Na história dos meios visuais de comunicação de massa, o cartaz desempenha um papel importante no contexto das sociedades urbanas, mantendo um status privilegiado e duradouro na história da publicidade, das artes gráficas e do design. Desde seu surgimento, no séc. XIX , o cartaz dialoga com os espaços urbanos ao expressar em suas linguagens as narrativas dos contextos nos quais se insere. O presente estudo tem como objetivo entender a dinâmica da função comunicativa do cartaz voltada para as questões sociais, mais especificamente na área de saúde pública, bem como as peculiaridades de seu público alvo, o adolescente, no que se refere aos diferentes níveis de alfabetismo verbal e visual, assim como suas singularidades culturais. No percurso do desenvolvimento do projeto contextualizamos as políticas de comunicação em saúde, a questão da Aids e o perfil do adolescente. Por meio da leitura diacrônica dos principais períodos da evolução do cartaz e da análise de sua tipologia e funções, identificamos sua inserção como mídia dirigida para a educação em saúde. O estudo dos conceitos de imagem, visualização, percepção e significação envolvidos no processo de comunicação nos permitiu analisar os aspectos pertinentes à linguagem visual, seus códigos e sua adequação aos objetivos propostos, segundo a abordagem teórica da semiótica da cultura. / In the mass visual communication history, posters play a significant role within the context of urban societies, where they have achieved lasting, privileged status in advertising, graphic arts and design. Since their inception in the 19th century, posters have established a dialogue with urban spaces as they express narratives that comprise the contexts within which they exist. The objective of this study is to understand the dynamics behind the communication value of posters geared to social issues, more specifically to public health, as well as the particularities of their target audience adolescents as regards different levels of verbal and visual literacy and their cultural singularities. During the development of our project, we sought to contextualize media policies in health services, the AIDS issue and adolescents profile. Through a diachronic reading of the main periods of evolution of posters and through analysis of their typology and functions, we identified their insertion as a medium for health education. Our studies based on the concepts of image, visualization, perception and meaning that comprise the media communication process enabled us to analyze aspects pertaining to visual language, its codes and its adequacy to proposed objectives according to a theoretical approach to the semiotics of culture.

A variety of programmes of health education are designed, addressing promotion of health of the Libyan community. These programmes employ various communication methods and use different education media. This research is the first to evaluate the national programmes of health education in Libya and to determine future needs. It compares health officials' assessments with those of the general public; providers and users. It also examines the health professionals' perceptions on their role in health education. Five questionnaires are used in this research. The first two questionnaires are designed for the evaluation purpose. The third and fourth questionnaires are to determine future needs. The fifth questionnaire is about health professionals' role in health education. Both of the groups, the officials and the general public, assessed TV as being the most effective health education medium. The general public favoured the 'spots' over regular programmes. Their assessment of the radio effectiveness was much lower. Officials, on the other hand, favoured regular programmes over 'spots', and placed radio's role only slightly lower than the impact of TV. Both of the groups recommended wide use of TV for future health education. Children and youth are considered the main groups to be targeted with respect to most of health issues. School is the most preferred setting to target the children. Youth and sport clubs are recommended in communicating with the youth. Assessment of future priority health issues attracted different responses from the two groups. Health professionals perceive that they are responsible for mediating health education and consider this role as important. However, effectiveness of the existing role of health professionals in health education in Libya is evaluated differently. Main barriers to an effective role are identified and required solutions are suggested. The findings of this research suggest the need for systematic consultation across professional and lay groups as a requisite preliminary for statutory health education/promotion initiatives. These findings also address the need for further work and research in certain areas.

A AIDS, sendo uma doença considerada nos nossos dias como crônica, tem como um dos problemas principais a falha ou ausência de adesão ao tratamento. Os estudos nesta área vêm se multiplicando por sua importância. Várias áreas do conhecimento atravessam o tema auxiliando na tentativa de amenizar os efeitos negativos que a má adesão proporciona ao indivíduo, à sociedade, ao sistema de saúde nacional e mundial. Nosso estudo mesclou as ferramentas usuais para medir adesão ao tratamento como o questionamento ao paciente sobre as tomadas de medicamentos nos dias anteriores a entrevista com acompanhamento dos pontuadores de CD4 e Carga Viral, retiradas mensais de medicamentos na farmácia de dispensação e educação/informação/comunicação em saúde. Aferições de conhecimento sobre questões importantes para a assistência em AIDS foram realizadas através de questionário para medir o nível de informação que os (as) pacientes tinham sobre DST/HIV/AIDS. Após essa medida o grupo estudado foi convidado a participar dos Grupos de Adesão e a Consulta de Adesão onde os assuntos relacionados à doença foram abordados repetidamente de variadas formas. Após a interferência com educação/informação/comunicação novamente foi aferida a informação absorvida através do mesmo questionário. Os resultados foram promissores e pudemos inferir que as ferramentas de Comunicação em Saúde quando bem aferidas são fundamentais para os níveis de adesão ao tratamento trazendo como conseqüências a melhora do estado geral dos (das) pacientes. / With AIDS being a disease considered to be chronic in our time, one of the main problems it faces is faulty or lack of adhesion to treatment. Studies in this area have been multiplying due to its importance. Several areas of knowledge cross through the theme supporting the attempt to mitigate the negative effects poor adhesion has on individuals, society, national and international health system. Our study blended the usual tool used to measure adhesion to treatment, as the questioning of patients about the intake of medication on the days before the interview followed up by the CD4 and Viral Load scoring, monthly withdrawals of medication from dispensing chemists and education/information/communication about health. Measurements of knowledge about important issues for AIDS assistance were done through a questionnaire to measure the level of information patients had about STD/HIV/AIDS. Following that measure the group studied was invited to take part in the Adhesion Groups and the Adhesion Consultation, where subjects related to the disease were approached repeatedly and in several ways. After the interference with education/information/communication, again the information absorbed was measured through the same questionnaire. The results were promising and we could infer that Communication on Health tools when measured properly are fundamental for the levels of adhesion to treatment, which as a result brought improvements to the general state of patients.

A AIDS, sendo uma doença considerada nos nossos dias como crônica, tem como um dos problemas principais a falha ou ausência de adesão ao tratamento. Os estudos nesta área vêm se multiplicando por sua importância. Várias áreas do conhecimento atravessam o tema auxiliando na tentativa de amenizar os efeitos negativos que a má adesão proporciona ao indivíduo, à sociedade, ao sistema de saúde nacional e mundial. Nosso estudo mesclou as ferramentas usuais para medir adesão ao tratamento como o questionamento ao paciente sobre as tomadas de medicamentos nos dias anteriores a entrevista com acompanhamento dos pontuadores de CD4 e Carga Viral, retiradas mensais de medicamentos na farmácia de dispensação e educação/informação/comunicação em saúde. Aferições de conhecimento sobre questões importantes para a assistência em AIDS foram realizadas através de questionário para medir o nível de informação que os (as) pacientes tinham sobre DST/HIV/AIDS. Após essa medida o grupo estudado foi convidado a participar dos Grupos de Adesão e a Consulta de Adesão onde os assuntos relacionados à doença foram abordados repetidamente de variadas formas. Após a interferência com educação/informação/comunicação novamente foi aferida a informação absorvida através do mesmo questionário. Os resultados foram promissores e pudemos inferir que as ferramentas de Comunicação em Saúde quando bem aferidas são fundamentais para os níveis de adesão ao tratamento trazendo como conseqüências a melhora do estado geral dos (das) pacientes. / With AIDS being a disease considered to be chronic in our time, one of the main problems it faces is faulty or lack of adhesion to treatment. Studies in this area have been multiplying due to its importance. Several areas of knowledge cross through the theme supporting the attempt to mitigate the negative effects poor adhesion has on individuals, society, national and international health system. Our study blended the usual tool used to measure adhesion to treatment, as the questioning of patients about the intake of medication on the days before the interview followed up by the CD4 and Viral Load scoring, monthly withdrawals of medication from dispensing chemists and education/information/communication about health. Measurements of knowledge about important issues for AIDS assistance were done through a questionnaire to measure the level of information patients had about STD/HIV/AIDS. Following that measure the group studied was invited to take part in the Adhesion Groups and the Adhesion Consultation, where subjects related to the disease were approached repeatedly and in several ways. After the interference with education/information/communication, again the information absorbed was measured through the same questionnaire. The results were promising and we could infer that Communication on Health tools when measured properly are fundamental for the levels of adhesion to treatment, which as a result brought improvements to the general state of patients.

A AIDS, sendo uma doença considerada nos nossos dias como crônica, tem como um dos problemas principais a falha ou ausência de adesão ao tratamento. Os estudos nesta área vêm se multiplicando por sua importância. Várias áreas do conhecimento atravessam o tema auxiliando na tentativa de amenizar os efeitos negativos que a má adesão proporciona ao indivíduo, à sociedade, ao sistema de saúde nacional e mundial. Nosso estudo mesclou as ferramentas usuais para medir adesão ao tratamento como o questionamento ao paciente sobre as tomadas de medicamentos nos dias anteriores a entrevista com acompanhamento dos pontuadores de CD4 e Carga Viral, retiradas mensais de medicamentos na farmácia de dispensação e educação/informação/comunicação em saúde. Aferições de conhecimento sobre questões importantes para a assistência em AIDS foram realizadas através de questionário para medir o nível de informação que os (as) pacientes tinham sobre DST/HIV/AIDS. Após essa medida o grupo estudado foi convidado a participar dos Grupos de Adesão e a Consulta de Adesão onde os assuntos relacionados à doença foram abordados repetidamente de variadas formas. Após a interferência com educação/informação/comunicação novamente foi aferida a informação absorvida através do mesmo questionário. Os resultados foram promissores e pudemos inferir que as ferramentas de Comunicação em Saúde quando bem aferidas são fundamentais para os níveis de adesão ao tratamento trazendo como conseqüências a melhora do estado geral dos (das) pacientes. / With AIDS being a disease considered to be chronic in our time, one of the main problems it faces is faulty or lack of adhesion to treatment. Studies in this area have been multiplying due to its importance. Several areas of knowledge cross through the theme supporting the attempt to mitigate the negative effects poor adhesion has on individuals, society, national and international health system. Our study blended the usual tool used to measure adhesion to treatment, as the questioning of patients about the intake of medication on the days before the interview followed up by the CD4 and Viral Load scoring, monthly withdrawals of medication from dispensing chemists and education/information/communication about health. Measurements of knowledge about important issues for AIDS assistance were done through a questionnaire to measure the level of information patients had about STD/HIV/AIDS. Following that measure the group studied was invited to take part in the Adhesion Groups and the Adhesion Consultation, where subjects related to the disease were approached repeatedly and in several ways. After the interference with education/information/communication, again the information absorbed was measured through the same questionnaire. The results were promising and we could infer that Communication on Health tools when measured properly are fundamental for the levels of adhesion to treatment, which as a result brought improvements to the general state of patients.

Na história dos meios visuais de comunicação de massa, o cartaz desempenha um papel importante no contexto das sociedades urbanas, mantendo um status privilegiado e duradouro na história da publicidade, das artes gráficas e do design. Desde seu surgimento, no séc. XIX , o cartaz dialoga com os espaços urbanos ao expressar em suas linguagens as narrativas dos contextos nos quais se insere. O presente estudo tem como objetivo entender a dinâmica da função comunicativa do cartaz voltada para as questões sociais, mais especificamente na área de saúde pública, bem como as peculiaridades de seu público alvo, o adolescente, no que se refere aos diferentes níveis de alfabetismo verbal e visual, assim como suas singularidades culturais. No percurso do desenvolvimento do projeto contextualizamos as políticas de comunicação em saúde, a questão da Aids e o perfil do adolescente. Por meio da leitura diacrônica dos principais períodos da evolução do cartaz e da análise de sua tipologia e funções, identificamos sua inserção como mídia dirigida para a educação em saúde. O estudo dos conceitos de imagem, visualização, percepção e significação envolvidos no processo de comunicação nos permitiu analisar os aspectos pertinentes à linguagem visual, seus códigos e sua adequação aos objetivos propostos, segundo a abordagem teórica da semiótica da cultura. / In the mass visual communication history, posters play a significant role within the context of urban societies, where they have achieved lasting, privileged status in advertising, graphic arts and design. Since their inception in the 19th century, posters have established a dialogue with urban spaces as they express narratives that comprise the contexts within which they exist. The objective of this study is to understand the dynamics behind the communication value of posters geared to social issues, more specifically to public health, as well as the particularities of their target audience adolescents as regards different levels of verbal and visual literacy and their cultural singularities. During the development of our project, we sought to contextualize media policies in health services, the AIDS issue and adolescents profile. Through a diachronic reading of the main periods of evolution of posters and through analysis of their typology and functions, we identified their insertion as a medium for health education. Our studies based on the concepts of image, visualization, perception and meaning that comprise the media communication process enabled us to analyze aspects pertaining to visual language, its codes and its adequacy to proposed objectives according to a theoretical approach to the semiotics of culture.

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Submitted by Tereza Risi (tereza.risi@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2013-10-11T19:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Levy.pdf: 2081227 bytes, checksum: d87790882fbeedaf43096403d4e742be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-11T19:29:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Levy.pdf: 2081227 bytes, checksum: d87790882fbeedaf43096403d4e742be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / O advento e a popularização das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação ± dentre elas, a internet e as redes sociais on - lin e ± têm modificado profundamente as formas como pessoas e instituições se relacionam. No campo da Comunicação e Saúde, diversas experiências contemporâneas apontam a concorrência entre forças centrípetas e centrífugas no ciberespaço e levantam a questão: o investimento das instituições públicas de saúde em atividades desenvolvidas na internet, por meio das redes sociais on - line, é de fato uma inovação em suas práticas discursivas ou corresponde a uma inovação relativa ao suporte, mas não ao modo de relação com os seus interlocutores? Por meio da abordagem da netnografia, a pesquisa buscou mapear, descrever e analisar práticas de comunicação do Ministério da Saúde no ciberespaço, tendo como objeto específico a Campanha Nacional de Combate à Dengue 2011/2012. O estudo aponta que, a o assumir algumas características que tradicionalmente são observadas na forma como a mídia hegemônica aborda os temas de saúde, os espaços virtuais do Ministério da Saúde constituem - se mais como mídias digitais e menos como redes soc iais on - line. Os resultados nos levam a concluir que, apesar da inovação no uso de suportes digitais e no investimento em recursos criativos como as narrativas transmídia, as práticas de Comunicação e Saúde desenvolvidas pelo Ministério da Saúde no ciberes paço durante a Campanha estudada repetem as dinâmicas que caracterizam o modelo hegemônico de comunicação de natureza transferencista, bipolar, linear unidirecional e centralizado no emissor, e consolidam o discurso campanhista de saúde / The information and communication technologies ± especially the internet and online social networks - have profoundly changed the relationshi p between people and institutions. In the field of Communication and Health, various contemporary experiences indicates the competition between centripetal and centrifugal forces in cyberspace and raise the question about the public institutions investmen t in online activities. Is it is indeed an innovation in their discursive practices or represents an innovation on the devices , but not on the mode of relationship with their interlocutors? Through netnography approach, the research sought to identify, des cribe and analyze communication practices of the Ministry of Health in cyberspace, with the specific object of the National Campaign to Combat Dengue 2011/2012. The study shows that by taking a few features that are traditionally found in how the hegemonic media covers WKH WRSLFV RI KHDOWK 0LQLVWU\ RI +HDOWK¶V YLUWXDO VSDFHV DUH PRUH OLNH GLJLWDO PHGLD DQG less like online social networking. The results lead us to conclude that, despite the innovative use of digital media and creative resources as transmed ia narratives, Communication and Health practices developed by the Ministry of Health in cyberspace during the Campaign repeat the dynamics that characterize the hegemonic model of communication - bipolar, linear and unidirectional, centralized in an emit ter polo - and consolidate the health's prescriptive speech

Assent, currently defined as “a child’s affirmative agreement”, is a way in which some children are included in the decision-making process regarding their participation in clinical research. Current guidelines for paediatric research do not provide clear directions for how assent should be handled, resulting in confusion among researchers. The goal of this research project was two-fold: to examine the ethical arguments for assent with a view to developing concrete moral justification for its being required, and to develop a framework of significant issues for an investigator to consider when deciding whether to gain assent from an individual child. After an in-depth analysis, it was determined that the ethical justification for assent arises from the researcher’s dual obligations to the child and his parents. A child’s parents are responsible for determining when and how he will develop his decision-making ability. The researcher has an obligation to engage with the child in a manner that complements their pedagogical style, while also treating the child as a being of moral worth. As a child’s family context has an influence on his participation in medical decision-making, further research on children’s daily decision-making within their families is needed. To this end, a three-phase research agenda was designed: a qualitative focus group study, a quantitative questionnaire study, and a discussion panel with paediatric experts. The children in these studies clearly desired to make decisions but did not express an interest in having complete control. They expected their parents to provide them with decision-making guidance in most aspects of their lives. Data collected from parents illustrated that they often tried to involve their children in decisions by providing them with limited options from which to choose and encouraging family discussion. Participants in the discussion panel stated that they did not expect children to make an independent decision regarding medical care, but they might attempt to give children smaller decisions, such as the arm used to provide a blood sample. These results indicate that the definition of assent should be revised, emphasising the child’s involvement in the overall decision making process, without an expectation of an “affirmative agreement”, likely mimicking a familiar decision-making setting from his family context. This could then be documented in the child’s clinical notes through a brief description of all relevant interactions and/or discussions with the child, resulting in an accurate portrayal of the entire assent process.

De natureza qualitativa, o presente estudo situa-se no campo da comunicação e saúde, tendo como objetivo analisar a construção de sentidos no noticiário veiculado pela Folha de S.Paulo durante a epizootia de febre amarela silvestre e a ocorrência de casos humanos, no verão 2007-2008. Utilizando o quadro referencial teórico das práticas discursivas e construção de sentidos no cotidiano e as hipóteses de agendamento (agenda-setting) e enquadramento (framing) da notícia, foram analisadas as matérias veiculadas pelo jornal e os documentos comunicativoinstitucionais emitidos pela autoridade de saúde pública brasileira sobre a doença, no período de 21 de dezembro de 2007 a 29 de fevereiro de 2008. Os achados indicam que a veiculação de repertórios interpretativos durante a cobertura jornalística conferiu novos sentidos à febre amarela, deslocando o evento de sua forma silvestre, espacialmente restrita e de gravidade delimitada, para a urbana, de caráter epidêmico e potencialmente mais grave. Secundariamente, a análise permitiu identificar os riscos a que a população foi exposta em função dos sentidos construídos pelo noticiário durante a cobertura jornalística sobre a doença / In a qualitative approach, this study is located in the field of communications and health and aims to analyze the construction of sense in the news reported by the newspaper Folha de São Paulo during the epizootics of jungle yellow fever and the event of human beings affected by the disease, during the summer 2007-2008. Employing the theoretical reference scheme of discursive practices and construction of sense in daily life and the news hypothesis of agenda-setting and framing. During the analysisthe news released by the newspaper and communicative and institutional documents issued by the Brazilian Public Health authority regarding the disease, during the period between December, 21st, 2007 and February, 2008 were compared. Findings show that the issuing of interpretative repertoires during the news coverage conferred new senses to yellow fever, switching the event from its jungle form, which is restricted in terms of comprehence and of seriousness, to the urban form, typically epidemic and potentially more serious. As a secondary finding, the analysis allowed the identification of the risks to which the population was exposed regarding the sense constructed by the news during the coverage of the disease