Oggi, l'Italia è un paese multietnico. Dietro i movimenti migratori non vi sono però solo dati statistici, ma persone con culture e storie personali diverse, con cui gli operatori a contatto con gli immigrati devono confrontarsi. Ciò ha condotto alla nascita della mediazione linguistico-culturale, un settore sorto nella fase più acuta del fenomeno dell'immigrazione, gli anni Novanta, per rispondere alle esigenze specifiche di assistenza medica e legale degli immigrati. L'intento del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di studiare l'interazione verbale e non verbale tra medico o infermiere e paziente straniero nel contesto della mediazione linguistica-culturale in una struttura socio-sanitaria. All'interno dell'interazione verbale si analizzeranno le teorie della cortesia linguistica applicate a un contesto socio-sanitario multietnico. Si andrà a verificare se esiste una lingua di mediazione, se la lingua inglese funge da lingua franca nell'interazione verbale medico o infermiere e paziente straniero e se esistano strategie empatiche comunicative verbali e non verbali comunemente utilizzate in corsia dal personale ospedaliero. Si studierà inoltre come l'analisi della conversazione, in particolare l'analisi delle strategie empatiche comunicative verbali e non verbali, possa essere utilizzata a fini didattici e pedagogici nella formazione linguistica e interculturale di studenti di medicina nel nuovo contesto sociosanitario multiculturale. / Italian society has undergone massive transformation, arising today as a true multiethnic society. Migration movements are not simply a phenomenon of statistical data but involve people from different cultures and personal backgrounds. Immigration is behind the onset of community interpreting in Italy at the beginning of the '90s. Community interpreters catered for all medical and legal needs of immigrants. Today, it is common practice in Italy that doctors and nurses interact with immigrant patients. The aim of the thesis is to study verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication between doctors or nurses and immigrant patients in this new multiethnic medical environment. The study will examine strategies of politeness theory, whether English is a lingua franca in the doctor or nurse and immigrant patient interaction and whether there are empathic verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication commonly used in the hospital ward by doctors and nurses. The study will also examine how conversational analysis, in particular the analysis of empathic verbal and non-verbal strategies of communication can be used for didactic and pedagogical purposes so as to prepare medical students linguistically and culturally to interact with their future patients in this new multiethnic medical environment.

East Africa has seen a dynamic growth in the last decades. This fact is, among other factors, manifested by the ever increasing role of intercultural communication, especially interpreting. Kenya, formerly known as the British East Africa, receives a substantial volume of international investments and resources for development projects. The country's economic and social development rank among the highest in the region. This entails an increasing demand for interpreting services. This Master's thesis examines the role of interpreting for communication in Kenya and local education opportunities for interpreters. It describes main areas demanding interpreting and analyses the interpreting market in Kenya or else in the region of East Africa. The thesis also focuses on community interpreting, interpreters' roles and specific phenomena affecting this kind of communication within East Africa's conditions. The research is based on papers published on the subject up till now, local written sources and interviews with Kenyan academics, professional interpreters and other subjects that participate in the local market.

The thesis focuses on multilingual communication in healthcare centres in Prague. One of its main objectives is to compare and contrast the situation in the public- and the private sector. The theoretical part of the thesis presents interpreting in healthcare settings as one of the most important and most frequent types of community interpreting. The authors focus mainly on the current state of research in diverse world regions, and subsequently analyse the specific aspects of interpreting situations in the setting in question. An integral constituent of the theoretical part of the thesis is a global overview of the current situation in terms of quantity of foreign patients in Prague hospitals, including selected relevant demographic data. In conclusion of the theoretical part, the authors briefly elaborate on the phenomenon of medical tourism. The empirical part of the thesis is based on a questionnaire survey carried out among hospital employees in Prague, the aim of which was to analyse the current situation in terms of communication with foreign country nationals and to compare and contrast the public- and the private sector in this respect. The main focus of the research is to find out how the respondents perceive the situation and whether they are satisfied with it and to what extent this is...

This theoretical thesis focuses on the works of interpreting theorist Franz Pöchhacker. It examines the theoretical underpinnings of his work and analyses both his theoretical work and empirical research in his main fields of interest. Following a chronological order, the thesis covers Pöchhacker's work in the field of conference simultaneous interpreting, which he perceives as a complex action, the development of his interest in quality assessment in interpreting and community interpreting, as well as Pöchhacker's view of Interpreting Studies and its classification according to various parameters. The thesis also provides an overview of the most significant critical reactions to Pöchhacker's work. Key words: Franz Pöchhacker, interdisciplinary approach, integrating approach, hypertext, quality in interpreting, community interpreting, interpreting memes, 2½D interpreting model

The present thesis focuses on the use of community interpreting in public services, with particular focus on Labour Offices. It builds upon the project Development of Labour Office counselling for foreigners carried out by the Fund of Further Education between November 2013 and November 2015. Pilot testing of community interpreting at selected branch offices of the Labour Office of the Czech Republic took place in the framework of the project. The theoretical part presents a brief overview of community interpreting and the specifics of its use in communication with public authorities. Then follows a panorama of the situation of community interpreting in selected countries of the European Union. The aim of this panorama is to describe how Labour Offices in these states work with people with limited knowledge of the country's official language. The empirical part analyses outcomes of in-depth interviews with Labour Office employees carried out for the purpose of a project evaluation study. Apart from that, we analyse outcomes of a survey conducted among interpreters who took part in the project. The results of both analyses helped create a comprehensive overview of the project. Finally, based on our findings, we suggested a set of good practice recommendations that could improve efficiency of...

Die rol wat die tolk vervul, is sentraal tot die sukses van die kommunikasie waarby sprekers van verskillende tale betrokke is. Professionele liggame en instellings vereis van ʼn tolk om tydens enige tolkgeleentheid aan etiese kodes en praktykstandaarde te voldoen. Hierdie etiese kodes en praktykstandaarde is rigtinggewend in dié opsig dat dit in ʼn mate voorskryf hoe die tolk sy rol moet benader en vervul. Wat egter opgesluit is in dergelike voorskrifte is die voortdurende ondersteuning van die sogenaamde ‘kanaal’-rol, waarin die tolk as onsigbare ‘masjien’ gesien word. Die uitdaging wat dus aan die tolk gestel word, is om binne sy moontlike unieke omgewing slegs volgens die voorskriftelike kanaal-rolbeskrywing te funksioneer. Wat in die literatuur oor die onderwerp bevind is, is dat die verwagtinge wat deur so ʼn voorskriftelike rolbeskrywing aan die tolk gestel word, nie noodwendig haalbaar is in die praktyk nie. In die lig hiervan bring hierdie studie die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk op die voorgrond. Gemeenskapstolking in die breë verwys na tolking wat alle sosiaal-geörienteerde tolking saamvat, insluitend tolking wat verband hou met opvoeding of opleiding. Hierdie studie ondersoek gemeenskapstolktipes om vas te stel wat die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die onderskeie tipes gemeenskapstolking is, en bevind dat opvoedkundige tolking uniek van aard is en dus ʼn unieke benadering noodsaak. Dit sluit aan by Mullamaa (2006:25) se siening dat ʼn sosiale ommekeer in tolknavorsing plaasgevind het en dat daar tans ʼn groter bewustheid van die kompleksiteit van tolking gekweek word. Toury (1995:53) en Pym (2010) ondersteun hierdie siening en voer aan dat die taalpraktisyn homself as deel van die sosiale omstandighede van die kommunikasiegeleentheid moet kan handhaaf. Op ʼn teoretiese vlak is Toury (1995:55) se normkonsep ingespan omdat dit kontekssensitief is en die inherente sosiale dinamika waarbinne vertaal- en tolkpraktyke gevestig word, verreken. Geskoei op die teoretiese normmodelle van Toury (1995:55) en Shlesinger (1999:65-77), wat ʼn meganisme daarstel waardeur normatiewe gedrag en rolgedrag gemeet kan word, asook Niska (2002:137-138) se teoretiese tolkrolmodel wat aanvoer dat die gemeenskapstolk homself in ʼn piramiede van betrokkenheid bevind, is bestaande en nuutingesamelde data geanaliseer om vas te stel presies wat die dinamiek is wat verreken behoort te word in die omskrywing van die rol wat opvoedkundige tolk vervul.Daar is bevind dat ʼn definisie van die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk gevind kan word tussen dit wat van die opvoedkundige tolk verwag word en dit wat in die werklikheid geskied. Die studie het bewys dat die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk inderdaad veranderlik is, en dat die wending na ʼn meer sosiaal-dinamiese rolmodel vir tolking ook by die rolvervullingsmodel vir opvoedkundige tolking inpas. Die teorie wat geponeer word, is dat die opvoedkundige tolk homself deurgaans op ʼn dinamiese kontinuum van beweeglikheid bevind waarbinne hy verskeie rolle vervul na gelang die spesifieke behoeftes van die tolkgeleentheid. Aanbevelings word gemaak vir die implementering van ʼn model vir opvoedkundige tolkrolvervulling in Suid-Afrika, asook vir verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede ten opsigte van die tolkrolgesprek. / Thesis (PhD (Linguistics and Literary Theory))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Die rol wat die tolk vervul, is sentraal tot die sukses van die kommunikasie waarby sprekers van verskillende tale betrokke is. Professionele liggame en instellings vereis van ʼn tolk om tydens enige tolkgeleentheid aan etiese kodes en praktykstandaarde te voldoen. Hierdie etiese kodes en praktykstandaarde is rigtinggewend in dié opsig dat dit in ʼn mate voorskryf hoe die tolk sy rol moet benader en vervul. Wat egter opgesluit is in dergelike voorskrifte is die voortdurende ondersteuning van die sogenaamde ‘kanaal’-rol, waarin die tolk as onsigbare ‘masjien’ gesien word. Die uitdaging wat dus aan die tolk gestel word, is om binne sy moontlike unieke omgewing slegs volgens die voorskriftelike kanaal-rolbeskrywing te funksioneer. Wat in die literatuur oor die onderwerp bevind is, is dat die verwagtinge wat deur so ʼn voorskriftelike rolbeskrywing aan die tolk gestel word, nie noodwendig haalbaar is in die praktyk nie. In die lig hiervan bring hierdie studie die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk op die voorgrond. Gemeenskapstolking in die breë verwys na tolking wat alle sosiaal-geörienteerde tolking saamvat, insluitend tolking wat verband hou met opvoeding of opleiding. Hierdie studie ondersoek gemeenskapstolktipes om vas te stel wat die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die onderskeie tipes gemeenskapstolking is, en bevind dat opvoedkundige tolking uniek van aard is en dus ʼn unieke benadering noodsaak. Dit sluit aan by Mullamaa (2006:25) se siening dat ʼn sosiale ommekeer in tolknavorsing plaasgevind het en dat daar tans ʼn groter bewustheid van die kompleksiteit van tolking gekweek word. Toury (1995:53) en Pym (2010) ondersteun hierdie siening en voer aan dat die taalpraktisyn homself as deel van die sosiale omstandighede van die kommunikasiegeleentheid moet kan handhaaf. Op ʼn teoretiese vlak is Toury (1995:55) se normkonsep ingespan omdat dit kontekssensitief is en die inherente sosiale dinamika waarbinne vertaal- en tolkpraktyke gevestig word, verreken. Geskoei op die teoretiese normmodelle van Toury (1995:55) en Shlesinger (1999:65-77), wat ʼn meganisme daarstel waardeur normatiewe gedrag en rolgedrag gemeet kan word, asook Niska (2002:137-138) se teoretiese tolkrolmodel wat aanvoer dat die gemeenskapstolk homself in ʼn piramiede van betrokkenheid bevind, is bestaande en nuutingesamelde data geanaliseer om vas te stel presies wat die dinamiek is wat verreken behoort te word in die omskrywing van die rol wat opvoedkundige tolk vervul.Daar is bevind dat ʼn definisie van die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk gevind kan word tussen dit wat van die opvoedkundige tolk verwag word en dit wat in die werklikheid geskied. Die studie het bewys dat die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk inderdaad veranderlik is, en dat die wending na ʼn meer sosiaal-dinamiese rolmodel vir tolking ook by die rolvervullingsmodel vir opvoedkundige tolking inpas. Die teorie wat geponeer word, is dat die opvoedkundige tolk homself deurgaans op ʼn dinamiese kontinuum van beweeglikheid bevind waarbinne hy verskeie rolle vervul na gelang die spesifieke behoeftes van die tolkgeleentheid. Aanbevelings word gemaak vir die implementering van ʼn model vir opvoedkundige tolkrolvervulling in Suid-Afrika, asook vir verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede ten opsigte van die tolkrolgesprek. / Thesis (PhD (Linguistics and Literary Theory))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

En el contexto latinoamericano, las comunidades indígenas viven en situaciones de vulnerabilidad pese a que existen derechos constitucionales que los reconocen. En el Perú, específicamente, el acontecimiento del “Baguazo” evidenció los vacíos normativos de un sistema de justicia intercultural y los diferentes retos a los que se enfrenta el intérprete de lenguas indígenas en contextos judiciales. A pesar de que diversos estudios de Traducción e Interpretación se enfocan en la labor del intérprete de lenguas indígenas en el ámbito judicial, todavía no se ha analizado esta labor desde su trayectoria personal y profesional. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación se centrará en la trayectoria de la intérprete de lenguas indígenas Dina Ananco que participó en un caso de acceso a la justicia intercultural —juicio oral “Curva del Diablo”— debido al conflicto social del “Baguazo”. Mediante este estudio pretendemos conocer y analizar no solo el rol de esta intérprete indígena dentro del ámbito judicial, sino también cómo los contextos de su propia comunidad y del juicio influyeron en el ámbito personal y profesional de la intérprete durante y después de su participación. Para ello, utilizaremos entrevistas de historia de vida —método de investigación cualitativa— que nos permitirá reconstruir la trayectoria de la intérprete de lenguas indígenas. / In the Latin American context, indiginous communities live in vulnerable situations despite the existence of constitutional rights that recognize them. In Peru, the “Baguazo'' occurrence demonstrated not only the normative voids within an intercultural justice system but the different challenges faced by the indigenous interpreters in judicial contexts. Several studies on Translation and Interpreting are focused on the indigenous interpreter’s role in the judicial field. Nevertheless, the study of this role based on the personal and professional trajectory of the interpreter has not been analyzed yet. Therefore, this research will focus on the indigenous interpreter Dina Ananco’s trajectory who participated in a case of access to intercultural justice—“Curva del Diablo'' oral trial—due to the “Baguazo”social conflict. The aim of this study is to recognize and analyze the role of the above-mentioned indigenous interpreter in the judicial field, but also how the contexts of her own community and of the oral trial influenced in her both personal and professional aspects during and after her participation. For that purpose, we will use life story interviews—qualitative research method—in order to rebuild the indigenous interpreter’s trajectory. / Trabajo de investigación