This study is a policy investigation of community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The emergence of this tier of broadcasting can be traced to the 1990s, following the country's policy of politico-economic liberalisation. The state broadcasting system had hitherto reigned supreme. Based upon a focused synthesis of a range of historical, political, policy, regulatory and other factors, within the context of participatory development communication, this study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. To begin with, the study focuses on the historical factors that have influenced the development of community radio broadcasting in the country, particularly in the period before and after 1991. This historical analysis establishes the fact that the shape that community radio broadcasting has assumed in Zambia is largely reflective of the state-centric policy-making regime. This policy-making regime is itself a legacy of British colonialism. Next, the study offers a conceptual framework of community radio broadcasting. It analyses several theoretical antecedents upon which the conceptual edifice of community radio broadcasting would seem to be built. In particular, the study explores the contributions of media effects and normative media theories towards the conceptual underpinnings of community radio broadcasting. Furthermore, as an attempt at establishing some empirical referents for developing a community radio broadcasting policy for Zambia, the study delves into a comparative analysis of trends in broadcast policy and regulatory practices throughout the world, with a special focus on Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Australia. This comparative policy analysis reveals differentiated levels of sophistication of policy-cum-regulatory models relating to community radio broadcasting. This provides a wealth of chequered experiences for Zambia to learn from. To further substantiate the case for a policy model, the study examines selected community radio initiatives in Zambia. Finally, based upon this focused synthesis, the study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The policy proposal, informed by the assumptions of the group and organised anarchy models of policy-making, seeks to promote community radio broadcasting in terms of its vision, regulatory structures, funding, training, facilities, technology, production of local content and research. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil.

This study is a policy investigation of community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The emergence of this tier of broadcasting can be traced to the 1990s, following the country's policy of politico-economic liberalisation. The state broadcasting system had hitherto reigned supreme. Based upon a focused synthesis of a range of historical, political, policy, regulatory and other factors, within the context of participatory development communication, this study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. To begin with, the study focuses on the historical factors that have influenced the development of community radio broadcasting in the country, particularly in the period before and after 1991. This historical analysis establishes the fact that the shape that community radio broadcasting has assumed in Zambia is largely reflective of the state-centric policy-making regime. This policy-making regime is itself a legacy of British colonialism. Next, the study offers a conceptual framework of community radio broadcasting. It analyses several theoretical antecedents upon which the conceptual edifice of community radio broadcasting would seem to be built. In particular, the study explores the contributions of media effects and normative media theories towards the conceptual underpinnings of community radio broadcasting. Furthermore, as an attempt at establishing some empirical referents for developing a community radio broadcasting policy for Zambia, the study delves into a comparative analysis of trends in broadcast policy and regulatory practices throughout the world, with a special focus on Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Australia. This comparative policy analysis reveals differentiated levels of sophistication of policy-cum-regulatory models relating to community radio broadcasting. This provides a wealth of chequered experiences for Zambia to learn from. To further substantiate the case for a policy model, the study examines selected community radio initiatives in Zambia. Finally, based upon this focused synthesis, the study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The policy proposal, informed by the assumptions of the group and organised anarchy models of policy-making, seeks to promote community radio broadcasting in terms of its vision, regulatory structures, funding, training, facilities, technology, production of local content and research. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil.

Nosso estudo recupera o percurso de emissoras comunitárias na cidade de São Paulo a partir de suas legalizações, buscando, especificamente, os procedimentos adotados por suas equipes para definir e organizar a sua programação, para se relacionar com os seus ouvintes, para resolver suas questões de sustentabilidade financeira e ainda refletir se na emissora há lugar para Educação. Exercitamos formas diferenciadas de analisar as grades de programação dessas emissoras, aqui compreendidas como recursos que guardam informações múltiplas e que podem ser reveladores do tipo de trabalho que desenvolvem. Tivemos como pressuposto o fato de que, se consideradas em seus propósitos e nas formas como são concebidas, planejadas e organizadas, as ofertas de programação de uma emissora revelam a identidade dessa rádio e podem também desvelar as competências comunicativo-educativas que priorizam em sua trajetória. Assim, considerando as afirmações de Roldão (2006) e Peruzzo (2011) de que a caracterização de uma emissora está no seu uso e nos conteúdos que gera, nossa constatação partiu da análise de três aspectos: conteúdos de programação da emissora, grau de interlocução com o ouvinte e forma pela qual expressa o seu compromisso com os rumos da comunidade. Na prática, percebemos uma emissora com pouco espaço de participação do ouvinte, fôlego e entusiasmo reduzidos para mudanças e com sérios problemas de sustentação financeira. Os apoios culturais, única forma de aportar recursos de patrocinadores ou anunciante, são regulados por orientações bastante restritivas. Legalizadas, ainda não ousam buscar modelos e formatos diferenciados de programação, tampouco imprimem gestões mais democráticas na condução de suas equipes em nome da lei da radiodifusão comunitária, que precisam respeitar para não perderem a autorização de funcionamento. Neste contexto contraditório, nos orientou um sistema de hipóteses no qual a grande maioria das emissoras de baixa potência em operação na cidade já está sem fôlego em função das restrições que comprometem sua sobrevivência e que estão impostas na lei que as regulamentou. Percebemos também que cada emissora criou um jeito de marcar presença no cenário da radiodifusão e está forjando uma nova identidade, ainda em construção / Our study recovers the path of community radio stations in São Paulo from its legalization, specifically seeking the procedures adopted by their teams to define and organize your schedule, to relate to their listeners, to solve their issues of financial sustainability and also reflect if the there is a place for education on the radio station. We have exercised different ways of analyzing the programming grids of those stations, here understood as resources that keep multiple kinds of information and may reveal the type of work they develop. We presuppose the fact that, if considered in its purpose and the ways they are designed, planned and organized, offers of a station programming reveal the identity of this radio and can also reveal the communicative and educational skills that prioritize in its path. Considering the claims of Roldão (2006) and Peruzzo (2011) that the characterization of a station is in its use and the content it generates, our findings came from analysis of three aspects: the station\'s program content, degree of dialogue with the listener and the way in which he expresses his commitment to the direction of the community. In practice, we find a station with little space for the participation of the listener, with reduced enthusiasm for change and with serious problems of financial support. Cultural supports, the only way to provide resources for sponsors or advertising, are regulated by quite restrictive guidelines. Legalized radio stations, do not dare to seek models and differentiated programming formats yet, nor have more democratic management in the conduct of their teams on behalf of the law of community radio broadcasting, which must respect not to lose the license to operate. In this contradictorily context, we were guided in a system of hypotheses in which the vast majority of low power stations operating in the city is already breathless if you considered the restrictions that compromise their survival and that are imposed in the law that regulated them. We also saw that each station has created a way to be present at the scene of broadcasting and is forging a new identity, still under construction.

Nosso estudo recupera o percurso de emissoras comunitárias na cidade de São Paulo a partir de suas legalizações, buscando, especificamente, os procedimentos adotados por suas equipes para definir e organizar a sua programação, para se relacionar com os seus ouvintes, para resolver suas questões de sustentabilidade financeira e ainda refletir se na emissora há lugar para Educação. Exercitamos formas diferenciadas de analisar as grades de programação dessas emissoras, aqui compreendidas como recursos que guardam informações múltiplas e que podem ser reveladores do tipo de trabalho que desenvolvem. Tivemos como pressuposto o fato de que, se consideradas em seus propósitos e nas formas como são concebidas, planejadas e organizadas, as ofertas de programação de uma emissora revelam a identidade dessa rádio e podem também desvelar as competências comunicativo-educativas que priorizam em sua trajetória. Assim, considerando as afirmações de Roldão (2006) e Peruzzo (2011) de que a caracterização de uma emissora está no seu uso e nos conteúdos que gera, nossa constatação partiu da análise de três aspectos: conteúdos de programação da emissora, grau de interlocução com o ouvinte e forma pela qual expressa o seu compromisso com os rumos da comunidade. Na prática, percebemos uma emissora com pouco espaço de participação do ouvinte, fôlego e entusiasmo reduzidos para mudanças e com sérios problemas de sustentação financeira. Os apoios culturais, única forma de aportar recursos de patrocinadores ou anunciante, são regulados por orientações bastante restritivas. Legalizadas, ainda não ousam buscar modelos e formatos diferenciados de programação, tampouco imprimem gestões mais democráticas na condução de suas equipes em nome da lei da radiodifusão comunitária, que precisam respeitar para não perderem a autorização de funcionamento. Neste contexto contraditório, nos orientou um sistema de hipóteses no qual a grande maioria das emissoras de baixa potência em operação na cidade já está sem fôlego em função das restrições que comprometem sua sobrevivência e que estão impostas na lei que as regulamentou. Percebemos também que cada emissora criou um jeito de marcar presença no cenário da radiodifusão e está forjando uma nova identidade, ainda em construção / Our study recovers the path of community radio stations in São Paulo from its legalization, specifically seeking the procedures adopted by their teams to define and organize your schedule, to relate to their listeners, to solve their issues of financial sustainability and also reflect if the there is a place for education on the radio station. We have exercised different ways of analyzing the programming grids of those stations, here understood as resources that keep multiple kinds of information and may reveal the type of work they develop. We presuppose the fact that, if considered in its purpose and the ways they are designed, planned and organized, offers of a station programming reveal the identity of this radio and can also reveal the communicative and educational skills that prioritize in its path. Considering the claims of Roldão (2006) and Peruzzo (2011) that the characterization of a station is in its use and the content it generates, our findings came from analysis of three aspects: the station\'s program content, degree of dialogue with the listener and the way in which he expresses his commitment to the direction of the community. In practice, we find a station with little space for the participation of the listener, with reduced enthusiasm for change and with serious problems of financial support. Cultural supports, the only way to provide resources for sponsors or advertising, are regulated by quite restrictive guidelines. Legalized radio stations, do not dare to seek models and differentiated programming formats yet, nor have more democratic management in the conduct of their teams on behalf of the law of community radio broadcasting, which must respect not to lose the license to operate. In this contradictorily context, we were guided in a system of hypotheses in which the vast majority of low power stations operating in the city is already breathless if you considered the restrictions that compromise their survival and that are imposed in the law that regulated them. We also saw that each station has created a way to be present at the scene of broadcasting and is forging a new identity, still under construction.