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Healing the rift : an assessment of a World Health Organisation's media communication programme for health scientistsBaleta, Adele 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Health scientists agree that the media is a crucial conduit for communicating life-saving, preventative and curative health messages to a wider audience. They also concur that they are the gatekeepers, and the responsibility of communicating their findings and health information to the public rests with them. And yet, their relationship with journalists is often unhealthy and in need of attention.
Many health scientists lack knowledge and understanding about who the media are, and what they require to do the job of reporting ethically and professionally. They often lack the skills needed to frame simple, succinct messages timeously, especially on controversial issues such as vaccines and drug safety, immunisation and drug treatment for infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS. This study argues that health scientists/professionals globally, irrespective of culture, ethnicity, creed, language or media systems, need training on how to communicate with the media in the interests of public health. This is especially so in the modern world with its complex, high-speed communication.
The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a WHO media communication training programme for health scientists worldwide. More specifically, the study sought to shed light on whether the training shifted their perceptions and attitudes to the media. And, if so, in what way? It also aimed to find out if the trainees learned any skills on how to deal with reporters.
The research methodology was qualitative. A review of the literature, to establish current thinking in the field, was followed by interviews with health professionals. The interviewees are from China, South Africa and Ghana and received the same basic training either in South Africa, China or Sri Lanka. Some were trained in 2005, others in 2004 and others before that. Most had been trained together with participants from other countries. Two focus groups were conducted in China before and after training. Included, is an account of the aims and objectives of each module of the actual training. The study also made use of WHO documents and news and feature articles from newspapers, radio and the internet.
Most participants had never had media communication training but had been interviewed by reporters. While some had positive experiences, others felt bruised by their interactions with journalists. After training, however, they registered a shift in attitude toward feeling more positive and less fearful of the media. They felt more confident and better equipped to engage with journalists. Most participants desired more training to consolidate the skills that they had learned. Some had managed to put the training to good use by developing similar programmes in their own country. Others who were trained more recently were enthusiastic about the prospect of sharing ideas with colleagues. Those who were unlikely to deal with the media directly said they felt they could at last contribute to discussions on the media in the workplace.
The WHO training, albeit a first step aimed at bridging the gap between health professionals and journalists, goes a long way in addressing the frustrations and the complexities of dealing with the media. Health professionals want to communicate because they need to reach their target population, the ordinary person in the street. Training and facilitation can empower health professionals to deal constructively with the media in getting health messages to the public. This training programme, which imparts practical skills including how to prepare and manage interviews, could be adapted to meet the needs of scientists from different disciplines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gesondheidswetenskaplikes is dit eens dat die media ‘n uiters belangrike middel is om lewensreddende, voorkomende en genesende gesondheidsboodskappe aan ‘n groter gehoor oor te dra. Hulle stem ook saam dat hulle die hekwagters is en die verantwoordelikheid het om hul bevindinge en gesondheidsinligting aan die publiek oor te dra. Tog is hul verhouding met joernaliste dikwels ongesond en sorgwekkend. Talle gesondheidswetenskaplikes het geen kennis en begrip van wie die media is en wat hulle nodig het om hul taak – verslaggewing – eties en professioneel te verrig nie. Hulle kort dikwels die vaardighede om eenvoudige, saaklike boodskappe betyds te formuleer, veral as dit kom by omstrede aangeleenthede soos veilige entstowwe en medisyne, immunisering en medisyne vir die behandeling van aansteeklike siektes. Hierdie studie voer aan dat wetenskaplikes/gesondheidsberoepslui wêreldwyd – ongeag kultuur, etnisiteit, geloof, taal of mediastelsels – ‘n behoefte het aan opleiding om beter met die media te kommunikeer ter wille van openbare gesondheid. Dit is veral belangrik vir die ingewikkelde en snelle kommunikasie van die moderne wêreld.
Die doel van die studie was om die uitwerking van ‘n wêreldwye opleidingsprogram van die WGO oor kommunikasie met die media te bepaal. Die studie het meer spesifiek probeer lig werp op die vraag of die opleiding hul begrip van en ingesteldheid teenoor die media verander het. En, indien wel, op watter manier? Dit het ook probeer vasstel of deelnemers enige vaardighede aangeleer het oor hoe om met verslaggewers om te gaan. ‘n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetodiek is gevolg. Bestaande literatuur is bestudeer om huidige denkrigtings op die gebied te bepaal, waarna onderhoude met gesondheidsberoepslui asook ‘n TV-gesondheidsverslaggewer van Beijing, China, gevoer is.
Die ondervraagdes kom van China, Suid-Afrika en Ghana en het dieselfde basiese opleiding in Suid-Afrika, China of Sri Lanka ondergaan. Sommige is in 2005 opgelei, party in 2004 en ander vroeër. Die meeste is saam met deelnemers van ander lande opgelei. Twee fokusgroepe is voor en ná opleiding in China bestudeer. ‘n Verslag oor die oogmerke en doelwitte van elke module van die werklike opleiding is ingesluit. Die studie het ook gebruik gemaak van WGO-dokumente, nuus- en artikels uit nuusblaaie, die radio en die internet.
Die meeste deelnemers het nooit opleiding in mediakommunikasie gehad nie, hoewel verslaggewers al onderhoude met hulle gevoer het. Terwyl dit vir sommige ‘n aangename ondervinding was, het ander nie goeie herinneringe aan hul interaksie met joernaliste nie. Ná opleiding het hulle egter getuig van ‘n positiewer gesindheid teenoor en minder vrees vir die media. Die meerderheid van die deelnemers wou graag verdere opleiding hê om hul pas verworwe vaardighede uit te bou. Party kon selfs soortgelyke programme in hul eie lande ontwikkel. Van die meer onlangse deelnemers was geesdriftig oor die vooruitsig om gedagtes met kollegas te wissel. Diegene wat waarskynlik nie veel met die media te doen sou hê nie, het gesê hulle kon nou minstens by die werk aan gesprekke oor die media deelneem.
Hoewel dit maar die eerste tree is om die gaping tussen gesondheidsberoepslui en joernaliste te oorbrug, slaag die WGO se opleiding in ‘n groot mate daarin om die frustrasies en verwikkeldhede van omgang met die media te oorkom. Mense in die gesondheidsberoepe wil graag kommunikeer omdat hulle hul teikenbevolking – die gewone mense – moet bereik. Opleiding en tussentrede kan hulle toerus om konstruktief met die media om te gaan ten einde gesondheidsboodskappe aan die publiek oor te dra. Hierdie opleidingsprogram kan aangepas word om in die behoeftes van wetenskaplikes in verskeie vakgebiede te voorsien.
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Identité contemporaine et rationalité communicationnelle: approche critique des acquis de la pragmatique universelle pour l'analyse des processus de socialisation et d'intégration sociale dans le contexte culturel contemporainZaccai-Reyners, Nathalie January 1994 (has links)
Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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An ethnographic study of communication and gender performance in a modern day Latino weddingStanko, Olivia Corine 01 January 2012 (has links)
This study examines how culture, gender roles, and economics intersect at a contemporary Mexican-American wedding. Prior studies have focused on one factor but did not examine how all three can affect a wedding. The bride in this study tries to negotiate challenges between her Mexican-American culture and her American culture. This research is an example of how culture is en grained in everything and how it plays out through a wedding. This ethnography was done through first hand observations and interviews. The purpose of this study was to examine communication in a contemporary Mexican-American wedding and communication issues found at the intersection of gender, ethnicity, and culture. The research also examined how participants supported or broke traditional gender roles along with consequences.
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Speak no evil: the promotional heritage of nuclear risk communicationGwin, Louis January 1989 (has links)
The electric utility companies that own and/or operate the nation’s 112 licensed commercial nuclear power reactors are required by federal law to provide emergency information to residents living around those plants in advance of a nuclear plant emergency. This requires the owner/operators to acknowledge certain risks (e.g., radiation, nuclear plant accidents, evacuation, etc.) that face people living near nuclear generating plants.
This dissertation critiques the effectiveness of pre-emergency risk communication strategies by nuclear utilities. Specifically, the dissertation demonstrates that certain historic message themes about nuclear power- termed the "nuclear ethic" -have become embedded in the rhetoric of current nuclear risk communication programs and downplay or mask the seriousness of nuclear plant emergencies, thereby contributing to the apparent ineffectiveness of these communication programs. For example, a survey of residents living around four nuclear plants who receive utility risk communication materials found that nearly two-thirds said they would not follow official instructions in a nuclear plant emergency.
Such promotional rhetoric and images remain a part of nuclear risk communication programs because agencies which regulate nuclear power delegate their responsibility for pre-emergency risk communication to the utilities operating the plants. Moreover, there is little involvement in pre-emergency nuclear risk communication by state and local governments. This suggests that risk communication serves a latent symbolic role rather than a functional role for both the regulatory agencies and the utilities by making both groups appear to be isomorphic with societal goals of safety and security for a risky technology.
The dissertation concludes by suggesting federal regulatory agencies, and specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency, intensify their vigilance of risk communication planning and take steps to create authentic two-way communication between the nuclear utilities and the public living near the plants. One way this could be done is by establishing local citizens advisory committees to assess utility risk communication programs and suggest improvements that would help bridge the gap between the nuclear industry’s view of nuclear plant risk and that of the public. / Ph. D.
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Investigating the news diffusion function of the internet vis-à-vis other media.January 2002 (has links)
Wong Nga Lai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-104). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One --- An Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Foreword: Fermat's Last Theorem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- News Diffusion Theory --- p.7 / Chapter - --- Personal Importance / Chapter - --- Emotional Response and Parasocial Interaction / Chapter 2.2 --- Comparing The First Sources of News Diffusion --- p.14 / Chapter - --- Perceived Salience / Chapter - --- Credibility / Chapter - --- Other Perception Differences / Chapter - --- News Diffusion and the Use of the Internet / Chapter 2.3 --- Possible Internet Uses in News Diffusion --- p.21 / Chapter - --- The Internet As a Personal Medium / Chapter - --- The Internet As an Information Source / Chapter - --- Summary / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Pre-survey Preparations --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Operationalization and Measurement of Variables --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Rate of Diffusion --- p.42 / Chapter - --- September 11: A stunning high diffusion rate / Chapter - --- Leung-Fu Engagement: A romance known to 90% of a population / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.48 / Chapter H1:- --- September 11: Television was the predominated source / Chapter - --- Leung-Fu Engagement: Newspaper was the predominant source / Chapter H2:- --- September 11: High personal importance evoked interpersonal communication / Chapter - --- Leung-Fu Engagement: Personal importance determined extent of diffusion / Chapter - --- Active early knowers were key players in diffusion / Chapter H3a:- --- September 11: Upset people were more active in telling others / Chapter H3b:- --- Leung-Fu Engagement: No indication of para-social interaction / Chapter H4:- --- September 11: Initial sources differentin perceived credibility / Chapter - --- Leung-Fu Engagement: Different media different in perceived salience / Chapter H5& H6: --- The news diffusion function of the Internet / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary of Results --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Conclusion / Chapter 5.1 --- Discussion of Findings --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion of the Use of the Internet in News --- p.86 / Diffusion / Chapter - --- The Internet as an additional information source / Chapter - --- The Internet as a mediated personal channel / Chapter - --- The Internet as an initial source / Chapter - --- Enhancement of Internet Communication by 3G technologies / Chapter 5.3 --- Final Words --- p.92 / Reference --- p.96 / "Appendix 1 Questionnaire for ""September11""" / "Appendix 2 Questionnaire for ""Leung-Fu Engagement"""
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A framework for building an information society for selected countries in the southern African development communitySehlapelo, Martin Collin Abner Mmapeteke 09 1900 (has links)
Text in English / In line with the World Summit on the Information Society and with the expectation that this would enable them to advance their development and improve the lives of the population, almost all the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries had developed national information and communications technologies (ICT) policies. The purpose of this doctoral research was to investigate the theoretical underpinning(s) of the national ICT policies of the SADC countries in order to develop a theoretical framework for building an information society for development.
The research employed a grounded theory design, utilising the NVivo11 software as a tool to support the analysis of the national ICT policies for the selected 12 of the 15 SADC countries, as well as the interviews of five knowledgeable informants. Content analysis and open-ended interviews were the research methods applied sequentially to develop the Capacitating Theory for Building the Information Society for Development (CaTBIS-4D) for SADC countries, which is the core of the theoretical framework that this thesis proposes.
The research found that building an information society continues to remain relevant for SADC countries, and its achievement is dependent on capacitating human, infrastructure and financial factors. Significantly, the research concluded that the perceived failure of the information society project within the SADC countries is due to the arcaneness or obscurity of the recognition that development and the information society mutually reinforce upon each other such that the improvement of one contributes to the advancement in the other. Based on the research findings and conclusions, this research proposes a framework that contends that to build an information society for development, it is necessary/ crucial to capacitate the human, infrastructure and financial factors by focusing on identified economic sectors and social categories within an effective governing and implementation monitoring environment. The research recommends that as the national ICT policies within SADC countries are updated and implemented, the framework proposed in this research be utilised as a basis. Furthermore, the research recommends that the broadest range of local role-players should participate in the information society development project to ensure its endurance and relevance. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)
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Ukuhlalutywa ngesiXhosa kwamabali esiXhosa angeenkokheli zoluntu, afumaneka kwimagazini iBona kusetyenziswa uhlobo oluyijenriKenene, Antoinette Nomvuselelo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study concerns the genre analysis of five texts (articles) in isiXhosa from Bona Magazine using genre theoretic approach. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study concerns the genre analysis of five texts (articles) in isiXhosa from Bona
Magazine using genre theoretic approach. They all analyse genre of social community
leaders using the theory of Grabe & Kaplan. (1996) All five articles re attached as
appendices at the end of this assignment.
The chapters 2 and 3 present an overview of different views expressed by different
linguistics and researchers in relation to the genre theoretic approach and how these
theories are applied in analyses. The views of Bhatia (1993) are also used in that he
promotes the use of language in text when people communicate either in written or verbal
format. Bhatia emphasizes the use of text linguistic properties and insights in the culture of
participants to ensure that communication purpose is reached. Among other things, he
invokes text structure, lexical choices, cohesion and coherence of text, content and theme
are analyzed. This study investigates the social cognitive and linguistic choices and how
they influence writing and reading. The purpose and meaning of the text is depicted as
very important in the analysis of written text. (Bhatia; 1993)
The first part of chapter 4 deals with the theory of Grabe & Kaplan (1996), which
emphasizes the use of ethnography of writing. The ethnography of writing according to
Grabe & Kaplan (1996) entails the answers to the following basic questions: Who is
writing? To whom? For what purpose? Why? When? And how? The answers to these
questions are to be formed in the analysis of the articles on Grabe & Kaplan's views on the
relationship between ethnography of writing and lexicon of writing skills are also analyzed.
The study also includes Halliday's (1984) views. Educating children in their home
language environment makes them to learn better as they write in their own language and
about the things they know. Lastly there is a short discussion about the relationship
between the new genre approach and Outcomes-Based Education. (OBE) The similarities
they share in connection with aims, goals and purposes as language teaching approached
are touched upon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie hou verband met die genre analise van vyf tekste (artikels) in Xhosa uit die
Bona tydskrif. Die analises handel oor die genre van sosiale gemeenskapsleiers binne die
raamwerk van Grabe en Kaplan (1996). AI vyf die artikels is in In Appendix aangeheg aan
die einde van hierdie werkstuk.
Hoofstukke 2 en 3 bied In oorsig aan van verskillende sieninge van linguiste t.o.v. die
genre-teoretiese benadering en die aanwending van die teoretiese uitgangspunte in
analises van tekste. Die sieninge van Bhatia (1993) word ook ingespan m.b.t. die
kommunikasie tussen mense. Bhatia wend tekslinguistiese eienskappe aan asook sosiale
en kulturele insigte in die ondersoek van hoe kommunikatiewe doelstelling bereik word. Hy
gebruik o.a. tekslinguistiese kenmerke, leksikale keuses, kohesie en koherensie, en
tematiese realiserings in die teks. Die doelstelling van die teks is uiters belangrik volgens
die betekenis wat Bhatia in die teks ondersoek.
Die eerste gedeelte van hoofstuk 4 handel oor Grabe en Kaplan (1996) se model van
tekskonstruksie en die etnografie van skryf. Die onderrig van leerders is beter as hulle in
hulle huistaal skryf en leer. Die studie beskou die onderliggende uitgangspunte van
Kurrikulum 2005 m.b.t. die genre benadering tot die onderrig van Xhosa / ISICATSHULWA
Olu fundo luphanda ngohlalutyo ngohlobo Iwejenri kumabali esiXhosa afumaneka
kwimagazini iBona kusetyenziswa ulwimi IwesiXhosa. La ngamabali amahlanu
angeenkokheli zoluntu, nazakuhlalutywa ngokweembono zikaGrabe noKaplan (1996).
Kuqalwe ngokushwankathela iinkcazo zohlobo Iwejenri, neembono zabaphononongi
neengcali ezahlukeneyo malunga nolu hlobo lutsha lokuhlalutya. Kucaciswa imbono
kaBhatia (1993) mlunga nokuphononongwa kwendlela yokusetyenziswa kolwimi xa
kunxityelelwana, kwiitekisi ezithethwayo nezibhaliweyo. Oku kucaciswa ngokupheleleyo
xa kuhlalutywa la mabali mahlanu angenkokheli zolunu. Phakathi kwezinto ezijongwayo
xa kuhlalutywa nobhalo Iwamabali; lulwakhiwo Iweetekisi, ngumxholo, lukhetho
Iwamagama, lunamathelwano nonxulumano. Kwakhona indlela umbhali ayiphuhlisa
ngayo intsingiselo yetekisi yakhe ukuze injongo yakhe izaliseke.
Indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iimpawu eziziparametha eziyimbono ka Grabe noKaplan
(1996) xa kuhlalutywa la mabali angenkokheli zoluntu. Xa kuthethwa ngezi mpawu,
kuxelwa ukuphendulwa kwemibuzo yobhalo ethi; ngubani umbhali? Ubhala ntoni?
Ubhalela bani? Yintoni injongo yakhe? Kutheni ebhala nje? Ezi mpawu azaneli knceda
umbhali ukuba abhale kakuhle koko zinceda nomfundi ukuba ahlalutye kakhuhle
okubhaliweyo.
Kwakhona imbono kaHaliday ethi xa kusetyenziswa ulwimi makusetyenziswe izinto
nemizekelo engentlalo nenkcubeko yabantu. Lilonke yena ugxininisa ukufakwa
kwenkcubeko kwimfundo yabantwana. Uyixhasa lembono yakhe ngokuthi abafundi
baqonda lula xa befunda ngolwimi Iwabo nange nkcubeko yabo nangezinto
ezibangqongileyo. Le mbono iyahambelana nokufundisa ngohlobo Iwejenri yona
imkhululayo umntwana ukuba azifundele ngokwengqondo angadityaniswa nomnye.
Kwakhona kolu fundo kuthelekiswe uhlobo Iwejenri nohlobo olusetyenziswayo kwizikolo
zethu olujonge iziphumo uhlobo Iwe O. B. E. Kujongwa nendlela ezinxulumene ngayo,
ngenxa yokufana kweenjongo zazo kwaneziphumo kubantwana abafundiswayo
kusetyenziswa zona.
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Flesh for fantasy : exposing the sexualised and manipulated female persona in contemporary women's mediaHunter, Catherine Wood 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the representation of women in media aimed at women. A critical
examination of visual communication (magazines, advertising and visual story-telling1) will
demonstrate that the media may be regarded as highly influential in the way women perceive
their bodies, reproduction and sexuality.
I begin by examining the presentation of the ‘ideal’ woman as an instance of the Pygmalion
complex. This reading of the media’s formulation of the female ideal aims to demonstrate
the psychological effects of the Pygmalion complex on women, and illustrates how the
resultant striving for perfection drives production and consumption. I shall demonstrate how
the image of the ‘ideal’ woman is increasingly more sophisticated and convincingly
portrayed through the use of digital manipulation, plastic surgery, excessive dieting and
exercise regimes. I propose that the average woman is left feeling inadequate and is
undermined by the voice of her own cultural representation.
This thesis also investigates the persistence of the virgin / whore binary in the media’s
depiction of female sexuality. I propose that this is an essentialist and dualistic presentation
of female sexuality as either ‘good’ (surrendered, submissive and conforming – i.e. the
virgin); or ‘bad’ (transgressive, explicit, dangerous and destructive – i.e. the whore). I further
suggest that this polarised appropriation of women’s sexuality deprives women of ownership
of their own sexuality. I also propose that the media’s treatment of female sexuality presents
women as being in competition within one another for male attention and approval and that
this representation damages female solidarity.
Finally I demonstrate that pornography has infiltrated all aspects of popular culture, from
magazines to music videos. My hypothesis is that this use of pornographic conventions
depicts the rape and abuse of women as normative, commonplace and even entertaining, and
that this has a detrimental effect on both women’s and men’s sexual and social wellbeing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op hoe vroue in die media wat op vroue gerig is, verbeeld word. 'n
Kritiese ondersoek van visuele kommunikasie (in tydskrifte, reklame en visuele verhaling2)
sal toon hoe die media as uiters invloedryk beskou kan word ten opsigte van hoe vroue hul
eie liggame, voortplanting en seksualiteit beskou.
Ek begin deur die voorstelling van die 'ideale' vrou as 'n voorbeeld van die Pygmalionkompleks
te ondersoek. Hierdie beskouing van die media se formulering van die ideaal van
vrouwees is daarop gerig om die sielkundige effek van die Pygmalion-kompleks op vroue te
demonstreer en illustreer hoe produksie en verbruik deur die strewe na perfeksie wat as
gevolg van hierdie formulering ontstaan, aangedryf word. Ek sal toon hoe die beeld van die
'ideale' vrou, as meer en meer gesofistikeerd, oortuigend weergegee word deur middel van
digitale manipulasie, plastiese snykunde, oormatige volg van diëte en oefenprogramme. Ek
voer aan dat die gemiddelde vrou hierdeur met die gevoel gelaat word dat sy tekortskiet en
ondermyn word deur die boodskap van die publikasies wat haar eie kulturele beeld
verwoord.
Hierdie tesis ondersoek ook die volhardendheid van die tweeledige voorstelling van vroulike
seksualiteit in die beelding van maagd en hoer wat in die media aangebied word. Ek voer aan
dat dit 'n wesenlike en dualistiese voorstelling van vroulike seksualiteit as óf 'goed'
(uitgelewer, gedwee en konformerend – d.w.s. die maagd), óf 'sleg' (oortredend/sondig,
eksplisiet, gevaarlik en vernietigend – d.w.s. die hoer) is. Ek stel verder voor dat hierdie
gepolariseerde toe-eiening van die vrou se seksualiteit vrouens van eienaarskap van hul eie
seksualiteit ontneem. Ek stel ook voor dat die voorstelling van die vrou se seksualiteit soos
dit in die media aangebied word, suggereer dat vrouens ter wille van die aandag van 'n man
en om goedkeuring te wen met mekaar kompeteer en dat hierdie voorstelling skade doen aan
die gevoel van solidariteit tussen vroue.
Ten slotte demonstreer ek hoe pornografie reeds alle aspekte van die populêre kultuur vanaf
tydskrifte tot musiekvideos binnegedring het. My hipotese is dat hierdie gebruik van
pornografiese konvensies die verkragting en mishandeling van vroue as normatief, alledaags
en selfs vermaaklik uitbeeld en dat dit 'n nadelige effek het op die seksuele en die sosiale
welsyn van mans sowel as vroue.
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Teken, landskap en kennis : 'n ondersoek na die rol van teken in Suid-Afrikaanse kunsDe Kock-Wiesener, Cornelia 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis explores the role played by drawings in the creation of knowledge. The study
specifically focuses on drawings of the South African landscape and how it led to
knowledge of our country. The Western perception of the concept of nature in relation to
culture or civilisation is investigated by brief reference to a few periods in Western
history. It is argued that man and nature was separated in Western thought by the
establishment of rational thinking. This concept led to man's exploitation of nature to his
own advantage. The division between man and nature was broadened in the quest for
technological advancement. The first European travellers came to South Africa with a
Western mind set, hoping for better economical conditions. The illustrated traveller's
report reflects the verbal and visual capturing and exploitation of the South African
landscape. It is further argued that European travellers tried to structure the landscape
according to Western aesthetical traditions. Drawings appear to be picturesque but have
radical political, economical and social implications. Colonial depictions created
knowledge, but in fact symbolically legitimise the expansion of power. Until the middle
of the twentieth century Western aesthetic traditions were applied to visual depictions of
the South African landscape. During this period, artists were uncritical of the oppressive
political system and in doing so gave their tacit consent. Ever since the middle of the
twentieth century, several artists voiced their opinions against the unfair policy of the
ruling political party. Visual images asked subtle questions and gave radical judgements;
thus knowledge was created and a contribution made to the freedom of all South
Africans. My drawings of South African landscapes are to be understood against this
theoretical background. I use drawings to ask questions about the relationship between
the visual image and the establishment of knowledge. I also refer to the relationship
between the original and the copy, reality, the photo and the drawing. I conclude the
following: drawings lead to the creation of knowledge and landscape depictions have
implications of power. The solution to this problem lies, in the end, once more III
drawings.My depictions of South African landscapes are given as an answer. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n ondersoek na die rol wat visuele beelde kan speel in die oordrag van idees.
Daar word spesifiek gekyk na hoe tekeninge van die Suid-Afrikaanse landskap gelei het tot
die totstandkoming van kennis oor ons land. Die Westerse verstaan van die begrip natuur in
verhouding tot kultuur of beskawing word ondersoek deur kortliks te verwys na 'n paar
periodes gedurende die Westerse geskiedenis. Daar word aangevoer dat Westerse denke die
mens en die natuur van mekaar geskei het deur die instelling van rasionele denke. So het
daar 'n geloof in menslike rede ontstaan. Dié beskouing het daartoe gelei dat die mens die
natuur begin uitbuit het tot eie voordeel. Die kloof tussen mens en natuur het al hoe dieper
geword in 'n strewe na tegnologiese vooruitgang. Die eerste Europese reisigers het vanuit 'n
Westerse verwysingsraamwerk na Suid-Afrika gekom met die hoop op beter ekonomiese
vooruitsigte. Die geïllustreerde reisverslag weerspieël die inneming en uitbuiting van die
Suid-Afrikaanse landskap visueel en verbaal. Daar word aangevoer dat Europese reisigers
die landskap deur middel van tekeninge, uitgevoer volgens Westerse estetiese tradisies,
probeer struktureer het. Tekeninge kom skilderagtig voor, maar het radikale politiese,
ekonomiese en sosiale implikasies. Koloniale tekeninge het kennis geskep en in werklikheid
magsuitbreiding simbolies gelegitimeer. Westerse estetiese tradisies is tot die middel van die
twintigste eeu toegepas op visuele uitbeeldings van die Suid-Afrikaanse landskap.
Gedurende dié tydperk het kunstenaars die onderdrukkende, heersende politieke stelsel in
werklikheid ondersteun deur totaalonkrities daarteenoor te staan. Teen die middel van die
twintigste eeu het verskillende kunstenaars in opstand gekom teen die onregverdige beleid
van die regerende party. Visuele beelde is gebruik om subtiele vrae te stel sowel as radikale
uitsprake te lewer en het so kennis geskep en bygedra tot die bevryding van alle Suid-
Afrikaners. My tekeninge van Suid-Afrikaanse landskappe moet teen dié teoretiese
agtergrond gelees word. Ek gebruik teken om vrae steloor die verhouding tussen die visuele
beeld en kennis wat so tot stand kom. Daar word verwys na die verhouding tussen
oorspronklike en kopie, werklikheid, foto en tekening. Die gevolgtrekking is dat tekeninge
kan lei tot die totstandkoming van kennis en dat uitbeeldings van landskappe
magsimplikasies kan hê. Die oplossing vir hierdie probleem lê uiteindelik weer in tekeninge.
My uitbeeldings van Suid-Afrikaanse landskappe word as antwoord gebied.
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Conceptual metaphors in media discourses on AIDS denialism in South AfricaNothnagel, Ignatius 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / According to Nattrass (2007:138), the denial and questioning of the science of HIV/AIDS
at government level by, amongst others, Thabo Mbeki (former State President) and Manto
Tshabalala-Msimang (former Minister of Health) resulted in an estimated 343 000
preventable AIDS deaths in South Africa by 2007. Such governmental discourse of AIDS
denialism has been the target of criticism in the media and by activist groups such as the
Treatment Action Campaign. This study investigates the nature of this criticism,
specifically considering the critical use of metaphor in visual texts such as the political
cartoons of Jonathan Shapiro, who works under the pen name of “Zapiro”. The purpose is
to determine whether the nature of the criticism in visual newspaper texts differs from that
of corresponding verbal newspaper texts, possibly providing means of criticism not
available to the verbal mode alone.
A corpus of texts published between August 1999 and December 2007 that topicalise
HIV/AIDS was investigated. This includes 119 cartoons by Zapiro, and 91 verbal articles in
the weekly newspaper Mail & Guardian. The main theoretical approach used in the analyses
is Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1981), and its extension
to poetic metaphor, developed by Lakoff and Turner (1989). Because of the socio-political
nature of the problem of HIV/AIDS, the study also draws on Critical Discourse Analysis,
including complementary concepts from Systemic Functional Linguistics.
The study reveals that visual and verbal texts make use of similar sets of conventional
conceptual metaphors at similar frequencies, which confirms the predictions of Conceptual
Metaphor Theory. The study further reveals that the cartoons enrich these metaphors
through four specific mechanisms of poetic metaphor, which the verbal articles do not. This
indicates a significant difference between the two types of texts. Furthermore, it is found
that the use of such poetic metaphors directly contributes to the critical power of the
political cartoons. The study indicates that multi-modality in cartoons, which triggers single
metaphoric mappings, adds a dimension to the critical function of the text that is absent in
the verbal equivalent. The finding that the visual texts enable a form of cognition that is not
available to verbal texts, poses one of the most significant avenues for future research.
Thus, cartoons apparently achieve a type of criticism that is not found, and may not be
possible, in the verbal texts alone. This makes the political cartoon a text type with an
important and unique ability to articulate political criticism.
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