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Doctor Educationis / There is a wide-reaching consensus that data required for poverty analysis in developing countries are inadequate. Concerns have been raised on the accuracy and adequacy of household surveys, especially those emanating from Sub-Saharan Africa. Part of the debate has hinted on the existence of a statistical tragedy, but caution has also been voiced that African statistical offices are not similar and some statistical offices having stronger statistical capacities than others. The use of generalizations therefore fails to capture these variations. This thesis argues that African statistical offices are facing data challenges but not necessarily to the extent insinuated. In the post-1995 period, there has been an increase in the availability of household surveys from developing countries. This has also been accompanied by an expansion of poverty analyses efforts. Despite this surge in data availability, available household survey data remain inadequate in meeting the demand to answer poverty related enquiry. What is also evident is that cross sectional household surveys were conducted more extensively than panel data. Resultantly the paucity of panel data in developing counties is more pronounced. In South Africa, a country classified as ‘data rich’ in this thesis, there exists inadequate panel surveys that are nationally representative and covers a comprehensive period in the post-1995 period. Existing knowledge on poverty dynamics in the country has relied mostly on the use of the National Income Dynamic Study, KwaZulu Natal Dynamic Study and smaller cohort-based panels such as the Birth to Twenty and Birth to Ten cohort studies that have rarely been used in the analysis of poverty dynamics. Using mixed methods, this thesis engages these data issues. The qualitative component of this thesis uses key informants from Statistics South Africa and explores how the organization has measured poverty over the years. A historical background on the context of statistical conduct in the period before 1995 shows the shaky foundation that characterised statistical conduct in the country at the inception of Statistics South Africa in 1995. The organization since then has expanded its efforts in poverty measurement; partly a result of the availability of more household survey data. Improvements within the organization also are evidenced by the emergence of a fully-fledged Poverty and Inequality division within the organization. The agency has managed to embrace the measurement of multidimensional poverty. Nevertheless, there are issues surrounding xv available poverty related data. Issues of comparability affect poverty analysis, and these are discussed in this thesis. The informants agreed that there is need for more analysis of poverty using available surveys in South Africa. Against this backdrop, the use of pseudo panels to analyse poverty dynamics becomes an attractive option. Given the high costs associated with the conduct of panel surveys, pseudo panels are not only cost effective, but they enable the analysis of new research questions that would not be possible using existing data in its traditional forms. Elsewhere, pseudo panels have been used in the analysis of poverty dynamics in the absence of genuine panel data and the results have proved their importance. The methodology used to generate the pseudo panel in this thesis borrows from previous works including the work of Deaton and generates 13 birth cohorts using the Living Conditions Surveys of 2008/9 and 2014/15 as well as the IES of 2010. The birth cohorts under a set of given assumptions are ‘tracked’ in these three time periods. The thesis then analysed the expenditure patterns and poverty rates of birth cohorts. The findings suggested that in South Africa, expenditures are driven mostly with incomes from the labour market and social grants. The data however did not have adequate and comparative variables on the types of employment to further explore this debate. It also emerged that birth cohorts with male headship as well as birth cohorts in urban settlements and in White and Indian households have a higher percentage share of their income coming from labour market sources. On the other hand, birth cohorts with female headship and residing in rural, African and in Coloured households are more reliant on social grants. The majority of recipients of social grants receive the Child Social Grant and its minimalist value partly explains why birth cohorts reporting social grants as their main source of income are more likely to be poor when compared to birth cohorts who mostly earn their income from the labour market. Residing in a female-headed household, or in a rural area as well as in Black African and Coloured increases the chances of experiencing poverty. This supports existing knowledge on poverty in South Africa and confirms that these groups are deprived. The results of the pseudo panel analysis also show that poverty reduced between 2006 and 2011 for most birth cohorts but increased in 2015. Policy recommendations to reduce poverty therefore lie in the labour market. However, given the high levels of unemployment in the country today, more rigorous labour incentives are required.

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INTRODUCTION: Mental health is a component of one‘s overall health and more research needs to be conducted to understand contributing factors. An estimated 26% of people over 18 years of age suffer from a mental illness in any given year; and mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the United States for the age group of 15 to 44. Depression is a common illness and affects more women than men and nearly 1 in 10 adults each year. AIM: Some believe that public housing has negative implications for health and this furthers research interest. This study uses secondary data collected from interview surveys and examines variables of depression, living conditions, and crime among a sample of 385 public housing residents. This research investigates the correlation, if any, between crime and mental health as well as living conditions and mental health. METHODS: Data analysis was conducted in SPSS. Descriptive statistics were conducted to examine the demographic profile of the sample. The CES-D depression scale, a valid and reliable instrument, was used as to measure mental health outcomes. Living conditions and crime variables were also scored and measured. Correlation analyses were conducted to determine associations among study variables. RESULTS: The mean age of residents was 51.19 (SD = 17.27), 94% of residents were African American, and 73% were female. Approximately 65% of residents were not depressed, 55% living in normal living conditions, and 71% had a low fear of crime. There was a small, but positive significant correlation among mental health, crime, and poor living conditions. CONCLUSION: Advanced analyses of survey data would help researchers gain a better sense of how public housing residents‘ mental health outcomes are impacted by their surroundings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pacheco_rd_me_botfm.pdf: 1115076 bytes, checksum: 93ce87fbe860ad9cdd822743e8e7e4b9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A deficiência física é um fenômeno biológico e social, que atinge aproximadamente 10% da população e traz grandes dificuldades para a vida cotidiana do portador e de sua família. Dificuldades que não estão relacionadas apenas às limitações auditivas, visuais, mentais, físicas e/ou motoras, mas principalmente àquelas imposta pela sociedade e pelo capital e se manifesta muitas vezes através da segregação, do estigma e do preconceito. Nesse estudo limitamo-nos a estudar os portadores de deficiência física, buscando descrever e discutir as condições em que eles vivem. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida na cidade de Botucatu – São Paulo. Inicialmente foi feito um inquérito em 25% dos domicílios da área urbana de Botucatu, para localizar os portadores de deficiência física. Identificados os endereços, selecionamos apenas os que residem na área do Centro Saúde Escola. Fizemos uma caracterização biomédica e social dos portadores de deficiência física e suas famílias, utilizando um roteiro com questões abertas e fechadas. Foram entrevistadas 82 famílias e 93 pessoas portadoras de deficiência física. Observamos que no município de Botucatu há uma maior prevalência de pessoas portadoras de deficiência física em áreas de alta exclusão social. Em relação às pessoas portadoras de deficiência física temos que 51% são do sexo masculino. A idade média é de 49 anos, 36,3% tem mais de 60 anos. A escolaridade média é 4,2 anos de estudos. A maioria é aposentado, pensionista ou inativo (71%). Apenas 14,5% estão ocupados e destes, 45,5%, estão inseridos em atividades predominantemente manuais não especializadas. O rendimento médio é de 0,9 salários mínimos e 39,2% não possuem nenhuma fonte de renda. A família das pessoas portadora de deficiência física tem em média 3,7 pessoas, 57,5% das famílias são do... . / Physical disability is a social and biological phenomenon, which assails around 10% of the population and brings significant difficulties to the everyday life of the disabled person. Such difficulties are not only related to auditory, visual, mental, physical and/or motor limitations but mainly to those established by society and capital and most of the times it is demonstrated through segregation, stigma and prejudice. Physically disabled people were the aim of this study and their living conditions were discussed and described. This research was carried in Botucatu – São Paulo. At first, a survey was performed in 25% of houses in the urban area of Botucatu to identify the physically disabled people. When the addresses were identified, one selected only the ones, which lived at “Centro de Saúde Escola” vicinities. A biomedical and social characterization was performed on physically disabled people and their families, following open and closed questions round. One observed that in Botucatu there is a higher prevalence of physically disabled people among high social excluded ones. Related to physically disabled people, 51% are male. Average age is 49 years old, 36.3% is more than 60 years old. Average education is 4.2 years of study, most of them are retired, pensioner or inactive. (71%). Only 14.5% have an occupation and from these 45.5% are inserted in predominantly non-specialized manual activities. Average income is 0.9 minimum wages and 39. 2% do not have any income. The family of physically disabled people has an average of 3.7 people; 57.5% of families are cellular like, and from these, 18.8% are extended families, which are being dispersed. According to the scale used by Seade Foundation, 17% of families are considered wretched, 71% poor and 12,1% not poor. The major part of physical disability was acquired in adulthood (43%), and the main causes are chronic-degenerative... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MPH)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / MPH / Unrestricted

The aim of this thesis was to analyse coexisting disadvantages in the older Swedish population. Coexisting disadvantages are those that occur simultaneously in various life domains. A person who simultaneously experiences several disadvantages may be particularly vulnerable and less well-equipped to manage daily life and may also need support from several different welfare service providers. Concerted actions may be needed for older people who experience not only physical health problems and functional limitations, but also other problems. Research that encompasses a wide range of living conditions provides a basis for setting political priorities and making political decisions. The studies in this thesis used data from two Swedish nationally representative surveys: the Level of Living Survey, which includes people aged 18 through 75, and the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old, which includes people aged 77 and older. Study I showed that the probability of experiencing coexisting disadvantages was higher in people 77 and older than in those aged 18 through 76. These age differences were partly driven by a high prevalence of physical health problems in older people. In all age groups, coexisting disadvantages were more common in women than men. The longitudinal analyses in Study II indicated that coexisting disadvantages in old age persist in some people but are temporary in others. Moreover, the results suggested a pattern of accumulating disadvantages: reporting one disadvantage in young old age (in particular, psychological health problems) increased the probability of reporting coexisting disadvantages in late old age.   Study III showed that physical health problems were a central component of coexisting disadvantages. The results also showed that being older; female; previously employed as a manual labourer; and divorced/separated, widowed or never married were associated with an increased probability of experiencing coexisting disadvantages. However, the experience of coexisting disadvantages differed: the groups associated with coexisting disadvantages tended to report different combinations of disadvantage. Study IV showed that the prevalence of coexisting disadvantages in those 77 and older increased slightly between 1992 and 2011. Physical health problems became more common over time, whereas limited ability to manage daily activities (ADL limitations), limited financial resources and limited political resources became less common. Associations between different disadvantages were found in all survey years, but certain associations changed over time. The results suggest that in general, the composition of coexisting disadvantages in the older population may have altered over time. In sum, results showed that coexisting disadvantages were associated with specific demographic and socio-economic groups. Physical health problems and psychological health problems were of particular importance to the accumulation and coexistence of disadvantages in old age. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p><p> </p>

I uppsatsen studeras vilka förändringar och effekter Krami bidrar med och om detta resulterar i att förbättra livsvillkoren för före detta kriminella personer som deltar i Krami. Krami är en samverkan mellan Kriminalvården, Arbetsförmedlingen och kommunen och syftar till att etablera tidigare dömda personer på arbetsmarknaden. Arbetsprocessen i denna uppsats består av en kvalitativ inriktning med en hermeneutisk metodansats. Empirin har insamlats genom åtta stycken semistrukturerade djupintervjuer som genomförts med före detta deltagare från Krami Halland och Krami Blekinge. Den teoretiska referensramen i denna uppsats har bestått av Michel Foucaults makt teori, Axel Honneths teori om erkännande och Johan Asplund teori om social responsivetet. Resultatet av de åtta intervjuerna visar att livsvillkoren har förbättrats markant genom att deltagarna i Krami har inkluderats i samhället med hjälp av utbildning och arbete. Detta har resulterat i att de har blivit självförsörjande och har ett helt annat perspektiv på livet än vad de tidigare hade. Intervjupersonerna har genomgått en självförändringsprocess från att vara kriminell till före detta kriminell och som vissa beskriver en vanlig ”Svensson”. / The paper examines what changes and effects Krami contributes to and whether this results in improving the living conditions of former criminal persons participating in Krami. Krami is a collaboration between the Prison and Probation Service, the Swedish Public Employment Service and the municipality and aims to establish previously convicted persons in the labor market. The work process in this study consists of a qualitative approach with a hermeneutic method. The empire has been collected through eight semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted with former participants from Krami Halland and Krami Blekinge. The theoretical frame of reference in this study has consisted of Michel Foucault's power Theory, Axel Honneth's Theory of recognition and Johan Asplund's Theory of social responsiveness. The results of the eight interviews show that the living conditions have improved markedly for the participants in Krami by being included in society, with the help of education and work. This has resulted in them becoming self-sufficient and having a completely different perspective on life than they previously had. The respondents have undergone a self-change process from being a criminal to a former criminal and finally, as some describe an ordinary "Svensson".

A adolescência impõe novas exigências à família, que vivencia a angústia do esmaecimento de suas fronteiras daquelas que separam o nós dos outros, mas também das fronteiras no suceder das gerações. O intenso processo de afiliação do adolescente a outros grupos ameaça os pactos e alianças que garantiram a manutenção do grupo familiar. A capacidade de continência da família é fortemente requisitada, para que ela possa dar conta de acolher as transformações vivenciadas pelo adolescente. Cabe a ele/ela rever a separação entre si mesmo e os objetos primários, entre o eu e o outro, exigência que se efetiva pelo investimento no exterior. Deve, então, encontrar um lugar nos vínculos externos à família. Esta pesquisa buscou analisar como a problemática da separação do adolescente repercute no plano dos vínculos familiares e na relação com os espaços onde vive (casa, comunidade). Surgido das inquietações da autora em seu trabalho com adolescentes em situação de precariedade social, este estudo sustenta a hipótese de que a problemática da separação desses adolescentes ganha contornos particulares, relacionados às condições de vida, mas também à descoberta de que suas famílias e seu grupo social ocupam um lugar depreciado na sociedade. Para condução da pesquisa foram realizadas oito sessões em grupo (formado por onze adolescentes, entre 15 e 17 anos), conduzidas com base na técnica de grupo operativo de Pichon-Rivière. De acordo com a concepção psicanalítica do sujeito como sujeito do vínculo, a análise foi norteada pela consideração de algumas noções fundamentais, tais como alianças inconscientes e narcisismo grupal. Os adolescentes revelaram um intenso trabalho psíquico de elaboração em torno da questão do dentro e do fora da família, simultâneo a seu movimento em direção ao exterior. As suas falas indicaram que, para a família, o exterior figurava como uma ameaça aos pactos estabelecidos, representada pela sexualidade, em especial, e pelo risco de que o adolescente se envolvesse na violência presente na comunidade. Os adolescentes, por sua vez, revelaram a expectativa de obtenção de prazer no exterior de viverem os aspectos de seu íntimo, que não cabem no interior do grupo primário e, ao mesmo tempo, o receio quanto a um novo lugar social a ocupar. O exterior surgiu, também, como espaço de diferença e de experiência de humilhação social, vivenciada pelos adolescentes como portadores das marcas do estigma ligado a seu grupo e a sua comunidade. Em um movimento inconsciente de oposição às marcas sociais de rebaixamento, os marcos identificatórios de pertencimento dos adolescentes à comunidade foram fortalecidos, destacando-se o papel desta como espaço de continência. Concluímos que os adolescentes encontravam-se no caminho entre assegurarem seu lugar na comunidade como herdeira do vínculo e da identificação com a família e se projetarem para o exterior, como expressão da tentativa de desprenderem-se do vínculo familiar e re-criarem-se / Adolescence imposes new requirements on the family who then lives in dread of seeing its boundaries blurred and rubbed out its boundaries between us and the others as well as those framing its different generations. The adolescent\'s intense process of affiliation to other groups threatens the agreements and alliances made to hold the family group together. The family\'s containing function is then absolutely necessary to deal with the adolescent\'s transformations. The adolescent needs to reconsider the separation between himself/herself and primary objects, between his/her Self and the other that need being clearly expressed through his/her outward investment, commitment. He/She needs to find himself/herself a place to be and behave out of the family structure. This research is aimed at analyzing how the question of separation for adolescents impacts their family links, connections and relationship with their living places (home, community). Resulting from its author\'s questions and observations raised while working with teenagers in precarious living conditions, this study supports the hypothesis that the question of separation is experienced differently by those who have \"realized\" that their families and groups are socially speaking badly considered. From this perspective, eight group sessions (made up of eleven 15- to 17-year-old adolescents) were conducted according to Pichon-Rivière\'s operative group framework. In accordance with the psychoanalytic concept of the subject as the \"subject of the link\", this analysis is based on certain essential notions such as the ones of \"unconscious alliance/s\" and \"collective (or group) narcissism\". The interviewed adolescents showed a real effort to reflect on the question of the family\'s inside and outside that question being parallel to their outward movement. They expressed that their families viewed the outside as a threat to their established alliances, a threat notably embodied by sexuality and by the risk of seeing \"their\" adolescent take part in the surrounding community\'s violence. Regarding their own opinion of the outside, those adolescents revealed both their expectation of experiencing pleasure that is the pleasure of getting to know and to experience their intimate, inner aspects, unconceivable within their primary group and the fear of occupying a new social place. The family\'s outside also turned out to be considered as a space of difference and social humiliation experienced by those teenagers bearing their group\'s and community\'s marks. Though through an unconscious movement of opposition to those derogatory marks, the adolescents actually reinforced their community\'s identificatory traits, thus highlighting the function of the latter, that is to be a containing space. In conclusion, those adolescents were met \"half way\", both on their way to ensure themselves a place in their community which inherits the link and family identification and to project themselves outwards, as if to \"get loose\" from the family connection and reconstitute themselves

Descrever os grupos de famÃlias agrÃcolas presentes nos TerritÃrios da Cidadania do Rio Grande do Norte, quanto a sua percepÃÃo na condiÃÃo de vida e quanto a sua influÃncia no desenvolvimento do meio, à a finalidade do presente trabalho. Para realizar essa tipologia, foi necessÃrio construir um Ãndice de CondiÃÃo de Vida dos Produtores (ICVP) nos 592 domicÃlios em que existia produÃÃo agrÃcola, a partir do banco de dados do MDA/SDT. Posteriormente, os produtores foram classificados em trÃs grupos, atravÃs da anÃlise de agrupamento, com o auxÃlio do software SPSS, permitindo assim caracterizar e identificar suas principais demandas. Do total de entrevistados, 22,13% se classificaram com os menores Ãndices de CondiÃÃo de Vida dos Produtores; 53,55% com Ãndices intermediÃrios e 24,32% com Ãndices maiores, que reflete a percepÃÃo dos entrevistados. 25,95% dos produtores com Ãndices baixos estÃo no territÃrio de AÃu MossorÃ; 26,72% no SertÃo do Apodi e 47,33% em Mato Grande. No Ãndice mÃdio os produtores estÃo distribuÃdos respectivamente em 27,44%, 38,49% e 34,07% nos territÃrios de AÃu MossorÃ, SertÃo do Apodi e Mato Grande. Para o Ãndice alto a distribuiÃÃo foi de 28,47% no territÃrio de AÃu MossorÃ; 58,33% no do SertÃo do Apodi e 13,19% em Mato Grande. O grupo alto se caracteriza por ter, em 99% dos seus estabelecimentos, pelo menos uma pessoa que trabalha apenas no domicÃlio, e a maior parte da renda vem da produÃÃo. As principais demandas foram: acesso a crÃdito, assistÃncia tÃcnica, pluriatividade, diversificaÃÃo nas fontes de renda familiar, diversificaÃÃo da produÃÃo agrÃcola, uso e preservaÃÃo dos recursos naturais: Ãgua e participaÃÃo cultural. Concluiu-se que os produtores com atividades agrÃcolas que pertencem aos TerritÃrios da Cidadania do Rio Grande Norte, quando avaliados a partir de suas concepÃÃes tem caracterÃsticas quase idÃnticas. PorÃm, nÃo hà uma concordÃncia quanto ao ICVP dentro do estado ou atà dentro dos territÃrios. E as aÃÃes implantadas em 2013 nÃo conseguiram, em sua maioria, captar quais polÃticas sÃo necessÃrias para que os produtores tornem-se mais satisfeitos com sua condiÃÃo de vida. / Describe the groups of farm families present in the Territories of Citizenship of Rio Grande do Norte, as their perception on the condition of life, influencing the development of the medium, is the purpose of the present work. To accomplish this it was necessary to construct a typology Condition Index Life Producers (ICVP) in 592 households in agricultural production that existed from the database of the MDA/SDT. After the producers were classified into three groups by cluster analysis with SPSS software, and thus characterize and identify their main demands. Of the total respondents, 22.13% were classified with the lowest indices of Living Conditions Producers, 53.55% to 24.32% and intermediate levels with higher indices. What reflects the perception of respondents. Producers with low rates are 25.95% of the territory AÃu Mossorà 26.72% in the Hinterland of Apodi and 47.33% in Mato Grande. On average rate producers are distributed in 27.44%, 38.49% and 34.07% in the territories of AÃu MossorÃ, Hinterland Apodi and Mato Grande respectively. For the high rate distribution was 28.47% in the territory of AÃu MossorÃ; 58.33% in the Hinterland of Apodi and 13.19% in Mato Grande. The high group is characterized by having 99% of its stores at least one person working alone at home and most of their income from production. The main demands were: access to credit; technical assistance; pluriativity, diversification in sources of household income; diversification of agricultural production; use and conservation of natural resources: water and cultural participation. In short, it was concluded that farmers with agricultural activity belonging to the Territories of Citizenship of Rio Grande Norte, when evaluated from their conceptions have almost identical features. However, there is no agreement on the ICVP within the state or even within the territories. And the actions implemented in 2013 failed to mostly capture what policies are needed for producers to become more satisfied with their living conditions.