse qui a affecté les activités économiques de la Parahyba, dont les peuplements du Brejo . L´année de 1883 est la limite temporelle correspondante à la conclusion de l´investigation. Il s´agit de l´année de l´inauguration du chemin de fer Conde d´Eu, qui changera la dynamique spatiale du Brejo da Parahyba , ce qui a justifié le choix concernant la limite temporelle. La recherche est basée sur les activités et les relations économiques de cette région, par rapport au Sertão de la Parahyba ainsi qu´à la Província de Pernambuco , c´est à dire sur le constat qu´il y avait une dépendance réciproque entre Parahyba et Pernambuco, même après la désannexation en 1799. Les voies d´écoulement vers Pernambuco et les moyens utilisés pour le transport des marchandises, des gens et d´informations, ont changé pendant le XIXème siècle, tout ayant entraîné une transformation sociale considérable dans la Parahyba do Norte . À partir des sources bibliographiques et documentales, il a été possible d´analyser le développement des activités productives du Brejo entre la fin du XVIIIème et la fin du XIXème siècle, période historique marquée par la dépendance économique de la Parahyba envers Pernambuco. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a produção e a comercialização de mercadorias no Brejo da Parahyba do Norte entre os anos de 1793 e 1883. A escolha do ano de 1793 como período inicial deve-se à grande estiagem seca que muito afetou as atividades econômicas da Parahyba, atingindo as povoações do Brejo. O ano de 1883 é o limite temporal que encerra a investigação. É nesse ano quando se inaugura a Estrada de Ferro Conde d Eu que mudará a dinâmica espacial do Brejo parahybano, podendo, portanto, ser um marco temporal. A pesquisa está pautada nas atividades e nas relações econômicas desta região com o Sertão parahybano e com a Província de Pernambuco, ou seja, na constatação de que havia uma dependência mútua entre Parahyba e Pernambuco, mesmo após a desanexação destas regiões, em 1799. As vias de escoamento para a Praça de Pernambuco e os meios utilizados para transportar mercadorias, pessoas e informações, cambiaram durante o século XIX, proporcionando uma significativa transformação social na Parahyba do Norte. Através de fontes bibliográficas e documentais, analisa-se, portanto, o desenvolvimento das atividades produtivas desenvolvidas no Brejo entre o final do século XVIII e o final do XIX, período historicamente marcado pela visão da dependência econômica da Parahyba a Pernambuco.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Universities have long been recognised as sources of knowledge creation, innovation and technological advancements. Interest in academic entrepreneurship and the establishment of university spin-off companies has grown in South Africa over the past 10 years. South Africa’s national research and development strategy argues that economic growth and wealth generation are founded on innovation. The area of university entrepreneurial behaviour and technology commercialisation has attracted much research attention in recent years especially as more innovative solutions are sought for the world’s ever growing socioeconomic challenges. In view of this, the South African government has made considerable and various efforts to promote the creation and commercialisation of research output in the university context. Against the aforementioned, this study seeks to understand the position of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) as a university of technology in terms of commercialisation and technology creation since the 2005 merger. More specifically, the study seeks to understand the dynamics surrounding the creation and transfer of technology in South Africa, using CPUT as a case study.

La recherche analyse l'aspect de la commercialisation du point de vue du petit producteur. Selon le recensement agricole, 80% des exploitations agricoles consacrées à la production de riz ont moins des 20 hectares, ce qui représente 50% de la surface totale occupée dans la production de riz et génèrent 49% de la production totale nationale (Chiriboga, 2008).Les systèmes de commercialisation sont fortement liés aux formes de financement, de sorte que ces mécanismes sont nommés comme un système de négociation institutionnelle qui permet d’entrapercevoir une relation étroite entre les acteurs du financement et de la commercialisation de la production. Dans un tel système institutionnel on observe comment l’acte d’échange va au-delà du terme économique et se crée une structure sociale d’interaction continue et prolongée.De cette façon on peut voir comment l'action économique est encastrée “embbeded” dans le tissu non-économique, les institutions, les relations et ainsi l'échange se produit dans un environnement institutionnalisée. Le système institutionnel est caractérisé par des règles, normes, conventions, la confiance, la réciprocité, le pouvoir et l'inégalité. L'objectif de la thèse est de montrer comment le petit agriculteur fait face à la commercialisation de sa production conditionnés par le financement dans un système institutionnel qui se développe avec les autres acteurs de la chaîne de valeur du riz et déterminer si ce système, caractérisé par un échange économique encastré dans un contexte social non économique, lui génère des bénéfices ou préjudices. / The research analyzes the aspect of commercialization from the small producer perspective. According to the agricultural census, 80% of farms devoted to rice production are under 20 hectares, representing 50% of the total area occupied in rice production and generate 49% of the national total production (Chiriboga, 2008).Marketing systems are strongly linked to forms of financing, so that these mechanisms are named as an institutional trading system that allows to understand the close relationship between the actors that finance along the rice chain. In such an institutional system we observe how the act of exchange goes beyond economic term and creates a social structure of continuous and prolonged interaction.This way we can see how the economic action is embedded in the non-economic relations, institutions, and thus the exchange occurs in an institutionalized environment. The institutional system is characterized by rules, norms, conventions, trust, reciprocity, power and inequality.The aim of the thesis is to show how the small farmer faces the commercialization of its production conditioned by informal funding an institutional system that develops with the other actors in the rice value chain and determine if this system, characterized by the economic exchange in a non-economic social, which can generates benefits or losses to small farmers.