This thesis uses three case studies to analyze and contextualize the interface between Western conceptions of indigenous peoples and nature and community-based conservation and development schemes in the Amazon: Kapawi Ecolodge (Ecuador), Chalalán Ecolodge (Bolivia), and Posada Amazonas (Peru). It explores how three Amazonian communities represent their indigenous identity in the online marketing of their ecotourism lodges. As a methodological tool, this research identifies four characteristics of the Ecologically Noble Savage stereotype: the spatial, the spiritual, the temporal, and the cultural. Current ethnographic literature describing these communities is used to analyze these self-representations. This thesis examines these representations within larger academic discussions on authenticity, power and control, and the long-term viability of ecotourism as a community-based development model.

博士（経済学） / x, 171 p. / Hitotsubashi University

<p>&nbsp / <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">possessing more information on which projects could be carried out in the hometowns, and which finally executes these projects. The study concludes that the existence of HTAs in the USA is explained by the socially enforced institution of the </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">hijos del pueblo </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(sons of the town) having a duty to help their hometowns, as well as the private benefits of preserving Gar&iacute / funa traditions and the possibility of helping repatriate dead immigrants. Fulfilling this duty (and the consequent prestige attained) provides the incentives to send CRs home. In the cases studied, CRs were used to partly finance potable water projects, electricity projects, road paving, a community centre and the construction of a Catholic temple. In most of the cases HTAs worked with a local development organisation, known as </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Patronato</font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, which formed specific committees for executing projects, for example the water and the electricity committees. For the construction of the temple, a religious organisation known as </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Pastoral </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">was the local partner.</font></font></i></i></i></p> <p align="left">The term Collective Remittances (CRs) refers to the money sent by migrant associations, known as Hometown Associations (HTAs), to Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) in their hometowns for financing public works projects. Few cases of CR are known in Honduras. The only ones reported are among the Gar&iacute / funaethnic group living on the Caribbean Coast, and with a large migrant community in New York City (NYC). This mini-master&rsquo / s thesis is the first study written on CRs in Honduras. It studies CR experiences in four Gar&iacute / funa hometowns and their corresponding HTAs in NYC. It answers three questions: How do CRs work in each case? What are the determinants for HTAs to provide CRs to the hometowns? And what are the determinants for local CBOs in the hometowns to use the CRs effectively to provide public goods in the hometowns? CR is conceptualised as a <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">that chooses which local group and project to finance, and the local CBO, which is the </font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">agent </font></font></i></p>

<p>&nbsp / <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">possessing more information on which projects could be carried out in the hometowns, and which finally executes these projects. The study concludes that the existence of HTAs in the USA is explained by the socially enforced institution of the </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">hijos del pueblo </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(sons of the town) having a duty to help their hometowns, as well as the private benefits of preserving Gar&iacute / funa traditions and the possibility of helping repatriate dead immigrants. Fulfilling this duty (and the consequent prestige attained) provides the incentives to send CRs home. In the cases studied, CRs were used to partly finance potable water projects, electricity projects, road paving, a community centre and the construction of a Catholic temple. In most of the cases HTAs worked with a local development organisation, known as </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Patronato</font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">, which formed specific committees for executing projects, for example the water and the electricity committees. For the construction of the temple, a religious organisation known as </font></font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Pastoral </font></font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">was the local partner.</font></font></i></i></i></p> <p align="left">The term Collective Remittances (CRs) refers to the money sent by migrant associations, known as Hometown Associations (HTAs), to Community-Based Organisations (CBOs) in their hometowns for financing public works projects. Few cases of CR are known in Honduras. The only ones reported are among the Gar&iacute / funaethnic group living on the Caribbean Coast, and with a large migrant community in New York City (NYC). This mini-master&rsquo / s thesis is the first study written on CRs in Honduras. It studies CR experiences in four Gar&iacute / funa hometowns and their corresponding HTAs in NYC. It answers three questions: How do CRs work in each case? What are the determinants for HTAs to provide CRs to the hometowns? And what are the determinants for local CBOs in the hometowns to use the CRs effectively to provide public goods in the hometowns? CR is conceptualised as a <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">that chooses which local group and project to finance, and the local CBO, which is the </font><i><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">agent </font></font></i></p>

<p>The paper investigates the challenges of consolidating beneficiary participation in the planning and implementation of projects, the effects on project outcomes and the implications for community based development. It examines one of such projects in Sekondi- Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana by assessing the entire planning and implementation of the project, the participatory mechanisms used and the current state of the project in terms of its sustainability. The paper critically investigates a broad arena of literature relating to the evolution of the participatory concept and its relation to development planning and management. It further explores some of the critiques leveled against the concept. The paper argues further that beneficiary participation in Community Based Development Projects (CBDPs) in Ghana is a challenge because of the internal rigidities associated with the use of the concept. It explains through evidence from the analyzed data that understanding the strategies for the participatory process as well as the socio dynamics of the beneficiaries involved is important in ensuring positive project outcomes.</p>

<p>The paper investigates the challenges of consolidating beneficiary participation in the planning and implementation of projects, the effects on project outcomes and the implications for community based development. It examines one of such projects in Sekondi- Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana by assessing the entire planning and implementation of the project, the participatory mechanisms used and the current state of the project in terms of its sustainability. The paper critically investigates a broad arena of literature relating to the evolution of the participatory concept and its relation to development planning and management. It further explores some of the critiques leveled against the concept. The paper argues further that beneficiary participation in Community Based Development Projects (CBDPs) in Ghana is a challenge because of the internal rigidities associated with the use of the concept. It explains through evidence from the analyzed data that understanding the strategies for the participatory process as well as the socio dynamics of the beneficiaries involved is important in ensuring positive project outcomes.</p>

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The paper investigates the challenges of consolidating beneficiary participation in the planning and implementation of projects, the effects on project outcomes and the implications for community based development. It examines one of such projects in Sekondi- Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana by assessing the entire planning and implementation of the project, the participatory mechanisms used and the current state of the project in terms of its sustainability. The paper critically investigates a broad arena of literature relating to the evolution of the participatory concept and its relation to development planning and management. It further explores some of the critiques leveled against the concept. The paper argues further that beneficiary participation in Community Based Development Projects (CBDPs) in Ghana is a challenge because of the internal rigidities associated with the use of the concept. It explains through evidence from the analyzed data that understanding the strategies for the participatory process as well as the socio dynamics of the beneficiaries involved is important in ensuring positive project outcomes. / South Africa

No description available.

This thesis consists of two parts: Part I (Chapters 2 and 3) critically assesses a set of methodological tools that are widely used in the literature and that are applied to the empirical analysis in Part II (Chapters 4 and 5). Using a randomised experiment, the first chapter compares pen-and-paper interviewing (PAPI) with computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). We observe a large error count in PAPI, which is likely to introduce sample bias. We examine the effect of PAPI consumption measurement error on poverty analysis and compare both applications in terms of interview length, costs and respondents’ perceptions. Next, we formalise an unproven source of ordinary least squares estimation bias in standard linear-in-means peer effects models. Deriving a formula for the magnitude of the bias, we discuss its underlying parameters. We show when the bias is aggravated in models adding cluster fixed effects and how it affects inference and interpretation of estimation results. We reveal that two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation strategies eliminate the bias and provide illustrative simulations. The results may explain some counter-intuitive findings in the social interaction literature. We then use the linear-in-means model to estimate endogenous peer effects on the awareness of a community-based development programme of vulnerable groups in rural Tanzania. We denote the geographically nearest neighbours set as the relevant peer group in this context and employ a popular 2SLS estimation strategy on a unique spatial household dataset, collected using CAPI, to identify significant average and heterogeneous endogenous peer effects. The final chapter investigates social network effects in decentralised food aid (free food and food for work) allocation processes in Ethiopia, in the aftermath of a serious drought. We find that food aid is responsive to need, as well as being targeted at households with less access to informal support. However, we also find strong correlations with political connections, especially in the immediate aftermath of the drought.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Social Work))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Social Work and Criminology / Unrestricted