As vigas mistas de aço-concreto vêm ganhando espaço no mundo e no Brasil. Sua grande vantagem é o aproveitamento das melhores propriedades que cada material apresenta. O aço possui excelente resposta para esforços tanto de tração como os de compressão e o concreto para esforços de compressão. As vigas mistas envolvem basicamente o perfil de aço, a laje de concreto, os conectores e as armaduras. Na interface destes materiais ocorrem fenômenos que merecem destaque, como grau de interação, cisalhamento na superfície de contato e separação vertical. Os procedimentos normalmente empregados em projetos de estruturas convencionais de concreto armado e de aço fornecem muitas respostas para questões semelhantes nas estruturas mistas, porém, no geral, não abordam a questão mais relevante que é a ligação entre o aço e o concreto. Na vizinhança dos conectores de cisalhamento, a laje da viga mista de aço e concreto está sujeita a uma combinação de cisalhamento longitudinal e momento fletor transversal, por isso a interface é a região que necessita de uma análise cuidadosa. Esses aspectos são os objetos principais da pesquisa. Adicionalmente são discutidos os procedimentos de projetos adotados pelas normas brasileira (NBR 8800-86), americana (AISC) e européia (EUROCODE 4): nas regiões de ligações entre os materiais por meio de conectores em perfis de aço sob lajes de concreto, no controle da fissuração em seções solicitadas por momentos negativos e nas armaduras transversais de costura. / The use of composite steel-concrete beams is increasing in Brazil and in the world, because this is to take advantage of the best properties of each material. Steel has an excellent response to compression and tension and concrete has to compression. Composite beams include basically the steel beam, concrete slab, connectors and reinforcement. Some phenomena in the interface of these materials must be considered, like the degree of interaction, shear in contact surface and uplift. The procedures normally taken in design of conventional structures of reinforced concrete and steel structures supply many answers to similar questions in composite structures, but, in general, they do not approach the most relevant question which is the bond between steel and concrete. The slab of composite steel-concrete beam is affected by a combination of longitudinal shear and transverse flexure, in the neighborhood of the shear connector. The analysis of the behavior of the slab and the reinforcement are main aspect of the work. In addition, some design procedures adopted by Brazilian Standard (NBR 8800-86), American Standard (AISC-2005) and European standard (EUROCODE 4) are discussed, in especial the related to connects, the crack control in sections with hogging moment and in transverse reinforcement.

O emprego das vigas mistas na atualidade é uma das opções atrativas para a construção de pontes e das lajes dos andares de prédios. A obtenção das melhores características individuais em resistência e rigidez dos materiais envolvidos é aproveitada neste tipo de estruturas. O presente trabalho visa à formulação de um modelo matemático e sua implementação numérica através de um código computacional capaz de representar com confiabilidade este tipo de estruturas para cargas de curta duração. Assim é utilizada a teoria de plasticidade associada com um algoritmo de retorno explícito para o concreto e o aço estrutural, sendo inserido estes procedimentos dentro de um processo incremental iterativo baseado num critério de convergência de forças ou deslocamentos. Para a modelagem da laje de concreto é desenvolvido o elemento finito quadrilátero de casca degenerada de oito nós, que considera as tensões de corte fora do plano, usando a teoria de Reissner-Mindlin. O fenômeno de travamento por cortante, característico neste tipo de elemento finito, é solucionado usando uma regra de integração reduzida e uma modificação do fator de forma aplicado às tensões de corte. Para a modelagem da viga de aço foi implementado um elemento de casca poliédrica produto do acoplamento das rigidezes do elemento de placa delgada e de membrana proposto por Batoz & Tahar (1982) e Ibrahimbegovic et al. (1990), respectivamente. Os conectores de corte são modelados mediante elementos de barra tridimensional viga-coluna que unem os planos médios da laje de concreto e mesa superior da viga de aço nas posições reais dos conectores de corte de acordo com os relatórios experimentais para os exemplos estudados. A compatibilidade nas rotações e deslocamentos axiais no conector é conseguida mediante a inclusão de valores muito grandes nas rigidezes correspondentes. O trabalho em conjunto dos três elementos desenvolvidos, laje de concreto, viga de aço e conectores, possibilita a abordagem de qualquer estrutura complexa do tipo viga mista. A validação do modelo numérico proposto é demonstrada através dos exemplos de aplicação testados. / Currently, composite sections are one of the more attractive options to be used for bridge and building floors construction. The reason is that the best individual characteristics in strength and stiffness of the involved materials are obtained for these structures. Formulation of a mathematical model and its numerical implementation for a reliable simulation of these structures for short time analysis is the main objective of the present work. An associated theory of plasticity and an explicit return algorithm for concrete and steel materials are used, being these procedures part of the well known incremental iterative procedure based on criteria of unbalanced forces or displacements. The quadrilateral degenerated shell element of eight nodes, which considers out of plane shear stresses in accordance with Reissner-Mindlin theory was developed to modeling the concrete slab. The shear locking phenomena for these elements was avoided with a reduced integration rule and by using a modified shape factor for shear stresses. For modeling the steel beam, a plane shell element, which is originated by the assemble of the plate element and membrane element proposed by Batoz & Tahar (1982) and Ibrahimbegovic et al. (1990) was formulated. The shear stud connectors were modeled trough a three-dimensional bar element, which joint the middle plane of the concrete slab and the middle plane of the top steel flange of the steel beam representing the actual positions of the connectors, according to the experimental works for the examples studied here. These three elements, working simultaneously allow to model any complex structure of composite section. The validation of the numerical model is demonstrated with the aid of several examples.

Foram realizados estudos das ações e suas combinações, que possam ocorrer nas pontes; também foram apresentados as principais características das pontes em vigas mistas e os tabuleiros utilizados, os conectores de cisalhamento que são utilizados na ligação aço/concreto e os efeitos da retração e fluência das vigas mistas. No estudo desses efeitos realizou-se uma análise elástica; a seção transversal foi considerada idealizada e as tensões atuantes na seção mista foram obtidas através do método das tensões admissíveis. Este procedimento foi baseado por Djuric (1963) posteriormente por Mason (1976), considerando interação completa entre aço/concreto e o carregamento sendo aplicado no tempo t=0 e no tempo t='infinito'. Verificou-se ao longo do tempo um aumento do deslocamento e uma redistribuição de tensões na seção mista devido os efeitos da retração e fluência / It was achieved studies of the actions and it’s combinations that can happen at the bridges also it was presented the main characteristics of the bridges in composite beams and the slab applied the shear connectors that are utilized at the joining steel/concrete and the effects of the shrinkage and creep of the composite beams. In the study these effects come about an analysis elastic the cross-section was considered idealized and the stresses that actuate at the composite section were obtained through the method admissible stresses. This procedure was based by Djuric (1963) later by Mason (1976) considering full interaction between steel/concrete and the load being applied at the time t=0 and at the time t='infinite'. It was verified along the time a rise of the deflection and a redistribution of the stresses at the composite section due to the effects of the shrinkage and creep

No description available.

The demand for an insert on composite sandwich structures to aid in the arrestment of face-core delamination is of great need. This research studies the use of a damage arrestment device (DAD) that connects the carbon fiber face sheets to the foam core to find whether an increase in the structural integrity of the sandwich beam results. Experimental analysis was employed to test the samples and was verified by a theoretical and finite element approach. The mechanical properties of LTM45/CF1803 pre-impregnated carbon fiber and Last-A-foam FR 6710 polyvinylchloride foam were experimentally analyzed using ASTM D3039 and ASTM D1621 standards respectively to verify the manufacturer’s data for the given material. With all the mechanical data, the effects of adding DAD keys to a delaminated composite sandwich beam were studied under a four-point bending test using ASTM standard D6272 and compared with non-delaminated beams to see if an increase in ultimate strength could be achieved. The initial delamination in the beams under consideration was one inch in length and located in between the loaded span of the beam. Two control beams were utilized for comparison: one with no defects, and another with a one inch delamination introduced at the face-core interface. The DAD keys were added in two different configurations to potentially stop the delamination propagation and increase the ultimate strength. In the first configuration DAD keys were added 0.25 inches on either side of the initial delamination in the transverse direction and provided a significant increase in strength over the delaminated control beam. The second configuration had a DAD key running along the longitudinal axis of the sandwich beam and resulted in a significant increase in ultimate strength over the delaminated control beam. After testing ten successful samples for each of the six different configurations, it was concluded that the addition of DAD keys in both configurations significantly increased the structural integrity of both the delaminated and non-delaminated control beams. With all the experimental data acquired, finite element models were created in COSMOS. The purpose of the finite element analysis was to validate the experimental results by comparing the deflections of the beam subjected to four-point bending during the experiment to the deflections found numerically. The deflections for the various DAD key configurations found in the experimental work were in agreement with the finite element results.

No / This paper presents the experimental and numerical investigation into the behaviour of headed shear studs in composite beams with profiled metal deck flooring. A new single-sided horizontal push test arrangement is proposed to evaluate the shear capacity of the headed shear connectors in pairs with metal deck profiled sheeting. The characteristic resistance obtained from the horizontal push test is compared with Eurocode 4. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed using general purpose finite element program ABAQUS/Explicit. The shear connector capacity, load-slip behaviour and failure modes are validated against experimental results and close correlations were obtained.

This paper is concerned with the behaviour of beam ¿ column connections of steel ¿ concrete composite beams with precast hollow core slabs. Experiments were carried out to investigate the joint rotation characteristics and ultimate moment capacity of these connections. Details of the test specimens, instrumentation, test set-up and test procedures are described. Results obtained for the connection moment capacity, rotation capacity and failure modes are presented. It is found that through proper design and detailing, these simple steel connections display the characteristics of a semi-rigid connection with very little extra cost.

No / The chapter describes the ongoing work on modeling the semi-rigid composite beam-column connections of composite beams with precast hollow core slabs. Using the finite element (FE) software ABAQUS, a three-dimensional (3D) model of a composite joint is set up. The technique of simulating bolt force, endplate, concrete elements, reinforcement, and shear connectors, and the interaction between slabs and steel beams is presented in the chapter. Preliminary results on the steel joint and simplify composite joint are also presented in the chapter. FE model for the bare steel joints and the simplified composite joints are presented, and the result of the simplified composite model showed good agreement with the experimental result but with lower joint stiffness. Further work on the full finite element model of composite joints is still going on.

no / Precast concrete floors are widely used in building construction, but there is little detailed design guidance on their application in steel-framed buildings. Traditionally the steel beams have been designed to support the precast slabs on their top flange. However, there are an increasing number of composite frames and slim floor constructions where the precast slabs are designed to interact structurally with the steel frame. Composite action can be developed by welded shear connectors attached to the steel beams and by transverse reinforcement; however, this form of construction is currently outside the provisions of the current codes of practice. This paper discusses some of the particular issues that affect this form of construction, and presents design guidance using the Eurocode methodology.

The use of concrete-filled tubular composite members and composite beams has been implemented in many structural systems due to their robust structural performance, constructability, and inherent synergy when the steel and concrete components are properly designed and detailed together. While extensive research has been conducted on concrete-filled steel structural members, relatively little has been done regarding similar composite connections. Understanding how composite connections behave in structures and how they should be modeled during the design process is crucial to predict the actual structural behavior of these types of elements when subjected to different loading conditions. The goal of this research is to numerically evaluate CFTs or SRCs members and their connections subjected to axial, shear, and flexural load. Predicting composite connection behavior is exceptionally challenging due to the coupled behavior of the steel and concrete, the residual stresses in the steel, local buckling of the connection, and the sensitivity of the stress-strain response to the steel-concrete contact and confinement performance. To address these issues, a thorough literature search has been carried out and a state-of-the-art report on experimental and numerical models for composite connections is presented. The selected tests represent a range of geometries, materials, and governing failure modes. Initially, a generic connection modeling process was developed and calibrated against a classical test, then three more connections were modeled. To further the understanding of composite behavior, shear studs in steel-concrete composite beams were modeled next, taking as reference a recent experimental program that resulted in an unusual failure. Results indicate that the model can reproduce the most important behavioral aspects observed in the tests, tracking well the strength and stiffness of the samples up to ultimate. The load-deformation curves of the experimental specimens and the analytical models show very good agreement in their transitions and indicate that the behavior of the composite joints is controlled mainly by both the strength of the concrete and the confining effect of the steel tube in the joint. A data appendix containing 135 tests is described and the main characteristics of these tests are summarized in the text. / Doctor of Philosophy / Every day the population increase is more evident, and the main cities of the world are densifying. This implies the accelerated construction of all types of structures, especially tall residential buildings. For the design of these structures, architects design increasingly slender structures, which must be resilient under all types of forces. The foregoing is exerting pressure on structural engineers to design structures that have the capacity to be built in the shortest possible time without losing their functionality and safety. This is where steel and concrete composite construction plays an important role. The main advantage of composite construction is the synergy of both materials. Concrete is inexpensive and provides high stiffness, mass, and fire resistance. Structural steel has high strength, ductility, lightweight, and ease of construction. Composite construction has been used for a long time in tall buildings, and experimental and numerical research has been carried out, especially on the beam and column elements. However, comparatively little research has been done on composite connection behavior and design. This dissertation proposes a numerical evaluation of the composite connections in beams and columns under different types of loads in order to establish modeling parameters that facilitate the analysis and structural design of these elements. The important numerical models are validated with experimental investigations. The results show that the numerical models are capable of simulating the structural behavior of the tests, especially the damage mechanisms and the modeling of local behavior. This study contributes to the development of simulations of composite connections, determining modeling parameters, such as the contact resistance between steel and concrete and the distribution of shear studs in composite beams, among others.