The ongoing commercialism of sport has generated new legal problems. One of eminent importance id the treatment of restraints of trade in the sport sector. The application of the restraints of trade rule to the sport sector is highly complicated and controversial. Hardly any guidelines have emerged that can already be seen as a South African sports policy. However, with South Africa's economy growing, sport is going to be more and more commercialized and new legal issues realted to restraints of trade will appear. The scope of the thesis is to develop guidelines and rules for the future dealing with restraints of trade in South African sport.

The rural cemetery was a European creation first introduced in the nineteenth century. Relocated outside the commercial city sector the cemetery was promoted as a diversion to the confusion and complexity of urban life. Applying picturesque ideas to traditional burial grounds rural cemeteries became symbolic landscapes for the city and country. The aesthetic nature of its design became an inspiration and eventual model for North American cemeteries. As a cultural institution, the cemetery is constantly in flux. Centuries of interaction between society and the cemetery have resulted in substantial changes that have shaped the present landscape. Although traditionally in public-trust, cemeteries have become largely privatized, operated, managed and developed as businesses for-profit. The commercially-driven practices of these institutions have had significant impacts on the present cemetery landscape. Toronto’s Mount Pleasant Cemetery is a good example of a cemetery experiencing this extensive commercial restructuring. A review of pertinent literature outlined recent transformations within the cemetery landscape citing concerns over the emerging private-enterprise cemetery and its impacts on the burial landscape. My fieldwork examined site-transformations specific to Mount Pleasant through an in-depth analysis of the present cemetery landscape. Concepts of commercialization, commodification and heritage tourism framed my analysis of the architecture, landscaped environment and new developments in light of the rising ‘cemetery business’. My findings revealed that by expanding into a multi-purpose cemetery Mount Pleasant is learning to do business in the twenty-first century. Increasingly run as a private enterprise Mount Pleasant Cemetery remains a historical landmark in crisis, unsure how to remain competitive in the commercial industry of the present, while preserving the integrity and traditions of the past. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2007-12-04 14:36:36.972

The ongoing commercialism of sport has generated new legal problems. One of eminent importance id the treatment of restraints of trade in the sport sector. The application of the restraints of trade rule to the sport sector is highly complicated and controversial. Hardly any guidelines have emerged that can already be seen as a South African sports policy. However, with South Africa's economy growing, sport is going to be more and more commercialized and new legal issues realted to restraints of trade will appear. The scope of the thesis is to develop guidelines and rules for the future dealing with restraints of trade in South African sport.

Magister Legum - LLM / The ongoing commercialism of sport has generated new legal problems. One of eminent importance id the treatment of restraints of trade in the sport sector. The application of the restraints of trade rule to the sport sector is highly complicated and controversial. Hardly any guidelines have emerged that can already be seen as a South African sports policy. However, with South Africa's economy growing, sport is going to be more and more commercialized and new legal issues realted to restraints of trade will appear. The scope of the thesis is to develop guidelines and rules for the future dealing with restraints of trade in South African sport. / South Africa

Universities are facing growing pressure to contribute towards innovation which has social impact and which contributes to economic development. Researchers mainly in the Science and Engineering fields are the primary sources of innovation outputs from universities and as such their involvement in commercialisation activities directly adds to the growth of innovative outputs from publicly financed research. Technology Transfer Offices (TTO) have been established at universities across South Africa to foster the involvement of researchers in commercialisation activities, to champion the innovation conversation within higher education institutions and to progress innovations from concept to application in society. This study focussed on understanding the factors which enable or create a barrier to the involvement of researchers in commercialisation activities at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. The key elements examined in this study include the researchers’ perception of enablers (monetary and nonmonetary incentives) and barriers to involvement at national, institutional and individual levels. This study undertook to understand the perceptions of researchers of enablers and barriers to involvement in commercialisation at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Researchers in the two faculties of Science and Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology were approached to anonymously complete an electronic survey, the questions for which were developed from literature. The results from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing. This study finds that a combination of incentives is necessary to enable researcher involvement and to lower barriers to involvement in commercialisation research. A set of recommendations based on the study are put forward on how such recommendations can be implemented.

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

School districts cross the country are facing tight budgets and increased demands on resources and as result have turned to commercial sources for assistance with funding gym floors, lighting for athletic complexes, athletic fields, and sports equipment (Adams 1999; Bell 2002a; Brunkow 2001; Molnar 2002). Businesses are increasingly making inroads into classrooms, particularly, in underfunded schools. In exchange for advertising space and marketing research, businesses provide money, teaching materials, technology resources, and sports equipment. The Commercialism in Education Research Unit (CERU) at Arizona State University has monitored media references to commercialism in schools since 1990. There has been a 473% increase in commercial activity within schools since the 1990 inception of archiving (Molnar & Reaves 2001). Molnar (2003c) stated that schools are increasingly soliciting private sources for funding, particularly, at a timeframe when guidelines for school districts to follow are limited. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of superintendents regarding the impact of corporate involvement in their district. The focus will be on the district size that partners, direct and indirect advertising in schools, and acceptability and unacceptability of commercialism. The population will be all superintendents assigned to public schools in Virginia. Contact will be made with the district by letter requesting of the superintendent to complete the survey. A survey will be mailed to superintendents of the 132 school districts in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The dependent variable will be acceptability or unacceptability of commercialism with the independent variables being district size, gender and years of experience as superintendent, and types of commercialism. Statistical tests will include descriptive statistics and One Way and Two-Way Analyis of Variance. / Ed. D.

This thesis is an A/R/Tographically-based investigation of my appropriative studio approach, resulting in a series of multi-media collage works entitled Tonight’s Programming, dealing with issues of militarism and commercialism in our everyday lives. Through research regarding appropriation in art history, examination of personal artistic influences, and regarding the work through the lenses of Artist, Researcher, and Teacher, I gained a deeper insight into not only my appropriative practices, but how these practices could be applied in the high school art classroom.

Stemming from a recent surge in articles related to Korean masculinities, and based in afeminist and queer Marxist theoretical framework, this paper asks how gender, with a specificfocus on what is referred to as soft masculinity, is constructed through K-pop performances, aswell as what power structures are in play. By reading studies on pan-Asian masculinities andgender performativity - taking into account such factors as talnori and kkonminam, andinvestigating conceptual terms flower boy, aegyo, and girl crush - it forms a baseline for aqualitative research project. By conducting qualitative interviews with Swedish K-pop fans andperforming semiotic analysis of K-pop music videos, the thesis finds that although K-popmasculinities are perceived as feminine to a foreign audience, they are still heavily rooted in aheteronormative framework. Furthermore, in investigating the production of genderperformativity in K-pop, it finds that neoliberal commercialism holds an assertive grip overthese productions and are thus able to dictate ‘conceptualizations’ of gender and projectidentities that are specifically tailored to attract certain audiences. Lastly, the study shows thatthese practices are sold under an umbrella of ‘loyalty’ in which fans are incentivized toconsume in order to show support for their idols – in which the concept of desire plays asignificant role.

Background: The auditing profession is in constant change and marketing activities such as advertising has gone from being prohibited to become a legal activity within the profession. The Swedish auditing profession has for a long time been protected by laws and regulations. With the increased use of marketing activities in the profession, researchers claim that the profession has shifted from professionalism to commercialism. Research has argued the positive and negative outcomes of increased marketing activities within the profession where the auditors have had mixed perceptions regarding this increase. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to examine Swedish auditors' perceptions toward the shift from professionalism toward commercialism within the auditing profession. Method: By using a qualitative research methodology six (6) semi-structured interviews with active auditors in Sweden were conducted. In-depth empirics were collected where an inductive approach was adopted to approach the data collected. Conclusion: Seven themes of perceptions were identified: (1) Marketing as a tool in a more competitive market, (2) Marketing should be used for brand awareness, (3) Marketing is not my responsibility, (4) Auditing is a trust profession, (5) The most important marketing tool is the word of mouth, (6) Seeing clients is not marketing, and (7) Marketing activities do not affect the professionalism. It was found that marketing activities had been perceived to become more positively accepted overtime where the auditors implied that duality between professionalism and commercialism should be applied.