ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERGLEICHE IN DER OBERLITAUISCHEN MUNDART Ein Bild wird meistens mit Hilfe von Metaphern, Metonymien und Gleichnissen geschaffen. Bilder können in drei Gruppen gegliedert werden: konkrete (visuelle und akustische) und abstrakte (relationale). Zu einer Art der Schaffung von visuellen und seltener akustischen Bildern gehört der Vergleich. Es werden zwei Arten des Vergleiches unterschieden: bildhafter (Gleichnis) und sachlicher (Vergleich). Gleichnis (bildhafter, stilistischer Vergleich) ist ein Stilmittel auf der Grundlage der expressiven Gegenüberstellung eines Gegenstandes, einer Handlung, einer Eigenschaft anderen Erscheinungen anhand eines gemeinsamen (realen oder vermeintlichen) Merkmals, und der sachliche Vergleich in der wörtlichen Bedeutung beruht auf der Gegenüberstellung zweier Erscheinungen in der Hinsicht der Qualität oder Quantität (K. Župerka). Die sachlichen Vergleiche in den analysierten Texten der Mundart von Oberlitauern werden meistens mit den Vergleichspartikeln kaip, už (wie, als), sowie durch Komparativ und Superlativ gebildet, und die Gleichnisse enthalten die Vergleichspartikel kaip (wie). Die meisten Gleichnisse der oberlitauischen Mundart sind in dem Buch von K. B. Vosylytė Lietuvių kalbos palyginimų žodynas (1985) festgehalten. Das sind fest gefügte (usuelle) Vergleiche. Den anderen Teil bilden die lexisch freien, situativen (okkasionellen) Gleichnisse. Die Gleichnisse der oberlitauischen Mundart sind nach den Wirklichkeitsbereichen... [to full text]

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Research on consumer perceptions towards dairy animal welfare is lacking in Canada. Though consumers are aware of animal welfare issues in other animal industries, the dairy industry remains largely ignored. This thesis employed a mail survey in order to discover the opinions of Canadians towards dairy animal welfare. Respondents answered questions about the importance of animal welfare and its relative importance in comparison to low milk prices, the current state of dairy animal welfare in Canada and how it compared to the United States and other livestock sectors, practices consumers believed to be important for proper dairy animal welfare, as well as what they would pay for animal welfare friendly milk. The results suggested Canadians believed animal welfare was important and that the Canadian dairy animal was currently acceptable. Consumers believed outdoor access and banning growth hormones were important. Finally, a majority indicated they would purchase animal welfare friendly milk.

Diagnosing performance problems in modern datacenters and distributed systems is challenging, as the root cause could be contained in any one of the system’s numerous components or, worse, could be a result of interactions among them. As distributed systems continue to increase in complexity, diagnosis tasks will only become more challenging. There is a need for a new class of diagnosis techniques capable of helping developers address problems in these distributed environments. As a step toward satisfying this need, this dissertation proposes a novel technique, called request-flow comparison, for automatically localizing the sources of performance changes from the myriad potential culprits in a distributed system to just a few potential ones. Request-flow comparison works by contrasting the workflow of how individual requests are serviced within and among every component of the distributed system between two periods: a non-problem period and a problem period. By identifying and ranking performance-affecting changes, request-flow comparison provides developers with promising starting points for their diagnosis efforts. Request workflows are obtained with less than 1% overhead via use of recently developed end-to-end tracing techniques. To demonstrate the utility of request-flow comparison in various distributed systems, this dissertation describes its implementation in a tool called Spectroscope and describes how Spectroscope was used to diagnose real, previously unsolved problems in the Ursa Minor distributed storage service and in select Google services. It also explores request-flow comparison’s applicability to the Hadoop File System. Via a 26-person user study, it identifies effective visualizations for presenting request-flow comparison’s results and further demonstrates that request-flow comparison helps developers quickly identify starting points for diagnosis.This dissertation also distills design choices that will maximize an end-to-end tracing infrastructure’s utility for diagnosis tasks and other use cases.

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The Swedish early childhood system is considered among the best in the world, however, in spite of this, we feel that there exists a conflict between educators’ and parents’ expectations of ‘a good preschool’. During our teacher education training we have observed many different preschools and almost in all of them we have listened to anecdotes about one or more conflicts arising between educators and parents and which we have been able to pinpoint toward differing expectations. After talking with a preschool director, who also perceives that expectations of the preschool aims sometimes differ, our idea brought us to conduct this investigation.In this study, we have investigated parents’ expectations of preschool and compared them with educators’ expectations. This is to see if the notion of having different expectations give rise to a conflict. The preschool in which we made our inquiry was randomly selected and is set in a small town in one of the Stockholm region. Our research issues in investigation were: How do parents and teachers’ expectations about preschool differ? Are there notable differences in the expectations and if so, how do these takes shape? In order to investigate whether different expectations in themselves potentially create conflicts, we applied Bronfenbrenner’s theory on ecological development. We have chosen to base our data collection by way of a survey in order to obtain a larger sample size and create comparable data. We have also evaluated our results with regards to previous research results in this area.Our results prove that there is no big of difference in the expectations between parents and teachers, at least not at the preschool in which we administered our survey. However, we found differences in expectations within the group of parents and within the group of educators. We see a possibility to a conflict on survey questions where parents have answered that, for exampel the time for playing is very important for the preschool to work on while some teachers have answered that is not at all important. We believe that if these people meet in this subject a conflict can start too grow. However, the differences in the responses were not significant enough to be able to see it as a general cause of conflict between teachers and parents at this particular preschool. We belivie that teatchers and parents on this preschool makes the enviorment for the children to a positive learning environment. Bronfenbrenners theory says that if these two enviorment can work together it would bring the most to childrens development.

Research in cultural psychology suggests that East Asians are more likely than North Americans to be sensitive to contextual information. By contrast, much evidence suggests that even North Americans judgments are influenced by affective priming information, the effect of which can be seen as another type of contextual cue. However, the magnitude of such priming effect has not been tested in a cross-cultural context. Using the methodology of the affective priming paradigm, we conducted two studies, in which we manipulated (a) the timing of priming information (simultaneous vs. sequential) and (b) the type of affective information (background landscape vs. background human figures), in which European Canadians and Japanese judged either happy or sad facial expressions in the focal area of the scene. The results indicate that the two cultural groups are similar when contextual information is salient, but only Japanese remain sensitive to context with subtle cues.

本研究旨在了解台北地區高中職學生社會比較行為之現況，並探討影響社會比較行為之相關因素；其次，探討社會比較行為與創意態度及學習行為之關係。 本研究之樣本為台北地區公、私立高中、高職學校一至三年級學生，有效樣本共計565人（男生265人，女生300人）。所採用的研究工具包括「社會比較動機量表」、「社會比較內容量表」、「社會比較對象量表」、「知覺教師教與學導向量表」、「創意態度量表」、「成就目標量表」、「學生學習偏好量表」及「激勵學習策略量表」等八種量表。研究中所使用的統計方法包括：皮爾森積差相關、卡方考驗、區別分析、單因子變異數分析及典型相關。 本研究之研究結果如下： 一、　高中職學生社會比較行為現況方面： 台北地區高中職學生，其較常使用自我評鑑與學習、自我改進及結盟等比較動機，同時喜歡針對情緒智力相關事物與同學比較。在社會比較方式，高中職學生不分年籍、性別、學校類別，在各項能力的比較上皆傾向使用平行比較；在假想情境中的比較則是傾向使用向上比較。 二、　性別、教師的教學結構與社會比較之關係 （一）男、女高中職學生社會比較行為之差異 不同性別的高中職學生，男學生在部分的社會比較動機（包括：自我破壞、自我顯揚）及內容（包括：外表印象、成績表現）的使用意願上，都顯著比女學生來得高。在社會比較方式上，則沒有明顯的性別差異，除了在個性比較方面，女學生比男學生較多人選擇作向下比較。 （二）教師的教學結構與社會比較行為之關係 教師不同的教學結構與社會比較動機及內容皆呈顯著之正相關，在比較動機方面，當學生知覺教師採用學習導向的教學結構時，會增進其使用自我評鑑與學習及利他主義等比較動機，但是當其知覺到是表現導向的教學結構時，不但會減少上述兩種動機，同時會增加其使用自我破壞的比較動機；在比較內容方面，兩種教學結構是較無差異的，都與情緒智力及外表印象等比較內容間有正相關。在社會比較方式上，教師的教學結構並沒有辦法區別出不同比較方式的高中職學生。 三、　社會比較與創意態度及學習行為之關係 （一）創意態度與社會比較行為之關係 創意態度的三項因素皆與社會比較動機及內容同樣是呈顯著之正相關，本研究發現，越不喜歡使用自我評鑑與學習之比較動機，且較少針對情緒智力之相關事物與同學進行比較的高中職學生，其對新觀念的產生較容易抱持消極的態度，且對新觀念及團隊創意會較不重視。 （二）學習行為與社會比較行為之關係 1. 社會比較動機與學習行為之關係 社會比較動機與學習動機、方式及策略之各項因素間呈顯著之正相關，本研究發現，越喜歡使用自我破壞及自我顯揚之比較動機的高中職學生，是較少使用精熟學習動機、合作學習方式及尋求同儕協助的學習策略，這也顯示使用這兩種比較動機，對高中職學生的合作學習的行為有較負向的影響。 2. 社會比較內容與學習行為之關係 社會比較內容與學習動機、方式及策略之各項因素間呈顯著之正相關，本研究發現，喜歡針對外表印象之相關事物與同學進行比較之高中職學生，其較少使用精熟的學習動機，也較少使用合作與個人的學習方式。 3. 社會比較方式與學習行為之關係 本研究發現社會比較方式與學習行為之關係為：學習動機是想要獲得高分，且在學習遇到困難不會向同學尋求協助之高中職學生，越有可能使用向下比較。 四、　高中職學生的性別、知覺教師的教學結構、創意態度及學習行為與社會比較動機、內容之間共可以抽出二組顯著之典型相關。 本研究依據上述之研究結果提出討論，並提出若干點建議供教育輔導工作及未來研究之參考。 / The first purpose of this study was to assess the degree of social comparison motives of senior high school students in Taipei. The second purpose was to investigate how students’ gender and their perceptions of the classroom goal structure related to social comparison motives. The third purpose was to study how social comparison motives influence personal achievement goals and motivated learning strategies for learning and learning preference. The Chinese versions of the Social Comparison Motives Scale (Helgeson & Mickelson, 1995), Attitude Toward Idea Generation Scale (Basadur & Hausdorf, 1996), Achievement Goal Measure (Elliot & Harackiewicwz, 1998), Learning Preference Scale for Students (Owens & Straton, 1980) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrrich, 1989) and two other scales constructed to measure the content and target of social comparison were administered to 565 senior high school students from 11 senior high schools in Taipei. The results supported most hypotheses. Senior high school students prefer to use self-evaluation, self-improvement and common bond as motives for social comparison. They also liked to compare their emotional and intellectual behavior with their classmates. There were some significant differences between males and females in overall social comparison motives and content. Compared with females, males had significantly higher scores on self-enhancement and self-destruction scales. Male students compared more than their female counterparts on physical attractiveness and academic competence. The more students perceived their classroom goal structure to be learning focused, the more they perceived their social comparison motives to be self-evaluation and self-improvement oriented. The study also found that students' self-evaluation and self-improvement motives and intellectual and emotional content for social comparison were positively and significantly related to learning goal orientation, attitude toward idea generation, and academic help-seeking strategy use and preference for cooperative learning. However, students’ self-enhancement and self-destruction motives were negatively and significantly related to learning goal orientation, academic help-seeking strategy use and preference for cooperative learning. The students who scored high on self-enhancement and self-destruction motives also preferred competitive, individual ways of learning and learning via Internet.