Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leocir_ Jose Carneiro.pdf: 2032784 bytes, checksum: 70951dc8c3e52992655503e27eeb1640 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / The quality of an organic compound has been measured by the variability of some variables cited by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA). Thus, this trial aimed at monitoring the quality on organic compost production at Compostec company based on statistical control quality (SCQ). The company is located on 317-PR Highway, KM 06, Rural Zone in Toledo city, Paraná. The samples were collected from 01/04/2014 to 04/01/2015. There were 21 piles and from each one of them five samples were collected, so there was a total of 105 samples. The analyzed variables were: moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon/nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC), CEC/C ratio, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. The Shewhart control chart was calculated to obtain the process capability index for each variable. The SQC was shown to be applicable to companies that produce organic compost based on composting in plowed piles. The process did not show statistical control in any of the variables analyzed, but the company can produce organic compound based on the rules and/or safe limits in relation to: moisture, pH, EC, P, K, CEC. The production process is acceptable in relation to C, N and C/N ratio, but ineffective to CEC/C ratio, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The variables that best represent the compound quality and can be easily monitored with control charts are C, N and C/N ratio. / A qualidade de um composto orgânico é medida pela variabilidade de algumas variáveis citadas pelo Ministério de Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Assim, esta pesquisa objetivou monitorar a qualidade na produção de composto orgânico na empresa Compostec por controle estatístico de qualidade (CEQ). A empresa está localizada na Rodovia PR 317, KM 06, Zona Rural do município de Toledo-PR. As amostras foram coletadas no período de 01/04/2014 a 01/04/2015. Coletaram-se cinco amostras por leira em um total de 21 leiras, totalizando 105 amostras. As variáveis analisadas foram: umidade, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, relação carbono/nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), relação CTC/C, cádmio, chumbo, cobre e zinco. Construiu-se o gráfico de controle de Shewhart e calculou-se o índice de capacidade do processo para cada variável. A CEQ mostrou-se aplicável para empresas que produzem composto orgânico a partir da compostagem em leiras revolvidas. O processo não apresentou controle estatístico em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas e a empresa é capaz de produzir composto orgânico dentro das normas e/ou limites seguros em relação à (ao): umidade, pH, CE, P, K, CTC. O processo é aceitável em relação às variáveis C, N e à relação C/N, porém é incapaz em relação à CTC/C, Cu, Zn, Cd e Pb. As variáveis que melhor representam a qualidade do composto e são mais fáceis de monitorar com gráficos de controle são C, N e relação C/N.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leocir_ Jose Carneiro.pdf: 2032784 bytes, checksum: 70951dc8c3e52992655503e27eeb1640 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / The quality of an organic compound has been measured by the variability of some variables cited by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA). Thus, this trial aimed at monitoring the quality on organic compost production at Compostec company based on statistical control quality (SCQ). The company is located on 317-PR Highway, KM 06, Rural Zone in Toledo city, Paraná. The samples were collected from 01/04/2014 to 04/01/2015. There were 21 piles and from each one of them five samples were collected, so there was a total of 105 samples. The analyzed variables were: moisture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon/nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity (CEC), CEC/C ratio, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. The Shewhart control chart was calculated to obtain the process capability index for each variable. The SQC was shown to be applicable to companies that produce organic compost based on composting in plowed piles. The process did not show statistical control in any of the variables analyzed, but the company can produce organic compound based on the rules and/or safe limits in relation to: moisture, pH, EC, P, K, CEC. The production process is acceptable in relation to C, N and C/N ratio, but ineffective to CEC/C ratio, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The variables that best represent the compound quality and can be easily monitored with control charts are C, N and C/N ratio. / A qualidade de um composto orgânico é medida pela variabilidade de algumas variáveis citadas pelo Ministério de Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Assim, esta pesquisa objetivou monitorar a qualidade na produção de composto orgânico na empresa Compostec por controle estatístico de qualidade (CEQ). A empresa está localizada na Rodovia PR 317, KM 06, Zona Rural do município de Toledo-PR. As amostras foram coletadas no período de 01/04/2014 a 01/04/2015. Coletaram-se cinco amostras por leira em um total de 21 leiras, totalizando 105 amostras. As variáveis analisadas foram: umidade, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), carbono, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, relação carbono/nitrogênio, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), relação CTC/C, cádmio, chumbo, cobre e zinco. Construiu-se o gráfico de controle de Shewhart e calculou-se o índice de capacidade do processo para cada variável. A CEQ mostrou-se aplicável para empresas que produzem composto orgânico a partir da compostagem em leiras revolvidas. O processo não apresentou controle estatístico em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas e a empresa é capaz de produzir composto orgânico dentro das normas e/ou limites seguros em relação à (ao): umidade, pH, CE, P, K, CTC. O processo é aceitável em relação às variáveis C, N e à relação C/N, porém é incapaz em relação à CTC/C, Cu, Zn, Cd e Pb. As variáveis que melhor representam a qualidade do composto e são mais fáceis de monitorar com gráficos de controle são C, N e relação C/N.

This thesis concentrates on the collection system of biogadable waste in a chosen locality. The method deals with the realization of a logistic model of biogradable waste in a locality. The introductory part provides a description of particular system of biogradable waste collection. The following part describes the calculation method and setting the particular parts of the system. The suggestions include descriptions and present experience with introducing this system in practice. The thesis describes the logistics of biodegradable waste collection for its further use. Describes the composting in a composting plants and associated technologies. That are in the area or band mounds. And other machinery for the adjustment of the compost. The collection is realized in three towns in Prachatice region. A technical estimate and calculation helped to determine the annual production of biodegradable waste depending on the feature of the origin. The calculation was made on the basis of ascertained data about well-kept municipal places, number of homes, areas and gardens. Considering the prevailing origin of biodegradable waste there was determined a delivery system of collection to a waste collection place with an aside container. Based on the total volume of ascertained production there was determined the capacity of containers in each town. According to the predicted capacity of the container, there were set the collection times and replacements done by an appropriate transport carrier. After researching the trails suitable for container transport there was chosen an optimal trail for collecting and accumulating the biodegradable waste. The choice of a composting plant originated from the real composting plant where the selection of biogradable waste was realized. The transport carrier which realizes the containers collection from the towns is located on this composting plant.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6676.pdf: 2910641 bytes, checksum: 429f708ea681f9c94b08e56cc8abc077 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / Are there successful composting experiences of municipal solid waste (MSW)? Is it possible to have alternative solutions for urban organic waste different from the conventional model of centralized composting plants? Answering these questions was the main objective of this work. The state of São Paulo was the focus of the research. Methodology included a survey of primary and secondary data of centralized and decentralized composting experiences in São Paulo and semi-structured interviews with managers in face to face, telephone or e-mail contacts. Six modalities of composting and fifteen treatment routes of organic waste with source separation had been identified, as well as factors boosting and restricting the development of composting activities in the State. The results showed the diversity of alternatives for organic waste recovery in urban areas, pointed out gaps that benefit final disposal groups and revealed the lack of public support to the composting activities undertaken by several actors in the State. The study concludes that decentralizing activities, diversifying technological routes of composting and stimulating social, public and private entrepreneurs can accelerate the diversion of MSW from landfills and dumps. Such actions can also contribute to urban and rural agriculture and enable implementation of a rational culture of solid waste management. / Existem experiências bem sucedidas com compostagem de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU)? É possível implantar soluções para os resíduos orgânicos urbanos, alternativas ao modelo convencional de usinas de triagem e compostagem? Responder a estas perguntas foi o principal objetivo deste trabalho. O estado de São Paulo foi o foco da pesquisa. A metodologia incluiu o levantamento de dados primários e secundários acerca de experiências paulistas de compostagem centralizada e descentralizada e entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores, em contatos pessoais, telefônicos ou via correio eletrônico. Foram identificadas seis modalidades de compostagem e quinze rotas de tratamento de resíduos orgânicos com separação na fonte, além de fatores que impulsionam e que restringem o desenvolvimento de atividades de compostagem no estado. Os resultados desvelam a diversidade de alternativas para valorização de resíduos orgânicos em meio urbano, apontam brechas para a atuação de grupos que lucram com a disposição final e revelam a falta de apoio e incentivo público às atividades de compostagem empreendidas por diversos atores no estado. Conclui-se que a descentralização da atividade, a diversificação das rotas tecnológicas de compostagem e o estímulo aos empreendedores sociais, públicos e privados pode acelerar o desvio de RSU dos aterros sanitários e lixões, contribuir para a agricultura urbana e rural e permitir a implantação de uma cultura racional de gestão de resíduos sólidos.

No description available.

<p>The main project Dry preservation of food waste from households includes a new technique concerning drying and storage of dried biowaste as well as a study of the sorting of household waste and further usage of the dried biowaste. A question asked in the project is, can the dried biowaste be used as a soil amendment? If organic waste is used as a soil amendment, precaution concerning hygienic safety risks has to be accounted for. The objective of this M. Sc. Thesis Work was to first find a suitable method to attain hygienic safety through a literature study, to test and evaluate the method and to test if a method changes the composition or structure of the material. An existing recipe for food waste was developed and used throughout the work.</p><p>Heating of the dried biowaste is probably the most suitable method to reach and attain a hygienically safe product. Three time-temperature proportions were tested, 55, 70 and 80°C. The results show that a raise in temperature lead to a change in the composition of the dried biowaste, most distinctively for the highest temperature. Nitrogen losses of 21% of the total nitrogen content were noticed. A composting experiment showed that the biowaste heated to the highest temperature was decomposed to a higher degree. It does not, however, seem like a heating process will decrease the possibility to use dried biowaste as a soil improvement.</p> / <p>Projektet Torrkonservering av matavfall från hushåll innefattar en ny teknik för torkning och lagring av bioavfall, hushållens sortering och vidare användning av det torkade materialet. För att sluta det naturliga kretsloppet utreds om det torkade bioavfallet kan användas som ett jordförbättringsmedel. När organiskt avfall ska användas som ett jordförbättringsmedel ställs krav på hygienisk säkerhet. Examensarbetets syfte var att, genom litteraturstudier, utreda lämplig hygieniseringsmetod att vidare testa praktiskt, samt att testa om en hygieniseringsprocess medför några förändringar på det torkade bioavfallets materialegenskaper. Ett befintligt standardrecept på matavfall vidareutvecklades och användes.</p><p>Resultaten tyder på att upphettning av det torkade bioavfallet förmodligen är den mest lämpliga hygieniseringsmetoden. Tre olika tid- temperaturförhållanden testades, 55, 70 och 80°C. Laborationer och analyser tyder på att det torkade bioavfallet genomgår en viss förändring av den kemiska sammansättningen vid upphettning, vilket är tydligast för den högsta hygieniseringstemperaturen. Bland annat sker kväveförluster på upp till 21 % av totalkvävet. Komposteringstester visar på att nedbrytningsgraden är högst för bioavfall som hygieniserats vid den högsta temperaturen. Det verkar inte som om hygienisering, genom upphettning, minskar möjligheten att använda torkat bioavfall som ett jordförbättringsmedel.</p>

Le compostage constitue un phénomène simple qui nécessite cependant un savoir-faire important puisque la réaction biologique est orientée par le contrôle de certains paramètres (température, oxygène, humidité) faisant intervenir de nombreux phénomènes couplés. Face à la complexité des mécanismes à étudier et dans le but d'optimiser le procédé industriel, l'utilisation d'un modèle de compostage semble donc pertinente afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu, d'identifier les effets des couplages entre les mécanismes et mettre en avant certains facteurs clés ou encore comparer différents scénarios. L'état de l'art des modèles de compostage montre qu'aujourd'hui, malgré le nombre important de modèles de compostage, il n'en existe aucun capable de prédire, avec une formulation en temps et en espace, la température, la concentration des gaz (oxygène, dioxyde de carbone, diazote, …), la teneur en eau, les transferts entre phase, la dégradation du substrat, et prenant en compte les modifications d'aération. Le développement d'un nouveau modèle a donc été nécessaire pour pouvoir prédire l'évolution de ces variables et étudier leur couplage dans le procédé. Pour cela, la technique de moyenne volumique, appliquée aux équations à l'échelle du pore, a été utilisée et a permis d'obtenir un modèle de compostage à l'échelle de Darcy. Ce modèle prend en compte une phase gazeuse, une phase liquide et une phase solide. La phase gazeuse comprend quatre espèces : oxygène, dioxyde de carbone, azote, et vapeur d'eau. Dans la phase liquide, seule l'eau est considérée. Le séchage est intégré au modèle sous la forme d'un terme d'échange entre les phases gazeuse et liquide. Enfin, un modèle biologique, inclus dans le modèle de compostage, permet de prendre en compte la dégradation du substrat. Celui-ci est divisé en trois fractions : rapidement biodégradable, lentement biodégradable et inerte. Les deux premières fractions sont solubilisées, fournissant une fraction rapidement hydrolysable. Cette fraction est supposée directement consommée par les bactéries. En compostage, procédé aérobie, la dégradation de la matière organique est associée à une consommation d'oxygène et production de dioxyde de carbone, d'eau et de chaleur. L'hypothèse d'équilibre local thermique et chimique a été supposée ici. Cependant, pour l'eau, les 2 approches (Equilibre Local (EL) et Non-Equilibre Local (NEL)) ont été testées numériquement. Les résultats ont montré que lorsque σ, le coefficient d'échange de masse entre la phase gaz et la phase liquide pour l'eau, est compris dans l'intervalle [1, 4], les approches EL et NEL sont équivalentes, avec des temps de calcul moindres pour le cas NEL. Ainsi, pour toutes les simulations, une écriture NEL a été adoptée avec une valeur de σ de 2.5. Des tests ont ensuite permis de montrer la consistance du modèle. Au vu du nombre important de paramètres, une analyse de sensibilité a ensuite été réalisée afin de déterminer quels sont les paramètres qui ont l'impact le plus important sur le procédé. Ainsi, l'analyse a mis en évidence qu'il faut être prudent quant aux valeurs utilisées pour la capacité calorifique, un coefficient de l'isotherme de sorption, de nombreux paramètres du modèles biologiques (ksH, krH, µmax, Xa,0, Tmax, Topt, Xi,0, Xrb,0) et la porosité. Enfin, les résultats fournis par le modèle ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus à l'échelle pilote 1/1000 en usant des conditions opératoires identiques. Les essais de compostage réels ont été réalisés par Veolia Environnement Recherches et Innovation sur un mélange de biodéchets des ménages et de déchets verts... / Composting may look like a simple process. However, it requires an important expertise, as the biological response is governed by the control parameters (temperature, oxygen, moisture content), involving many coupled phenomena. Given the complexity of the studied mechanisms and in order to optimize the process, using a composting model seems relevant to understand the mechanisms involved, identify the effects of coupling between these mechanisms, highlight some key factors or compare different scenarios, in order to optimize the industrial process. The state of the art of composting models in the literature shows that today, despite the large number of composting models, there is none that can predict, with a formulation in time and space, temperature, concentration of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ...), moisture content, transfers between phases, degradation of the substrate, and take into account the changes in aeration. The development of a new model was therefore necessary to predict the evolution of these variables and study their coupling in the process. The technique of volume averaging applied to the pore scale equations has led to a composting model at the Darcy-scale. This model takes into account a gas phase, a liquid phase and a solid phase. The gas phase includes four species: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor. In the liquid phase, only water is considered. Drying is integrated into the model as an exchange term between gas and liquid phases. Finally, the biological model, included in the composting model, allows to take into account the degradation of the substrate. It is divided into three fractions: readily hydrolysable, slowly hydrolysable and inert. The first two fractions are hydrolized, providing a readily assimilable soluble fraction. It is this fraction that is directly consumed by bacteria. In a composting process, degradation of organic matter is associated with oxygen consumption and production of carbon dioxyde, water and heat. The assumption of thermal and chemical local equilibrium was assumed in this work. However, for water, the two approaches (Local Equilibrium (LE) and Local Non-Equilibrium (LNE)) have been numerically tested. The results showed that when , the water mass exchange coefficient between gas and liquid phases, ranges from 1 to 4 s-1, the LE and LNE approaches are equivalent, with less computing time for the LNE case. Thus, for all future simulations, it was decided to adopt a LNE approach with a value of equal to 2.5 s-1. Tests were then carried out to show the consistency of the model. Given the large number of parameters, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the parameters that have the greatest impact on the process. This analysis showed that one must be cautious about the values used for the heat capacity, a coefficient of the sorption isotherm, many parameters from the biological model (ksH, krH, μmax, Xa,0, Tmax, Topt, Xi,0, Xrb,0) and porosity, because these are the parameters that affect mainly the process. Finally, the results provided by the model were compared with experimental results obtained at a pilot scale of 1/1000 using identical operating conditions. The composting experiments were carried out by Veolia Environment Research and Innovation with a mixture of household biowaste and green waste. The results on the 1/1000 scale pilot showed that the model is good at capturing the average change in temperature and concentration during the process. The temperature at the central point in particular is very well reproduced by the model. The same applies to the assessment of organic matter degradation. Simulations at industrial scale (1/1) have also been carried out. They have given promising results.

A definição mais amplamente aceita estabelece que compostagem é a decomposição controlada, exotérmica e bioxidativa de materiais de origem orgânica por microorganismos autóctones, num ambiente úmido, aquecido e aeróbio, com produção de dióxido de carbono, água, minerais e uma matéria orgânica estabilizada, definida como composto. Em função do potencial inerente aos compostos orgânicos tem-se observado sua crescente utilização na agricultura, tomando lugar dos fertilizantes minerais. Devido à disponibilidade e baixo custo na região de São Carlos-SP, os compostos a serem utilizados foram provenientes de resíduos de poda de árvores, bagaço de laranja, torta de filtro e esterco bovino. A humanidade produz uma grande quantidade de tipos de resíduos, os quais podem ser utilizados como matéria-prima no processo de compostagem. A poda de árvores é um resíduo facilmente encontrado tanto na zona rural como nas cidades, sendo geralmente descartada. Nas cidades este descarte pode se tornar um problema, na medida em que aumenta o volume de lixo produzido, sobrecarregando os depósitos ou aterros sanitários. O bagaço de laranja é o principal subproduto da indústria de processamento de citrus, correspondendo a cerca de 45% da massa total da fruta e pode se tornar um grande problema para indústria, pois se deteriora muito rápido durante a estocagem. A torta de filtro é um resíduo proveniente da indústria sucroalcooleira e é obtido do processo de clarificação do caldo de cana. O esterco bovino é um resíduo amplamente usado in natura como adubo orgânico, porém, o processo de compostagem torna-o mais estável e otimiza suas propriedades fertilizantes. De maneira geral, a influência dos compostos orgânicos na produção vegetal e na fertilidade do solo requer mais estudos devido à complexidade dos agroecossistemas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes compostos orgânicos nas doses selecionadas, na produção da planta medicinal Ocimum selloi Benth em um solo tropical arenoso (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, coletado na Fazenda Canchin, na região de São Carlos-SP), em comparação com fertilizante mineral. Para observar os efeitos da adubação orgânica ou mineral foram analisados os ácidos húmicos extraídos dos solos utilizando espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo com transformada de Fourier, fluorescência e análise elementar. Para a análise do solo intacto utilizou-se a fluorescência induzida por laser e espectrsocopia na região do infravermelho médio. Também foram realizadas análises de fertilidade do solo e do tecido vegetal, bem como analíses para avaliação do desenvolvimento vegetal. A análise estatística dos dados (Análise de Componetes Principais) de fertilidade do tecido vegetal e do solo, e dos dados de NIRS, mostraram uma separação dos tratamentos em dois grupos. Foi possível verificar que o tratamento L2 foi o mais próximo do tratamento com adubação mineral, enquanto que os tratamentos L1, L3 e L4 ficaram mais próximos ao tratamento referência (sem adubação). Esses resultados são condizentes com o diagnóstico nutricional das plantas pelo método visual, além de serem similares com as análises químicas e espectroscópicas feitas por Fialho et al. (2010). Experimentos de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier forneceram espectros com bandas características de grupos alifáticos para o ácido húmico extraído do lodo, comprovando seu alto grau de alifaticidade. Dados de fluorescência utilizando diferentes metodologias e fluorescência induzida por laser, de amostras de solo intacto, apresentaram comportamento similar. É importante salientar, que de maneira geral, o tratamento L2 (adubação com composto que possue como material de partida esterco bovino e poda de árvores) é o mais similar ao fertilizante mineral, podendo trazer maiores benefícios quando aplicados ao solo em questão. De modo geral constata-se a viabilidade do uso de compostos orgânicos como alternativa ao uso de fertilizantes minerais, contudo o manejo e as implicações na nutrição de plantas e a plena produtividade das culturas ainda representa desafio importante para as pesquisas. / The most widely accepted definition about composting is that it is a controlled exothermic and bioxidative decomposition of organic materials by autochthonous microorganisms, resulting in a wet, warm and aerobic environment, with production of carbon dioxide, water, minerals and, a stabilized organic matter, defined as compost. Due to the availability and low cost in the region of São Carlos-SP, the organic composts used came from waste of tree pruning, orange bagasse, filter cake and manure. The humanity produces a lot of kinds of residues which can be use as raw material in composting production. Pruning trees is a waste easily found in both rural and urban areas, and they are generally discarded. In the cities, this disposal may become a problem, because it increases the volume of produced waste, overloading quickly deposits or landfills. The orange peel is the main by-product of citrus industry, representing about 45% of the total weight of the fruit and it can becomes a major problem for industry, because it deteriorates very rapidly during storage. The filter cake is a residue from the ethanol industry and is obtained from the solid precipitate from the sugarcane juice clarification (to produce sugar or ethanol) and, the boiler ash. The bovine manure is a waste widely used in natura as organic fertilizer however; the composting process makes it more stable and enhances its fertilizing properties. In general, the influence of organic composts in plant production and soil fertility requires more studies due to the complexity of agroecosystems. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different composts and selected doses, on the production of the medicine plant Ocimum selloi Benth in a tropical sandy soil (colleted at Canchin Farm in the region of the city of São Carlos, São Paulo state), in comparison to mineral fertilizer. The studies showed differences between composts applied in the soil. Non-additional application of mineral fertilizers was done. The results were compared with the former ones observed by Fialho et al. (2010), using chemical and spectroscopic methods to evaluate the compost humification. Analysis of fertility of the soils under organic composts application or not, analysis of fertility of plant tissues (leaves) and analysis for evaluation of plant development were done to evaluate the performance of the tested treatments (L1, L2, L3 and L4). In order to observe the effects of the composts addition, the humic acids extracted from soils were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), fluorescence spectroscopy and elementar analysis. To analyse the intact soil laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used. The results obtained with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of fertility analysis of plant tissues and soils and NIRS, showed the treatments were separated into two main clusters. It was possible to verify the treatment called L2 and were nearest to commercial treatment (mineral fertilizer) and in the L1, L3 and L4 were nearest to the reference samples. These results are consistent with the nutritional diagnosis of plants by the visual method, and are similar to the chemical and spectroscopic analysis made by Fialho et al. (2010).The results obtained by Fourier transformed infrared showed spectra with characteristic bands from aliphaticity groups for humic acid from organic composts, confirming their high aliphacitity degree. Data from fluorescence utilizing different methodologies and laser induced fluorescence, from intact soil, showed similar results. Importantly, that in general, treatment L2 is most similar to mineral fertilizer, and can bring greater benefits when applied to the soil in question. Overall it appears the feasibility of using organic composts as an alternative to the use of mineral fertilizers, but management and the implications for plant nutrition and optimum crop yield still represents an important challenge for research.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar, através de uma abordagem metagenômica/computacional, a variação do conteúdo gênico e do potencial metabólico das comunidades microbianas associadas a dois ambientes da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo: um reservatório artificial, o Lago São Francisco e o sistema de compostagem de resíduos do parque. Para o estudo do primeiro ambiente, amostras foram coletadas mensalmente no Lago São Francisco de outubro de 2012 a setembro de 2013 e submetidas ao sequenciamento metagenômico. Esse estudo mostrou que agrupamentos de amostras de uma mesma estação são estatisticamente suportados. As coocorrências de espécies, com suporte estatístico alto, foram estabelecidas e representadas em uma rede separada em 60 grupos ou módulos. A maioria dos grandes módulos foram formados quase exclusivamente por espécies do mesmo filo, indicando possíveis mecanismos de resposta a fatores ambientais e à presença de nutrientes ao invés da pura interação entre espécies. Os fatores que levaram à variação dos táxons também influenciaram o potencial metabólico da comunidade: embora os módulos metabólicos de forma geral estivessem distribuídos ao longo dos meses, alguns se destacaram pela variação intensa, principalmente na amostra de novembro de 2012. Para o estudo do segundo ambiente, foram analisados dois conjuntos de dados de sequenciamento metagenômico gerados a partir de amostras seriadas coletadas ao longo do processo de compostagem. Nos dias iniciais do processo de compostagem, os mais discrepantes, houve uma super-representação de módulos metabólicos relacionados principalmente ao metabolismo de carboidratos e à síntese de aminoácidos. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos nesse estudo indicaram uma comunidade microbiana com potencial metabólico variando direcionalmente em função dos compostos inicialmente presentes ou oriundos do substrato, em função da presença de oxigênio e em função da etapa do processo. / This project aimed to analyze, through a computational approach, the change of gene content and metabolic potential in metagenomes from two microbiomes from São Paulo Zoo Park Foundation: an artificial reservoir, Lake São Francisco, and the compost systems in the park. For the study on the first microbiome, samples were monthly collected in Lake São Francisco from October 2012 to September 2013 and submitted to metagenomic sequencing. This study showed that clustering of the samples from a same season is statistically supported. The species co-occorrences, with high statistical support, were established and represented in a network composed by 60 groups or modules. The most biggest modules were formed almost exclusively by species of the same phylum, pointing possible response mechanisms to environmental factors and to presence of nutrients instead of the simple species interaction. The factors which leaded to taxa variation also influenced the metabolic potential of the community: although the metabolic modules generally are spreaded through the months, some highlighted because the intense variation, mainly in the sample from November 2012. For the latter environment, two metagenomic datasets were analyzed from serial samples collected throughout the composting process. In the initial days of composting process, the most discrepant, there was an uprepresentation of metabolic modules related to carbohydrates metabolism and amino acids synthesis. All data in this study indicated a microbial community with metabolic potential varying according to nutrientes, oxygen presence and process stage.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-10-05T21:36:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final - ADRIANO.pdf: 2461586 bytes, checksum: 48e769e7d6c00fd91d7097d08526ba89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T21:36:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final - ADRIANO.pdf: 2461586 bytes, checksum: 48e769e7d6c00fd91d7097d08526ba89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Over the past few years, lentic environments have been suffering from the degradation of the quality and quantity of their waters, due to intense anthropogenic activity. However, studies from the analyses of heavy metals in water, sediments and aquatic macrophytes constitute one of the fundamental steps for lentic environment management and monitoring, since they represent major natural resources for various activities in the economy, health, landscaping, and even in the cycling of nutrients. As a part of this ecosystem, the aquatic macrophytes can, due to their great production of biomass, be reused in agriculture as organic fertilizers by means of composting. Organic fertilizers exert great physical, chemical, and biological benefits to the soil and vegetation. However, the heavy metals that come from fertilized chemicals, when used indiscriminately, can accumulate in excess in the tissue of aquatic macrophytes. This can make their use as organic fertilizers inviable, because they can be translocated to the edible parts of the vegetation, such as the bean grains, causing serious health risks to humans and animals. In this sense, this work had as an aim: quantify the level of heavy metals in the compartments (water, sediments, Salvinia auriculata, and Cabomba caroliniana) from the Marimbus wetlands; characterize the organic fertilizers stemming from aquatic macophytes and determine the presence of the heavy metals Pb and Cd in the bean grains according to the relevant legislation for each material. Samples were collected from water, sediments, S. auriculata and C. caroliniana. The process of aerobic composting with macrophytes was done in which the levels of pH, temperature, nutrients and humidity were analyzed. The planting of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was effectively implemented with organic fertilizers coming from the macrophytes. Subsequently, in each step, heavy metals were analyzed in samples of water, sediments, Salvinia auriculata, Cabomba caroliniana, organic fertilizers and bean grains through the air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. In relation to water and sediments, the results obtained showed that the levels of heavy metals are within the limits established by the current legislation. The raw materials used as substrates in the composting showed satisfactory physical and chemical parameters as organic components to be applied in agricultural activities. As to the presence of heavy metals in bean grains, a Ph was detected with inadequate levels for human consumption. Thus, it was concluded that the macrophytes are of vital importance to guarantee the various uses of water in the hydric sources as well as viable for the production of organic fertilizers, but they should be used in agriculture with restrictions. / Ao longo dos ?ltimos anos, os ambientes l?nticos v?m sofrendo com a degrada??o da qualidade e quantidade de suas ?guas, devido ? intensa atividade antr?pica. Os estudos das an?lises de metais pesados em ?gua, sedimento e macr?fitas aqu?ticas constituem um dos passos fundamentais para o gerenciamento e monitoramento dos ambientes l?nticos, visto que eles representam grandes riquezas naturais para diversas atividades na economia, na sa?de, no paisagismo e at? mesmo na ciclagem de nutrientes. Como parte deste ecossistema encontram-se as macr?fitas aqu?ticas que devido a sua grande produ??o de biomassa, podem ser reutilizadas na agricultura como composto org?nico por meio da compostagem. Os compostos org?nicos exercem grandes benef?cios f?sicos, qu?micos e biol?gicos ao solo e aos vegetais. Contudo, os metais pesados provenientes dos fertilizantes qu?micos, quando usados indiscriminadamente, podem ser acumulados em excesso nos tecidos de macr?fitas aqu?ticas. Isso pode inviabilizar seu uso como composto org?nico, pois podem ser translocados para as partes comest?veis dos vegetais como frutos e sementes causando s?rios riscos a sa?de do homem e dos animais. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar o teor de metais pesados dos compartimentos (?gua, sedimento, Salvinia auriculata e Cabomba caroliniana) do Pantanal dos Marimbus, caracterizar os compostos org?nicos provenientes das macr?fitas e determinar a presen?a dos metais pesados Pb e Cd nos gr?os de feij?o em fun??o das legisla??es pertinentes para cada material. Foram coletadas as amostras de ?gua, sedimento, S. auriculata e C. caroliniana. Realizou-se o processo de compostagem aer?bia com as macr?fitas no qual foram analisados os teores de pH, temperatura, nutrientes e umidade. Realizou-se o plantio de feij?o comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) com compostos org?nicos proveniente das macr?fitas. Posteriormente a cada etapa, foram analisados os metais pesados nas amostras de ?gua, sedimento, Salvinia auriculata, Cabomba caroliniana, compostos org?nicos e gr?os de feij?o pelo m?todo de Espectrofotometria de absor??o at?mica de chama ar-acetileno. Em rela??o ? ?gua e sedimento, os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os teores de metais pesados est?o dentro dos limites pela legisla??o vigente. As mat?rias primas utilizadas como substratos na compostagem apresentaram par?metros f?sicos e qu?micos satisfat?rio como compostos org?nicos para serem aplicados nas atividades agr?colas. J? com rela??o ? presen?a de metais pesados nos gr?os de feij?o, foi detectado Pb com limites inadequados para consumo humano. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que as macr?fitas s?o de vital import?ncia para garantir os diversos usos da ?gua no manancial h?drico e vi?veis para produ??o de compostos org?nicos, por?m podem ser utilizados na agricultura com restri??es.