Participatory planning and design is a subject that has been around for quite some time. It has been theorized by several authors and put in practice by many practitioners. After going through some of the literature and studying in detail some real-life participatory experiences, it’s still hard to tackle the subject because of its complexity. I could have tried to simplify it and look into one type of participation, but instead I tried to understand it in all its complexity and diversity, maybe leaving some unsolved questions. Throughout this semester I studied four different cases of participatory planning/design and I analyzed and compared them. These are located in Paris (France), Medellín (Colombia), Banjarmasin (Indonesia) and Gothenburg (Sweden). I looked at them through some of the concepts I found in the literature, like for example the idea of desire treated by Doina Petrescu in some of her texts.  After extracting some conclusions from the case studies I got involved in a real-life participatory process carried out in the School of Architecture at KTH to include students, teachers and others in the design of a new location for the school. I took part in one of their meetings and I had three parallel workshops in English with the participation of some students. This helped me experience and understand better what participation really means and implies. I put myself in the role of a facilitator who initiates a process, and therefore carries it out. I learned about the importance of the invitation to participate and how important it is to be clear on the activities and questions posed to the participants.

<p>This thesis has investigated and analysed whether or not the Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has affected or changed Europe's security situation. By analysing how the Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has been described as a political or economic project by the EU, one can conclude whether the project has been securitized by the EU or not. This is done through the study of official EU documents. The documents have been analysed using framework for sector analysis  and securitization as theorised by the Copenhagen School of international relations. By distinguishing the different conceptions of threat, security and methods discussed in these documents it is possible to analyse whether arguments belong to either the economic or political sector of sector analysis, and how they can be seen as signs of securitization. This has been done by utilizing qualitative text analysis in a case study framework. The thesis concludes that the  Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has not been securitized as a threat by the EU. On the contrary, the project is endorsed as a part of energy proliferation. The EU insist and encourages upon the project and several similar ones in order to ensure energy security for the EU in the future.</p>

This thesis has investigated and analysed whether or not the Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has affected or changed Europe's security situation. By analysing how the Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has been described as a political or economic project by the EU, one can conclude whether the project has been securitized by the EU or not. This is done through the study of official EU documents. The documents have been analysed using framework for sector analysis  and securitization as theorised by the Copenhagen School of international relations. By distinguishing the different conceptions of threat, security and methods discussed in these documents it is possible to analyse whether arguments belong to either the economic or political sector of sector analysis, and how they can be seen as signs of securitization. This has been done by utilizing qualitative text analysis in a case study framework. The thesis concludes that the  Nord Stream Natural Gas Pipeline has not been securitized as a threat by the EU. On the contrary, the project is endorsed as a part of energy proliferation. The EU insist and encourages upon the project and several similar ones in order to ensure energy security for the EU in the future.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate shifts in the EU - Russia co-operation in the last decade. It is based on the analysis of relations in terms of their content and their institutional framework. This work efforts to assess the potential of building the Four common spaces between Russia and the EU on the basis of the Russian and the European frame of reference.

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The main aim in this study was to investigate how the active participants of a self-organized and socially mobilizing operation called Santa Croce/Spin Time Labs in Rome, Italy described their work regarding creating an alternative and inclusive common cityspace. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with active participants in the Spin Time Labs-part of the organization that is designated to cultural-and service aligned activities. The study uses a primary theoretical framework based on Henri Lefevbre’s ideas regarding ‘The right to the city’ and the production of social space, together with the concept of ‘Parity of participation’, developed by Nancy Fraser, concerning the creation and fulfillment of social justice principles. Furthermore, scientific research regarding commons spaces and self-organization were used to analyze the phenomenon known as "Squatting” through the perspective of occupation as a form of producing alternative cityspaces.  The results pointed at a few experiences that could be seen as crucial both connected to participants current work-situation and also concerning the future of the operation. Mainly, it showed that the participants, through their active participation, have managed to create a useful balance of meeting the needs of both the occupations inhabitants and the surrounding neighborhood. At the same time, this very balance has served as a functional alternative strategy for managing to create an inclusive and open common cityspace. Altogether, it shows that with their combined effort, they could create something that potentially could have a long-lasting impact. Both on an individual level, creating a solidary sustainable resource allocation and improving the mental health for the people involved in the operation, as well as for urban society at a broader perspective. Additional research could be focused on finding possible pathways for the operations further management and development in the neoliberal society of today.

La vida universitaria es una etapa de cambios y nuevas experiencias, donde además de enfrentarse a la vida académica, una gran cantidad de jóvenes que encuentran en Lima las oportunidades que buscaban, deben empezar a vivir solos, alejados de su casa y familia natal. La experiencia universitaria no se da solamente en las aulas, sino que se da en gran parte en casa, y es por esto que las condiciones de la vivienda tienen un rol muy importante para el rendimiento de los estudiantes, ya que o brindan un ambiente que propicie el estudio, o son un obstáculo para que esto se dé. Estas condiciones impulsaron a proponer una residencia estudiantil para el alojamiento de estudiantes de Lima Norte, con el objetivo de ofrecer vivienda de calidad, con espacios que fomenten una vida de estudio. Para esto se utilizaron los espacios comunes como los espacios principales del proyecto, tanto públicos como privados. Es un proyecto de vivienda colectiva que integra a todos de manera directa (espacios de encuentro e interacción), e indirecta (integración visual) desde donde estés, en el que los estudiantes no vivirán aislados, sino como una comunidad que influya positivamente en su vida académica. / University life is a stage of changes and new experiences, where in addition to facing academic life, a large number of young people who find the opportunities they where looking for in Lima, must begin to live by themselves, away from their home and family. The university experience doesn’t only take place in the classrooms, but it takes place largely at home, and that is why housing conditions play a very important role in the performance of students, since they provide an environment that encourage the study, or are an obstacle for this to happen. These conditions prompted the proposal of a student residence for the accommodation of students in the north of Lima, with the aim of offering quality housing, with spaces that promote a life of study. For this, the common spaces will be the main spaces of the project, integrating everyone directly (spaces for meeting and interaction), and indirectly (visual integration) from wherever you are, where students won’t live isolated, but as a community that positively influences their academic life. / Tesis