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A movement theory of ergativityCampana, Mark. January 1992 (has links)
In this thesis, I propose a theory of ergativity in which NP arguments are checked for Case by moving to projections of agreement at LF. The Case-marking pattern of an ergative language arises when transitive subjects move to the projection of agreement usually associated with objects (AGR.o), while transitive objects and intransitive subjects move to the projection of subject agreement (AGR.s). While this proposal assigns the same underlying structure to clauses in an ergative language (unlike Marantz, 1984), it does have distinctive syntactic effects. In this it contrasts with a purely morphological approach to ergativity, such as that of Anderson (1976). / Arguments can move to the specifier position of agreement, or adjoin to its maximal projection. Movement cannot take place across the same kind of position as the landing site, which leads us to predict that transitive subjects cannot undergo grammatical extraction in an ergative language. This prediction turns out to be correct in a number of languages, including Chamorro, Mam, and other members of the Mayan group. Our theory also allows for a plausible account of split ergativity--non-canonical patterns in an otherwise ergative language where transitive and intransitive subjects are marked the same, but behave differently under extraction. / The proposal that NPs are not checked for Case until LF entails that they remain in their base positions at S-structure. Evidence for this claim is adduced from the distribution of empty pronoun arguments whose contents must be identified. Our prediction is that transitive subjects in an ergative language will interfere in the identification of an empty object pronoun, since it is closer to the pronoun than its legitimate identifier, AGR.s. This is also shown to be the case.
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A movement theory of ergativityCampana, Mark. January 1992 (has links)
No description available.
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Agreement morphemes in Northern Sotho constructions : a morphological and semantic studyKganakga, Thobakgale Johannes January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M. A. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2004 / Refer to document
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Effects of the First Language on Japanese ESL Learners' Answers to Negative QuestionsKanda, Kosuke 28 April 2014 (has links)
This study investigates how Japanese learners of English respond to English negative questions. Previous research has reported that Japanese learners of English make errors in yes/no responses to English negative questions due to the first language (L1) influence (Kang & Lim-chang, 1998; Takashima, 1989). From the perspective of L1 influence, there are two learning pitfalls: different functions of the yes/no response and different interpretations of negative questions. Both of these influences were examined in this study.
This study involved 8 Japanese learners of English, 4 females and 4 males, attending Portland State University (PSU). In order to elicit data that reflect the effect of Japanese English Language Teaching (ELT), the subjects were chosen so that at the time of data elicitation, they had less than 6 months of experience in an English-speaking environment. In addition, all the participants had English instruction in Japan at least through high school.
In order to see how the L1 influenced their yes/no answers to negative questions, I used two data elicitation methods: an oral interview with a native speaker and a retrospective protocol analysis of the interview. The results indicated the following: First, the participants appeared to respond to English negative questions fairly consistently with the English norm. Deviation was observed only when a negative question had a negative expected answer. Particularly, the stronger the expectation for a negative answer was, the more likely it was that the negative question elicited an incorrect yes/no response. Secondly, the participants interpreted the polarity of the expected answer based on the Japanese norm. With the help of context, they usually interpreted the stimulus sentence correctly. However, when an expected answer was ambiguous for any reason, the participants interpreted the stimulus sentence as having a negative expected answer, which is the default interpretation for Japanese negative questions.
This study shows that the influence of the L1 on answers to negative questions requires complex analysis. That is, superficially the participants appeared to answer questions correctly, but a deeper analysis revealed that they still relied on an L1 interpretation norm.
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Projection principle as a source of constituent agreement in syntax : the case of TshivendaGovhola, Annah Thomani January 2022 (has links)
Thesis(M.A. (Translation and Linguistics Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / The aim of this study was to examine the notion of projection, as underpinned by the
Projection Principle, between the subject, the verb, the object, the adjective and the
adverb in Tshivenḓa. Data were collected through participant observation, wherein
the researcher collected data in the form of clauses and sentences in Tshivenḓa.
This study found that verbs and subject prefixes are predicates which project
arguments in sentences. These arguments are characterised both linguistically and
in the form of word realities. The study further found that Tshivenḓa is a pro drop
language because the adjectival argument prefix can locate the subject argument in
absentia. In turn, subject arguments and adjectival arguments carry the same class
nominal prefix. The projection of elements of a sentence in Tshivenḓa identifies
grammatical relations between constituents. Lastly, it is recommended that studies of
a similar nature should be conducted in other African languages to establish how
elements of a clause or sentence cohere as informed by the Projection principle.
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An analysis of written concord errors among Grade 12 First Additional Language learners in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South AfricaNndwamato, Ndivhudzanyi Michael 05 1900 (has links)
MA (ELT) / Department of Engliish / Learning English as a second language by the South African learners of English First
Additional Language (FAL) causes many challenges, such as committing errors in
concord as there are differences between the learners’ mother tongue and the target
language. Even at Grade 12 level, which is the exit point to institutions of higher learning
or to the workplace, learners still display some deficiencies in the mastery of the English
concord. This happens despite the fact that, in many South African schools, English is
used as a medium of instruction and learnt as a First Additional Language (FAL)
especially at high schools.
Through the analysis of the written concord errors committed by the 72 of the 720
sampled Grade 12 English FAL learners in Vhembe District, the study answered to two
questions which formed its cornerstone which are: what are the most common types of
written concord/ subject-verb agreement errors which are committed by Grade 12 FAL
learners and what are the causes thereof? The study employed both the quantitative and
the qualitative methods to pursue the primary question. Learners responded to the
questionnaires and the researcher also analysed their teacher-marked English FAL
composition scripts with the focus on concord/subject-verb agreement usage.
The findings were that concord/subject-verb agreement was a challenge to the majority
of the participants. There was not even a single question which recorded a 100% correct
entry. The question on collective nouns was found to be the hardest to the participants
while comparatively, the singular indefinite pronoun question recorded the best results.
The learners’ written compositions were also found to have been marred by
concord/subject-verb agreement errors. In most instances, the learners had resorted to
simple sentences avoiding the complex sentence construction as those would have
required complicated application of concord/ subject-verb agreement usage.
Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: teaching of grammar
should be intensified, and that teachers of English should be retrained even if it will be
through the in-service programmes
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