In Diesel engine blocks properties such as tensile strength, heat conductivity, sound damping, engine vibration and noise are strongly influenced by graphite shape and volume percent in the matrix microstructure. In this study, the engine blocks were produced at ELBA Basin&ccedil / li D&ouml / k&uuml / m Od&ouml / ksan Cast iron foundry in Osmaneli Turkey by performing casting into furan resin sand and preparing cast iron liquid alloy in induction furnace that were treated with Mg by using ladle method. The main purpose of this study is to achive 0 &ndash / 25% volume nodularity and remaining is compacted graphite in the produced engine blocks. The shape and volume percent of graphite particles were characterized by an image analyze system. In the first part of this work, after the diesel engine blocks were produced at ELBA Basin&ccedil / li D&ouml / k&uuml / m Od&ouml / ksan Cast iron foundry in Osmaneli Turkey, the blocks were cut and samples were obtained from 14 different thicknesses of diesel engine blocks. Afterwards, the samples were examined under optical microscope, Soif XJP-6A. The nodularity and compacted graphite values were obtained numerically with the help of Materials Plus image analyzer systems, which is attached to the optical microscope. v In the second part of the study, the diesel engine blocks which are produced at Od&ouml / ksan were examined by ultrasonic test that was done by using USM 35 flaw detector test machine. Solidification &ndash / time and temperature &ndash / time simulations were also done by using NovaCast NovaFlow simulation code. Finally mathematical formulas for 13 different thickness of diesel engine blocks were obtained by using excel linest code. The compacted graphite volume percent observed at different sections of the diesel engine blocks were found to be a function of cooling rate and chemical composition. Best results were obtained when chemical Mg/S ratio was approximately 1 and C.E.V. was between 4.40 &ndash / 4.50.

Resumo: Nesse trabalho foram desenvolvidas três composições à base de Si3N4 com quantidades e tipos de aditivos diferentes, com objetivos de desenvolver cerâmicas densas de altas resistências, para posteriores testes como ferramentas de corte na usinagem de torneamento do ferro fundido cinzento, ferro fundido vermicular e a liga Ti-6Al-4V. As composições utilizaram aditivos Y2O3/Al2O3 (10%) e AlN/Y2O3 (15 e 20%), e foram sinterizadas pelo processo de sinterização normal. Em seguida foram caracterizadas quanto as propriedades físicas e mecânicas, apresentando bons resultados. Posteriormente a composição de melhores propriedades (SNYA20), foi transformada em inserto para usinagem de corte de acordo com a norma ISO 1832. Os testes de torneamento foram realizados no ferro fundido cinzento com variações de parâmentros, onde para Vc=300m/min, f=0,32mm/rot e ap=1,00mm, alcançou um comprimento de corte de 6533m, superior aos encontrados em literatura, com diminuição dos desgastes, para maiores Vc e ap. O torneamento da liga Ti-6Al-4V em alta velocidade (Vc=180m/min, f=0,10mm/rot e ap=0,50mm), alcançou comprimento de corte de Lc=466m, para um desgaste VBmax=2,20mm. No torneamento do ferro fundido vermicular, com variações de parâmetros, alcançou resultados superiores aos encontrados na literatura com ferramentas cerâmicas comercial, utilizando Vc=200mm/min, f=0,20mm/rot e ap= 0,50mm, obteve-se comprimento de corte Lc=1658m. Os resultados de usinagem obtidos nesse trabalho estão relacionados com as propriedades e fases obtidas. Entretanto alem dos resultados obtidos essas ferramentas apresentam custo em torno de 50% das comerciais e redução de 17- 20% de custo no processo, devido ao uso de fluido refrigerante e proteção ao meio ambiente. / Abstract: In this work three compositions to base Si3N4 with amounts and types of different additives had been developed, with objective to develop dense ceramics of high strength to possible test as cutting tools in turning of gray cast iron, compacted graphite iron and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The compositions had used additives Y2O3/Al2O3 (10%) and AlN/Y2O3 (15 and 20%), and were sinterized by process normal sintering. After sintering the physical and mechanical properties had been characterized, showing interesting results. Posterior the composition the best properties (SNYA20), was transformed into cutting tools to machining in the stand norm ISO 1832. The turning tests had been carried in gray cast iron with different parameters, where to Vc=300m/min, f=0,32mm/rev and ap=1,00mm, obtained a cut length of 6533m, achieving value superior at found in literature, with important reduction to larger cutting speed and cut depth. The turning of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in high cutting speed (Vc=180m/min, f=0,10mm/rev and ap=0,50mm), obtained cutting length of Lc=466m, to VBmax=2,20mm. In turning compacted graphite iron, with different parameters, obtained value superior at found in literature, when utilize cutting tools ceramics of commercial materials, using for this Vc=200mm/min, f=0,20mm/rev and ap = 0,50mm. These condition obtained cut length of Lc=1658m. The results achieved in this work have been associated with the important physical and mechanical proprieties and phase of cutting tools. However the results obtained with these cutting tools present lower cost (50%) when compared with commercial cutting tools of similar material e reduction of cost in around 17-20%, because the do not use coolant, beside of protection at environment. / Orientador: Sérgio João Crnkovic / Coorientador: Olivério Moreira de Macedo Silva / Doutor

Diploma thesis in the first part deals with the production, properties and application of compacted graphite iron. After then calculation model which is used in ProCAST software for the predicting mechanical and structural properties of compacted graphite iron is presented and differences between versions 2010 and 2011 are shown. The last part of the thesis deals with simulation of mechanical and structural properties on the test specimen and real casting, which is poured in Heunisch foundry Ltd. and results of the simulation and measured values are compared.

The aim of this research, part of a wider program called SPOFIC, is to investigate how the casting procedure affects the concentration of hydrogen and nitrogen gases in Compacted Graphite Iron used for the production of truck cylinder blocks. Hydris equipment was used for the Hydrogen measurements and the Optical Emission Spectroscopy and combustion analysis methods were used for the nitrogen measurements. The experiment was performed in one of the cooperating foundries. It was found that Hydrogen content is increased during pouring of the melt into the mold but nitrogen content does not seem to be effected by the process. In both cases the gas content never exceeded the solubility limit. The results are comparable with results from similar researches regarding Gray Cast Iron. / SPOFIC

The purpose of this master thesis was to evaluate variations in solidification and cooling rate in compacted graphite iron prototype cylinder blocks and for each position relate this to the microstructure and also relate the microstructure to mechanical properties. This has been done to increase the knowledge to predict mechanical properties in cast iron components. There were three sample categories; reference-, tensile test- and thermocouple samples. The investigation included analysis of cooling curves, SinterCast parameters, image analysis, measured hardness and tensile strength. Thermocouples of type N were used at interesting positions for observation of the cooling behaviour and the image analysis was carried out by the software Axio Vision SE64 by Carl Zeiss GmbH. The hardness was measured according to Brinell HBW 5/750 and tensile testing was performed according to standard SS-EN ISO 6892-1:2009. It is concluded that the microstructure depend on many parameters, one of them is the position in the cylinder block. A relation between solidification time and the microstructure features; secondary dendrite arm spacing and eutectic cell size was observed. Because of dissimilarity in microstructure between the tensile test samples and thermocouple samples it is believed that the thermocouples have contributed with a cooling and/or nucleation effect. Considering the mechanical properties there is not solely the nodularity, eutectic cell size or secondary dendrite arm spacing that are the controlling microstructure feature, more research needs to be made.

Compacted Graphite Iron offers mechanical properties in between of gray cast iron and ductile iron. Thus,the material is seen as a hopeful alternative for engine cylinder blocks and heads satisfying environmentaland performance objectives. Nevertheless, CGI is more difficult to machine than conventional gray castiron due to the presence of MnS and thin wall section of probing high strength. This problem of CGI thenled to the initiation of large Optima Sweden project to study machinability and optimization of related toCGI.The thesis is centered on a study of tool life, cutting force and MRR with regards to machining parametersmainly feed rate and cutting speed for CGI milling. Tool life is measured; flank-wear is observed andcompared between several combinations of cutting parameters.Similarly cutting forces were measured using LMS software for full factorial design experiments. Extensivemachining experiments were carried out. Machining tests was done based on Design of Experiment (DoE)for high cutting data and lower data are performed separately. Comparison is made for tool life and cuttingforces. After data collection, analysis of tool life and force has been followed. Once the data is analyzedand checked its consistency. An approximate model is developed using MODDE software. Further, multiobjective optimization of tool life and Material removal rate (MRR) using cutting parameters mainly feedrate and cutting speed are investigated. Working on optimal parameters will allow for CGI is to becompetitive in manufacturing with gray CI, aluminum alloy, magnesium.Keywords: Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI), face milling, tool life, MRR, optimization, cutting force

L’étude présentée est consacrée à l’usinabilité de la fonte à graphite vermiculaire. Celle-ci se situe entre la fonte à graphite lamellaire et la fonte à graphite sphéroïdale par rapport à la forme du graphite constituant ce matériau. Elle est utilisée depuis plus de cinq ans dans les blocs moteurs diesel afin d’améliorer les performances et de diminuer les rejets atmosphériques pour respecter les nouvelles normes Européennes. Pour évaluer l’usinabilité d’un matériau, il faut s’étalonner par rapport à un matériau de référence. Dans notre cas, la fonte à graphite vermiculaire a été comparée à la fonte à graphite lamellaire. Des essais de tractions ont permis d’obtenir les propriétés mécaniques du lot de matière utilisé pour la campagne d’essais d’usinage ; ceci, afin de se situer dans la gamme de ce type de fonte. Les plaquettes d’usinage ont été caractérisées par nano-indentation. Les revêtements PVD et CVD ont subit des essais de micro-rayure afin de caractériser leur adhésion sur leurs substrats respectifs. La mise en place d’un plan d’expérience a permis de limiter le nombre de plaquettes d’usinage prototypes à réaliser. Des essais tribologiques de type pion/disque ont révélé des pistes exploitables pour la compréhension des phénomènes de frottement et d’usures mis en jeu lors de l’usinage de la fonte à graphite vermiculaire. / This study deals with machinability of compacted graphite iron. This material is in-between grey cast iron and nodular cast iron due to the graphite particle shape. It is used for manufacturing diesel engine blocks so as to increase performances and reduce carbon emissions to comply with Euro 5 norm. It is necessary to compare one material to a reference material to evalute machinability criterium. In our case, compacted graphite iron has been compared to grey cast iron. Tensile tests have given us mechanical properties of our test pieces batch used for machining tests. It helped us to qualify the material in its own material range. Inserts have been characterized by nanoindentation. PVD and CVD coatings were benchmarked in microscratch way to determine their respective adhesion to theirs substrates A design of experiment has been setted up so as to reduce number of inserts protypes to be manufactured. Pin on disk tribologic tests gave few hints to have a better understanding of friction phenomena and wear during compacted graphite iron machining.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_jvc_dr_guara.pdf: 3439864 bytes, checksum: 8f665815b08c108458b7f10749c5f6bb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nesse trabalho foram desenvolvidas três composições à base de Si3N4 com quantidades e tipos de aditivos diferentes, com objetivos de desenvolver cerâmicas densas de altas resistências, para posteriores testes como ferramentas de corte na usinagem de torneamento do ferro fundido cinzento, ferro fundido vermicular e a liga Ti-6Al-4V. As composições utilizaram aditivos Y2O3/Al2O3 (10%) e AlN/Y2O3 (15 e 20%), e foram sinterizadas pelo processo de sinterização normal. Em seguida foram caracterizadas quanto as propriedades físicas e mecânicas, apresentando bons resultados. Posteriormente a composição de melhores propriedades (SNYA20), foi transformada em inserto para usinagem de corte de acordo com a norma ISO 1832. Os testes de torneamento foram realizados no ferro fundido cinzento com variações de parâmentros, onde para Vc=300m/min, f=0,32mm/rot e ap=1,00mm, alcançou um comprimento de corte de 6533m, superior aos encontrados em literatura, com diminuição dos desgastes, para maiores Vc e ap. O torneamento da liga Ti-6Al-4V em alta velocidade (Vc=180m/min, f=0,10mm/rot e ap=0,50mm), alcançou comprimento de corte de Lc=466m, para um desgaste VBmax=2,20mm. No torneamento do ferro fundido vermicular, com variações de parâmetros, alcançou resultados superiores aos encontrados na literatura com ferramentas cerâmicas comercial, utilizando Vc=200mm/min, f=0,20mm/rot e ap= 0,50mm, obteve-se comprimento de corte Lc=1658m. Os resultados de usinagem obtidos nesse trabalho estão relacionados com as propriedades e fases obtidas. Entretanto alem dos resultados obtidos essas ferramentas apresentam custo em torno de 50% das comerciais e redução de 17- 20% de custo no processo, devido ao uso de fluido refrigerante e proteção ao meio ambiente. / In this work three compositions to base Si3N4 with amounts and types of different additives had been developed, with objective to develop dense ceramics of high strength to possible test as cutting tools in turning of gray cast iron, compacted graphite iron and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V). The compositions had used additives Y2O3/Al2O3 (10%) and AlN/Y2O3 (15 and 20%), and were sinterized by process normal sintering. After sintering the physical and mechanical properties had been characterized, showing interesting results. Posterior the composition the best properties (SNYA20), was transformed into cutting tools to machining in the stand norm ISO 1832. The turning tests had been carried in gray cast iron with different parameters, where to Vc=300m/min, f=0,32mm/rev and ap=1,00mm, obtained a cut length of 6533m, achieving value superior at found in literature, with important reduction to larger cutting speed and cut depth. The turning of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in high cutting speed (Vc=180m/min, f=0,10mm/rev and ap=0,50mm), obtained cutting length of Lc=466m, to VBmax=2,20mm. In turning compacted graphite iron, with different parameters, obtained value superior at found in literature, when utilize cutting tools ceramics of commercial materials, using for this Vc=200mm/min, f=0,20mm/rev and ap = 0,50mm. These condition obtained cut length of Lc=1658m. The results achieved in this work have been associated with the important physical and mechanical proprieties and phase of cutting tools. However the results obtained with these cutting tools present lower cost (50%) when compared with commercial cutting tools of similar material e reduction of cost in around 17-20%, because the do not use coolant, beside of protection at environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elco da Silva.pdf: 3740304 bytes, checksum: b363ccd0dc2bdce0fadf7011311bf319 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / On the present days much effort has been given in the improvement of the strength of materials used in the automotive industry. And it is a great challenge to machine these materials due to the high machining time cycles and tools. This motivated several studies mainly for the Compacted Graphite Iron. The objective of this work is to evaluate the machinability of compacted graphite iron class 350 compared to compacted graphite iron class 400 and 450 and the grey iron class 300. The CGI 350 is object of study to be applied in cylinder heads. In the machinability of a cylinder head, one of the most important process is milling, which was chosen to evaluate these materials. To perform the tests two types of tools (inserts) were used: carbide and CBN. There were used two cutting speeds (Vc) for the carbide tools and one for the CBN. The machinability criteria used were: maximum tool wear (VBmax), edge wear, the power consumed by the machine tool and the roughness of the surface. The result show that, with the increase of the cutting speed, there is higher tool wear. Also the compacted graphite iron presented lower machinability compared to the grey iron. It is also noted that, with higher percentage of ferrite in compacted graphite iron, there is a higher tool wear. The compacted graphite iron class 450 presented the higher power consumption during milling. This alloy has the greatest strength and hardness among the materials studied. Regarding the surface finish of the materials, the compacted graphite iron class 450 presented the best results evaluated in the beginning and at the end of tool lives for both cutting speeds. / Atualmente trabalha-se muito na melhoria da resistência mecânica dos materiais utilizados na confecção de peças automotivas. E está sendo um desafio para a usinagem realizar seu processo nesses materiais, devido ao alto tempo de usinagem e alto custo com ferramentas de corte. Esta foi uma dificuldade inicial no desenvolvimento de blocos de motor em ferro fundido vermicular, e que motivou uma série de estudos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a usinabilidade do ferro fundido vermicular classe 350 comparando com o vermicular classe 400 e 450 e o cinzento classe 300. O ferro fundido vermicular classe 350 está sendo estudado para aplicação em cabeçotes de motores. Na usinagem de um cabeçote de motor o processo de fresamento é um dos principais aplicados a esta peça, foi escolhido este processo para realizar a avaliação da usinabilidade nestes materiais. Para a realização dos testes foram utilizados dois tipos de insertos para a ferramenta (fresa), o inserto de metal duro (MD) e o inserto de nitreto cúbico de Boro (CBN). Adotaram-se duas condições de cortes diferentes para o inserto de MD, com o intuito de avaliar o comportamento da usinabilidade com o aumento da velocidade de corte (Vc) e uma condição de corte para o inserto de CBN. Os testes de usinabilidade foram realizados de três formas: avaliação do desgaste de flanco máximo (VBmáx.) do inserto, a potência consumida de corte pelos eixos da máquina durante a usinagem e a avaliação do acabamento da superfície usinada (rugosidade) do corpo de prova. Os resultados mostram que com o aumento da velocidade de corte para ambos os materiais em estudo, há um aumento do desgaste da ferramenta, e que as ligas em ferro fundido vermicular foram as que apresentaram pior usinabilidade quando comparado com o ferro fundido cinzento. Observa-se também que com o aumento de ferrita na matriz das ligas em vermicular ocorreu um maior desgaste da ferramenta. O ferro fundido vermicular classe 450 foi o que causou a maior potência consumida de corte durante a usinagem, sendo esta liga a que possui o maior limite de resistência e a maior dureza entre os materiais estudados. Com relação ao acabamento da superfície usinada, o ferro fundido vermicular classe 450 foi também o que obteve o melhor resultado, tanto na avaliação de início de vida do inserto quanto no fim de vida para ambos os ensaios realizados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pre-textuais.pdf: 73538 bytes, checksum: 312651a50c92e3fa74c571281d3cdc0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During the last years the Compacted Graphite Iron CGI has acquired a growing placein the automobilist industry. It is used to manufacture several automotive parts, such as disk brakes, exhaust manifolds and, mainly, engine cylinder heads and blocks. Its higher strength, compared to grey cast iron, makes possible the manufacturing of cylinder blocks with higher pressure in the combustion chamber, therefore, more efficient and less pollutant. Lighter engines can be manufactured because of the thinner walls required. On the other hand, the Compacted Graphite Iron brings technological challenges for obtaining cast parts and also to machine them, because they normally reduce the tool lives during machining. This work s objective is to research the machinability of different compositions in order to obtain and alloy that can be used as a feasible alternative for manufacturing cylinder heads. The work consists, fundamentally, in the machinability evaluation of three cast iron alloys, Compacted Graphite Iron classes 450 and 350, and Grey Cast Iron class 300, through drilling tests. The machinability criterion used is the tool wear. / Nos últimos anos o ferro fundido vermicular tem conquistado um crescente espaço na indústria automobilística. Destina-se à fabricação de diversas peças automotivas, tais como discos de freio, coletores de escapamento e, principalmente, cabeçotes e blocos para motores. Sua maior resistência mecânica, em relação ao ferro fundido cinzento, possibilita a fabricação de motores com maiores pressões na câmara de combustão, portanto, mais eficientes e menos poluentes. Motores mais leves podem ser fabricados, em função das menores espessuras de parede necessárias. Por outro lado, o ferro fundido vermicular traz consigo desafios tecnológicos tanto para a obtenção da peça fundida quanto para a usinagem, uma vez que, normalmente, provoca redução da vida das ferramentas de usinagem. O presente trabalho objetiva pesquisar a usinabilidade de diferentes composições a fim de obter uma liga que possa ser utilizada como uma alternativa viável para a fabricação de cabeçotes de motor. O trabalho consiste, fundamentalmente, na avaliação da usinabilidade de três ligas de ferro fundido, sendo o vermicular da classe 450, da classe 350 e o cinzento da classe 300, e para tanto foram utilizados ensaios de furação de longa duração. Como critério de usinabilidade considerado foi utilizado o desgaste da ferramenta.