<p>Either it is because of some significant active trends in the business world, or the attractive cut of cost and increase in profit, companies now days are focusing on sales promotion activities. But in reality, most of companies that are introducing new products are not getting what they intend to get. They are facing loses. One of the reasons is lack of understanding which specific sales promotion is preferable at that stage.</p><p>As the authors described on the background of the study, a lot of studies have been done to indicate preferable sales promotional tools for consumer’s goods. Even though those studies have found significant results, there is still a gap which needs further investigation. According to those studies, the result that indicates the more preferable sales promotional tool have to be tested under different discount magnitude range and variety of products.</p><p>Based on the above gap the study has been undertaken with the purpose of comparing two dominant sales promotional tools: price and non-price sales promotion. This comparison has been done on three new different consumer goods that have different characteristics. The authors believe that this will contribute to fill the gap on the findings of previous researches on the area of sales promotion.</p><p>To fulfill the purpose of the study, descriptive and comparative type of study has been conducted by using controlled field experiment. Data has been collected by using structured questionnaire from three undergraduate classes of Umea University, Umea, which are (i.e., classes) selected using judgmental sampling. Collected data has been analyzed using SPSS-descriptive statistics.</p><p>The result reveals that, consumers of newly introduced consumer good will use the price of the product as a cue for a quality and prefer to have cash discount rather than gift offers. More ever, marketing stimuli (i.e. sales promotion) can have impact on the occurrence of the impulse buying behavior. Therefore, companies that are introducing a new consumer product and using price sales promotion as a strategy are more likely to attract new consumers and create impulse buying behavior, which result in an increase in sales.</p>

<p>This thesis is based on two independent studies, the first in Stockholm County (index year 1984; n=302), and the second, a replication and validation study, in Uppsala County (index year 1991; n=455).</p><p>The general aim was to study all individuals with Long-term Functional Psychosis (LFP) within the two counties of Sweden from an epidemiological perspective and to perform specific studies on a subgroup of individuals with schizophrenia. In the Stockholm study, the total one-year LFP prevalence was 5.3/1 000; in the the rural, suburban and urban areas it was 3.4, 5.6 and 6.6/1 000, respectively. The total one-year prevalence of LFP in Uppsala was 7.3/1 000; in the rural, peripheral city and central city areas it was 6.0, 7.0, and 8.7/1 000, respectively.</p><p>Within the non-schizophrenic subpopulation, a pronounced difference was demonstrated between the two studies with substantially higher prevalence rates in the Uppsala study. The schizophrenic subgroup in Uppsala was re-diagnosed using parallel diagnostic systems (DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10), and reasonably comparable prevalence estimates were obtained.</p><p>In both studies antipsychotic drugs were most frequently prescribed for the patients with schizophrenia, and the doses were considered as low to moderate. In the Uppsala study the doses of antipsychotic drugs decreased with a longer duration of illness, while the opposite was found in the Stockholm study.</p><p>The increased mortality rate among patients with schizophrenia was mainly due to unnatural causes of death and cardiovascular diseases, particularly among males.</p><p>The main methodological differences between the two studies were in the sampling procedures. In the Uppsala study, a larger number of care facilities were screened, and a broader set of diagnostic criteria were used for identifying cases from different registers.</p>

This thesis is based on two independent studies, the first in Stockholm County (index year 1984; n=302), and the second, a replication and validation study, in Uppsala County (index year 1991; n=455). The general aim was to study all individuals with Long-term Functional Psychosis (LFP) within the two counties of Sweden from an epidemiological perspective and to perform specific studies on a subgroup of individuals with schizophrenia. In the Stockholm study, the total one-year LFP prevalence was 5.3/1 000; in the the rural, suburban and urban areas it was 3.4, 5.6 and 6.6/1 000, respectively. The total one-year prevalence of LFP in Uppsala was 7.3/1 000; in the rural, peripheral city and central city areas it was 6.0, 7.0, and 8.7/1 000, respectively. Within the non-schizophrenic subpopulation, a pronounced difference was demonstrated between the two studies with substantially higher prevalence rates in the Uppsala study. The schizophrenic subgroup in Uppsala was re-diagnosed using parallel diagnostic systems (DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10), and reasonably comparable prevalence estimates were obtained. In both studies antipsychotic drugs were most frequently prescribed for the patients with schizophrenia, and the doses were considered as low to moderate. In the Uppsala study the doses of antipsychotic drugs decreased with a longer duration of illness, while the opposite was found in the Stockholm study. The increased mortality rate among patients with schizophrenia was mainly due to unnatural causes of death and cardiovascular diseases, particularly among males. The main methodological differences between the two studies were in the sampling procedures. In the Uppsala study, a larger number of care facilities were screened, and a broader set of diagnostic criteria were used for identifying cases from different registers.

Either it is because of some significant active trends in the business world, or the attractive cut of cost and increase in profit, companies now days are focusing on sales promotion activities. But in reality, most of companies that are introducing new products are not getting what they intend to get. They are facing loses. One of the reasons is lack of understanding which specific sales promotion is preferable at that stage. As the authors described on the background of the study, a lot of studies have been done to indicate preferable sales promotional tools for consumer’s goods. Even though those studies have found significant results, there is still a gap which needs further investigation. According to those studies, the result that indicates the more preferable sales promotional tool have to be tested under different discount magnitude range and variety of products. Based on the above gap the study has been undertaken with the purpose of comparing two dominant sales promotional tools: price and non-price sales promotion. This comparison has been done on three new different consumer goods that have different characteristics. The authors believe that this will contribute to fill the gap on the findings of previous researches on the area of sales promotion. To fulfill the purpose of the study, descriptive and comparative type of study has been conducted by using controlled field experiment. Data has been collected by using structured questionnaire from three undergraduate classes of Umea University, Umea, which are (i.e., classes) selected using judgmental sampling. Collected data has been analyzed using SPSS-descriptive statistics. The result reveals that, consumers of newly introduced consumer good will use the price of the product as a cue for a quality and prefer to have cash discount rather than gift offers. More ever, marketing stimuli (i.e. sales promotion) can have impact on the occurrence of the impulse buying behavior. Therefore, companies that are introducing a new consumer product and using price sales promotion as a strategy are more likely to attract new consumers and create impulse buying behavior, which result in an increase in sales.

ABSTRACT GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN ELT COURSEBOOKS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Yilmaz, Elvan M.A., Department of English Language Teaching Supervisor: Prof. Dr. H&uuml / sn&uuml / Enginarlar September 2012, 135 pages In all educational institutions ELT coursebooks are used as a guide to teach the language. However, the role of a coursebook as an agent of socialization and its effect on the development of gender roles is usually underestimated. Gender biased coursebooks might affect the learners in a negative way in the process of gender socialization. Most coursebook writers revise the first editions of the coursebooks in order to modernize them and to meet the needs of the learners in a changing world. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether writers and publishers take the gender issue into consideration while they are revising the coursebooks. In order to address this issue, three recently revised English language coursebooks were compared with their first editions. To be able to compare the coursebooks, their contents were analyzed. Six operating areas of gender stereotypes were set as the categories of the content analysis / presence of female and male characters in the coursebooks, the number of characters represented as family members, distribution of occupational activities, division of household activities, variety of leisure activities and the adjectives used to describe each gender. Throughout the whole study it was observed that the representations of female and male characters in the first editions were closer to the stereotypical representations. By contrast, in the last editions the representations of the genders have ideally become more balanced in all investigated categories of gender stereotypes.

The general aim of this thesis is to describe mortality, health and living conditions in an administratively defined county population of people with intellectual disabilities born between 1959 and 1974 (N=213). The living conditions of persons with intellectual disabilities were compared with those of the general population. Moreover, the reports of relatives and staff were compared on the living conditions of people with intellectual disabilities. Information on the living conditions of persons with intellectual disabilities was provided by proxy (relative and staff) questionnaire reports and national welfare statistics conducted by Statistics Sweden (SCB). Medical examination and medical case records were used to obtain data on health and medical services. People with intellectual disabilities lived in the community and took part in numerous common recreational and cultural activities. However, the comparison with the general population indicated clear differences in living conditions, particularly regarding employment and social life. In contrast, surprisingly little variation in living conditions was found in people with intellectual disabilities, despite varying ages and a wide range of level of disabilities. In addition, gender related differences of persons with intellectual disabilities were few when compared with those found in the general population. A wide range of physical and mental health problems were identified in the group with intellectual disabilities. Although a majority of persons with intellectual disabilities had access to a family doctor and attended regular health checks, a number of needs of specialist examinations were identified indicating shortcomings in the quality of health care. Analyses indicated differences in the reports of relatives and staff on living conditions of most domains included in the questionnaire. In general, disagreement was higher on subjective than on objective items. Relative and staff responders contribute dissimilar information that is related to varying viewpoints and different types of information.

The frequency of social dysfunctions in a general population sample and in different diagnostic groups was investigated by using the Social Interview Schedule (SIS). Based on the results of the general population sample, several of the a priori derived cut-off scores of the SIS were modified. The analysis of the general population sample revealed sex-specific relationships between age and different aspects of social functioning. Especially for younger women significantly more objective social restrictions, were found due to the burden of multiple role responsibilities. With regard to different diagnostic subgroups including patients and mostly untreated cases from the community sample with Affective Disorders and Anxiety Disorders, results indicate that the degree of social impairment and dysfunctions and the degree of satisfaction with different role areas are strongly dependent on type of disorder and on former treatment status. Specific findings are: (1) The highest number of social impairments and dysfunctions were found in cases and patients with affective syndromes and in schizophrenic patients, but not in schizoaffective patients. (2) Management difficulties and dissatisfaction in intimate relationships were primarily found in depressed women. (3) Unlike anxiety patients, anxiety cases, although mostly chronically ill, had significantly less objective impairments and a lower rate of dissatisfaction than depressed cases. The results are discussed with special reference to the possible key role of depression for the development of social dysfunctions, as measured by the SIS. (4) Problems were, however, acknowledged concerning the use of the SIS with severely disturbed chronic schizophrenic patients.

A daily newspaper’s main purpose is to inform its readers without creating noise. Theimportance of the visual presentation is therefore of weight for an effectivecommunication process. This study informs about the importance of typography inthe visual decoding process. The study includes the Swedish newspaper DagensNyheter’s transition from printed media to digital media adapted to an Ipad. It alsoincludes what changes this transition has resulted in for the communication process. The study has been conducted through a qualitative content analysis, where acomparative process of the selected medias has occurred. The theories we have beenusing in the study were mainly from a typographic point of view focusing onreadability. Other than that we have made use of theories about visual communicationand theories of the digital media's impact on society. Our study shows that the transition from printed newspaper to digital newspaperadapted to an Ipad has taken typographical aspects into consideration whenpresenting the material. The convergence between printed media and digitalizedmedia has created a basis for interaction that makes the reader involved in theprocess. The former one-way communication has been replaced with a moreinteractive two-way communication where the user is more than just a receiver.

Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 120-128.

Des progrès considérables ont été faits dans le domaine de la xénotransplantation ces dernières années, menant à des essais cliniques controversés impliquant des enfants au Mexique. Des risques sont associés à la xénotransplantation (la transplantation à l'être humain d'organes, de tissus ou de cellules provenant de l'animal) pour le receveur mais aussi pour le public en général. L'objectif de ce mémoire consiste à évaluer l'applicabilité des lois actuelles à la xénotransplantation pour déterminer la protection offerte par cet encadrement juridique. Pour identifier les lois possiblement applicables à la xénotransplantation, nous l'avons divisée en trois périodes: avant la chirurgie, pendant la xénotransplantation et celle post-intervention. Pour chacune de ces périodes, nous avons reconnu quatre groupes de personnes susceptibles d'être touchées par la réalisation de xénotransplantations; les receveurs, leurs proches, l'équipe médicale et finalement, la population en général. Ayant à l'esprit ces paramètres, nous avons vérifié si la loi à l'étude pouvait être applicable à la xénotransplantation en considérant les définitions fournies et son champ d'application. Par exemple, nous avons examiné si le xénogreffon (cellules, tissus ou organes) pouvait se qualifier de drogue ou d'instrument médical selon la Loi sur les aliments et drogues. Une étude de droit comparé est présentée entre les lois canadiennes et celles des États-Unis, de la France et du Royaume-Uni. Nous concluons à la nécessité d'une harmonisation tant au niveau national qu'au niveau international. / Recent advances in transplantation have reached the point where it may be possible to transplant an organ, tissue or ceIl from an animal to a human. Certain potential risks, for the beneficiary and to public health are associated with this procedure, which is referred to as xenotransplantation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of current legislation to the possible risks to public health posed by xenotransplantation. In investigating this potential of existing legislation, the xenotransplantation process was divided into three periods : before the surgery, during the xenotransplantation and finaIly, the post-intervention period. For each period, we identified which legislation could apply to the beneficiaries of the xenotransplantation, their relatives, the medical team or the public in general. Then, we verified if that legislation could be applicable to xenotransplantation by looking at the definitions and its field of application. For example, whether the xenograft (ceIls, tissus or organs) could be a drug or a medical instrument under the Canadian Food and Drug Act was considered. The legislation examined include, but are not limited to, those that usuaIly apply to clinical trials, transportation of dangerous goods, working conditions or quarantine. This analysis illustrates the variety of possible legal characterizations of the xenograft. A comparison between Canadian legislation and those of the United States, France and United Kingdom is presented. It is concluded that there is a need to harmonize regulations at both national and intemationallevels. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (LL.M.)"