In gymnastics, the performance is evaluated by a subjective rating, whereby one of the biggest problems is the validity and reliability of judgment. The process of observing and evaluating complex motor skills such as those found in gymnastics is located in the cyclical interaction between perception and action, raising the key question, how the quantifiable movement execution is related to the perceived movement quality. Therefore, the thesis aimed at a first step to kinematically analyze selected prototypical gymnastics skills to investigate at a second step the underlying perceptual-cognitive mechanism when observing and evaluating those skills. In the analysis of kinematics, it was focused on the classification and structuring of temporal-spatial continuous kinematic movement patterns and their relationship to the perceived movement quality. In the investigation of the perceptual-cognitive mechanism, it was focused on how skill kinematics are related to the perceived movement quality. Furthermore, the gaze pattern was evaluated and examined during the observation. Five consecutive studies were conducted to achieve those objectives. It was shown that complex gymnastics skills can be kinematically structured into prototypical movement patterns, which differ concerning certain variant and invariant kinematic characteristics. The results of a model-based approach to predict perceived movement quality out of the kinematics of gymnastics skills showed a significant relationship between the predicted score and the true score. Overall, the models worked best for the vault skill, which was the shortest skill with the least spatial variability. Out of all models, the neural network approach showed the best results. Furthermore, it was found, that the similarity of the kinematics of gymnastics skills did not correlate with the similarity of the perceived movement quality. During the evaluation, the gaze pattern was influenced by the manipulation of the amount of non-kinematic information. This was especially the case for the last skill. Expertise seemingly influenced the perceptual-cognitive mechanism partially, but no clear pattern was visible. The results provided first insights on how gymnastics performances and the resulting judgment scores are related. The complexity of gymnastics skills and additionally, the similarity of the performance level in high elite sport is increasing. This challenge as well as the fast development of technologies leads to the occurrence of computer-based judging systems. Their reliability and validity, but also their challenges and opportunities in artistic gymnastics should be further investigated.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur sex gymnasielärare i idrott och hälsa går tillväga för att bedöma samt mäta elevernas förmåga att röra sig med en god kvalitet av komplex karaktär. Frågeställningarna som kommer att beröras är; Vad ansåg gymnasielärare på fyra skolor som undervisar i idrott och hälsa om uttrycket rörelsekvalité av komplex karaktär? Har lärarna några konkreta verktyg (tester, laborationer o.s.v.) för att mäta eller bedöma elevernas kunskaper gällande god rörelsekvalité av komplex karaktär? Hur resonerar de olika idrottslärarna kring progressionen från grundskolan till gymnasiet gällande goda rörelsekvalitér av en komplex karaktär? Metod Kvalitativ intervju med halvstrukturerade frågor användes som metod för denna undersökning. Sex idrottslärare ifrån Stockholmsregionen deltog i undersökningen och könsfördelningen var jämn. PCK fungerade som teoretisk referensram. Resultat Lärarna påstod att ju fler moment en rörelse innehåller desto mer komplex är den. Kvalitéer som teknik, taktik, kondition och lagsporter kopplades samman med komplexa rörelser. God rörelsekvalité var enligt lärarna synonymt med en bred rörelsebank. Hälften av lärarna mätte dessa rörelser i form av test. Ingen av lärarna hade någon speciell matris för att bedöma rörelser av god kvalité av komplex karaktär. Individanpassning, utveckling, intresse samt kunskapsbefästning var vanliga svar gällande kunskapsprogressionen. Slutsats Samtliga resonemang gällande komplexa rörelser med en god kvalité gick i linje med tidigare forskning. Hälften av lärarna hade inget konkret mätverktyg gällande dessa kvalitéer. Lärarna gick i linje med tidigare forskning vad gäller kunskapsprogressionen. / Aim The aim with this essay is to investigate how six PE teachers asses the students in context to a complex movement structure with a good quality. The questions in this essay are How do four PE teachers interpret the expression "Complex movement structure with great movement quality"? Do the teachers have any mutual frame of reference regarding this knowledge? How do the PE teachers think about the progression from primary school to high-school regarding complex movement structure with great movement quality? Do the PE teachers have any tools to assess the students’ knowledge based on these words? Method Qualitative interviews with half structured questions were used as method in this essay. Six PE teachers from Stockholm participated and the sex was equal. The PCK theory was used as theoretical frame. Results The teachers claimed that many parts in a movement make it complex. Good technique, tactics, good condition and team sports was common examples for a complex movement. The students must, according to the teachers have to know many different movements in different activities before they can call it good movement quality. Measure tools to asses these movements were common among three of the six PE teachers. No one of the teachers had any assessing frame according to complex movements with great quality Individual adaptations, interest and developing movements was common answers according to the progression. Conclusions The teachers’ thoughts about complex movements, progression and quality were in line with previous research. 50% of the teachers had no tools to measure these movements.