Candidate virulence genes were sought through the genetic analyses of two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one virulent, H37Rv, one attenuated, H37Ra. Derived from the same parent, H37, genomic differences between strains were first examined via two-dimensional DNA technologies: two-dimensional bacterial genome display, and bacterial comparative genomic hybridisation. The two-dimensional technologies were optimised for mycobacterial use, but failed to yield reproducible genomic differences between the two strains. Expression differences between strains during their infection of murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages were then assessed using Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Fingerprint Arrays. This technique successfully identified expression differences between intracellular M. tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv, and six candidate genes were confirmed via quantitative real-time PCR for their differential expression at 168 hours post-infection. Genes identified to be upregulated in the attenuated H37Ra were frdB, frdC, and frdD. Genes upregulated in the virulent H37Rv were pks2, aceE, and Rv1571. Further qPCR analysis of these genes at 4 and 96h post-infection revealed that the frd operon (encoding for the fumarate reductase enzyme complex or FRD) was expressed at higher levels in the virulent H37Rv at earlier time points while the expression of aceE and pks2 was higher in the virulent strain throughout the course of infection. Assessment of frd transcripts in oxygen-limited cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Ra and H37Rv showed that the attenuated strain displayed a lag in frdA and frdB expression at the onset of culture when compared to microaerophilic cultures of H37Rv and aerated cultures of H37Ra. Furthermore, inhibition of the fumarate reductase complex in intracellular bacteria resulted in a significant reduction of intracellular growth. Microarray technology was also applied in the expression analysis of intracellular bacteria at 168h post-infection. Forty-eight genes were revealed to be differentially expressed between the H37Ra and H37Rv strains, and a subset were further analysed via qPCR to confirm and validate the microarray data. phoP was expressed at a lower level in the attenuated M. tuberculosis H37Ra, whereas members of the phoPR regulon were up-regulated in the virulent H37Rv. Additionally, a group of genes (Rv3616c-Rv3613c) that may associate with the region of difference 1 were also up-regulated in the virulent H37Rv.

The main objective of this thesis is to make a contribution to the controversial subject of how the German youth justice system could be reformed. In this context, this thesis aims to discover innovative strategies that might be implemented into German youth justice law. As New Zealand's juvenile justice system, which was established under the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989, has become the centre of extensive international attention and has already been adopted and adapted by other jurisdictions, this thesis focuses on the question whether parts of New Zealand's legislation could be transplanted into German youth justice law. For these purposes, the method of Comparative Law is employed. Accordingly, New Zealand's and Germany's social, legal, historical and cultural background are briefly outlined and compared. This comparison reveals that an implementation of concepts of New Zealand law into German law would generally be possible. The historical development of distinct youth justice systems in both countries are presented and differences and similarities are compiled. Both countries' current youth justice legislations are then critically examined. This thesis further provides an evaluation of the practical effectiveness of New Zealand's youth justice system. In this regard, this research is exploratory and qualitative, drawing on semi-structured interviews with 10 practitioners working in the field of youth justice. The comparative and qualitative research identified many strengths as well as some weaknesses of the current youth justice system in New Zealand. Consequently, this thesis comes to the conclusion that an implementation of a youth justice forum comparable to New Zealand's Family Group Conference would be expedient and worthwhile from Germany's perspective, but that some aspects of the New Zealand system like police diversion and the formal court orders, cannot or should not be introduced in Germany. Regarding the latter topic, the comparison of both systems revealed that New Zealand might even be inspired by the German option of imposing youth prison sentences on recidivist offenders.

Master of Science in Veterinary Science / Developmental Orthopaedic Disease (DOD) describes problems affecting the limbs of young horses, including abnormal bone, joint and tendon development. DOD is responsible for major economic losses in the Thoroughbred industry. Investigation into the epidemiology of DOD in Australia and Ireland as described in this thesis has allowed valuable comparisons and recommendations to be made between the studs in these countries. The project described in this thesis commenced in 1999, with the aim to: a) Establish the incidence of DOD on a stud in Australia and to compare this with similar data for a stud in Ireland b) To determine relationships between factors affecting severity and incidence of DOD in foals with respect to the country in which they are bred and raised c) To further identify risk factor areas associated with the development of DOD Records of 1717 mares from a major stud in Ireland and another in Australia were made available. Foal weight, age of mare, condition of mare, foal sire and date of birth were monitored over two years. The occurrence of DOD was recorded against these data. The incidence of DOD was found to be higher on the stud in Australia (average 49.85%) than on the stud in Ireland (average 14%). Foal weight was found to be a significant factor affecting DOD, with heavier foals showing a proportionally higher severity of the problem. The Australian stud had a higher incidence of DOD in 2000 compared to 1999 (65.2% affected vs 32.1% in 1999), whereas the Irish stud had a lower incidence in 1999 compared to 2000 (11.8% affected vs 16.2% in 2000). The dramatic increase in the incidence of DOD in Australian foals over the 1999-2000 period is representative of the increase in a major problem in the industry, as well as greater awareness of the problem over recent years. It highlights the urgent need for further research into understanding the cause(s) of DOD. Overall recommendations arising from the study include that a large scale, long term study be undertaken in Australia. Further investigation into the nutrition of horses in Ireland and Australia would be of great usefulness in understanding DOD, as would possible genetic links. An issue requiring attention is that of developing a standard definition of the disorder. Considering the wide range of disorders which may fit under the umbrella term DOD, a clear definition is of great importance. The incidence of DOD on one large farm in Ireland was found to be currently low and stable relative to its another large stud farm in Australia. This is a significant finding as the genetic pool of the horses share similarities on both farms, particularly as stallions shuttling between hemispheres sire many foals on both farms. Thus, the data provided herein provide an excellent basis for further valuable comparative studies investigating DOD in foals with a similar genetic background but subjected to differing environmental conditions.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-53).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Christine Readdick, Florida State University, College of Human Sciences, Dept. of Family and Child Sciences. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 19, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 190 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-101).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 51 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-32).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-84).

Halvadzic, S. 2015. Ethics in Archaeology: Treatment of human remains with comparisons between Sweden and the US. BA thesis in archaeology. Linnaeus University.  The main aim in this thesis is to analyse how ethical dilemmas concerning human remains are created within the subject of archaeology and how they are processed and handled. Additionally there will be four actual cases presented within this study that will contribute to the illustration of how previous situations of this sort has been dealt with and the analysis of these cases will affirm how it has affected the lives and work of people today. The cases presented will be Soejvengeelle, the remains from Rounala, the Kennewick man and the La Jolla remains, and there will also be comparisons made between Sweden and the US. Furthermore the primary method of collecting empirical data is based on the hermeneutical perspective and the theories used for the study are deontology and utilitarianism. The analysis introduces the subject of who should rightfully own cultural heritage. Different groups are discussed and the reasons why, such as the foundations for our identity and the rights to claim our ancestors and practice religious beliefs. Thereafter the archaeologists work is presented and how ethical dilemmas affect this work and prevents further information from being gained and shared with the world. Finally the differences between Sweden and the US are compared where weaknesses and strengths are highlighted. In conclusion there must be balance between the public and the archaeologists. Neither can truly function without the other and it is important to be respectful and understanding on this matter. There is also no one, perfect method of handling these situations which means that neither Sweden nor the US are superior in any aspect.

This thesis makes a comparison between the performance of Go and Java using parallelizedimplementations of the Classic Matrix Multiplication Algorithm (CMMA). The comparisonattempts to only use features for parallelization, goroutines for Go and threads for Java,while keeping other parts of the code as generic and comparable as possible to accuratelymeasure the performance during parallelization.In this report we ask the question of how programming languages compare in terms of multi-threaded performance? In high-performance systems such as those designed for mathemati-cal calculations or servers meant to handle requests from millions of users, multithreadingand by extension performance are vital. We would like to find out if and how much of a dif-ference the choice of programming language could benefit these systems in terms of parallel-ism and multithreading.Another motivation is to analyze techniques and programming languages that have emergedthat hide the complexity of handling multithreading and concurrency from the user, lettingthe user specify keywords or commands from which the language takes over and creates andmanages the thread scheduling on its own. The Go language is one such example. Is this newtechnology an improvement over developers coding threads themselves or is the technologynot quite there yet?To these ends experiments were done with multithreaded matrix multiplication and was im-plemented using goroutines for Go and threads for Java and was performed with sets of4096x4096 matrices. Background programs were limited and each set of calculations wasthen run multiple times to get average values for each calculation which were then finallycompared to one another.Results from the study showed that Go had ~32-35% better performance than Java between 1and 4 threads, with the difference diminishing to ~2-5% at 8 to 16 threads. The differencehowever was believed to be mostly unrelated to parallelization as both languages maintainednear identical performance scaling as the number of threads increased until the scaling flat-lined for both languages at 8 threads and up. Java did continue to gain a slight increase goingfrom 4 to 8 threads, but this was believed to be due to inefficient resource utilization onJava’s part or due to Java having better utilization of hyper-threading than Go.In conclusion, Go was found to be considerably faster than Java when going from the mainthread and up to 4 threads. At 8 threads and onward Java and Go performed roughly equal.For performance difference between the number of threads in the languages themselves nonoticeable performance increase or decrease was found when creating 1 thread versus run-ning the matrix multiplication directly on the main thread for either of the two languages.Coding multithreading in Go was found to be easier than in Java while providing greater toequal performance. Go just requires the ‘go’ keyword while Java requires thread creation andmanagement. This would put Go in favor for those trying to avoid the complexity of multi-threading while also seeking its benefits.