[pt] Para substituir parcialmente a demanda em óleo diesel de origem fóssil, reduzir os elevados custos de importação e respeitar as normas ambientais, políticas sustentáveis já levaram a substituir parcialmente óleo diesel por biodiesel. Entretanto, outras tecnologias, como as misturas diesel-biodiesel-etanol, estão sendo investigadas. O principal desafio dessas misturas consiste em melhorar a miscibilidade e a estabilidade do álcool no óleo diesel. No presente trabalho, formulou-se um aditivo original, a partir de compostos renováveis, que permitiu melhorar a faixa de concentração de etanol anidro dentro de óleo diesel com 15 por cento em volume de biodiesel e de temperatura onde observa-se misturas estáveis. Diversas propriedades físico-químicas das misturas aditivadas foram medidas em uma larga faixa de concentração de etanol para avaliar os aspetos de consumo, qualidade da combustão, comportamento a baixa temperatura, interação entre fluido e superfície, e segurança. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que misturas com, pelo menos, 1,0 por cento em volume de aditivo e até 20 por cento em volume de etanol anidro são estáveis para temperaturas superiores a 10 graus Celsius e respeitam a maioria das especificações brasileiras atuais para óleo diesel. Ensaios experimentais em um motor de ignição por compressão MWM 4.10 TCA (Euro III) foram realizados com estas misturas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a substituição do óleo diesel altera as características da combustão: o crescente teor de etanol leva ao aumento do atraso de ignição, à liberação de calor mais rápida e à diminuição da pressão máxima. Mesmo nessas condições não otimizadas de injeção e de combustão, os resultados mostraram uma melhor conversão da energia química no etanol para produzir potência efetiva, comparado com os valores encontrados nos motores flex fuel de ciclo Otto, além de um pequeno aumento no rendimento térmico do motor. / [en] In order to partially replace the demand of fossil diesel fuels, to reduce high import costs and to comply with environmental standards, sustainable policies have led to partially replace diesel fuel by biodiesel. However, other technologies, such as diesel-biodiesel-ethanol mixtures, are being investigated. The major challenge of these mixtures is to improve the miscibility and the stability of alcohol in diesel fuel. In this study, an original additive, from renewable compounds, improved the miscibility of anhydrous ethanol in diesel fuel with 15 per cent by volume of biodiesel and temperature in which stable mixtures were observed. Several physicochemical properties of the additivated mixtures were measured in a large range of ethanol concentration to evaluate aspects of consumption, combustion quality, behavior at low temperature, interaction between the fluid and the surface, and safety. The results showed that blends with, at least 1.0 per cent, by volume of additive and 20 per cent by volume of anhydrous ethanol are stable at temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and respected most of the current Brazilian specifications for diesel fuel. Experimental tests on a compression ignition engine MWM 4.10 TCA (Euro III) were performed with these mixtures. The results showed that the diesel fuel substitution alters the characteristics of combustion: the increased ethanol content implied an increase of the ignition delay, a faster heat release and a decrease of maximum pressure. Despite these non-optimized conditions for injection and combustion, results showed a better conversion of ethanol chemical energy into brake power, in comparison to the values found in flex fuel spark ignition engine, in addition to a small increase in the indicated efficiency of the engine.

The principle of controlled auto-ignition (CAI) is to mix fuel and air homogeneously before compressing the mixture to the point of auto-ignition. As ignition occurs simultaneously, CAI engines operate with lean mixtures preventing high cylinder pressures. CAI engines produce small amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx) due to low combustion temperatures while maintaining high compression ratios and engine efficiencies. Due to simultaneous combustion and lean mixtures, CAI engines are restricted between low and mid load operations. Various strategies have been studied to improve the load limit of CAI engines. The scope of the project is to investigate the consequences of varying valve timing, as a method to control the mixture temperature within the combustion chamber and therefore, controlling the mixture auto-ignition point. This study presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling results of transient flow, inside a 0.45 litre Lotus single cylinder engine. After a validation process, a chemical kinetics model is combined with the CFD code, in order to study in-cylinder temperatures, the mixture distribution during compression and to predict the auto-ignition timing. The first part of the study focuses on validating the calculated in-cylinder velocities. A mesh sensitivity study is performed as well as a comparison of different turbulence models. A method to reduce computational time of the calculations is presented. The effects of engine speed on charge delay and charge amount inside the cylinder, the development of the in-cylinder flow field and the variation of turbulence parameters during the intake and compression stroke, are studied. The second part of the study focuses on the gasoline mixture and the variation of the valve timing, to retain different ratios of residual gases within the cylinder. After validation of the model, a final set of CFD calculations is performed, to investigate the effects of valve timing on flow and the engine parameters. The results are then compared to a fully homogeneous mixture model to study the benefits of varying valve duration. New key findings and contributions to CAI knowledge were found in this investigation. Reducing the intake and exhaust valve durations created a mixture temperature stratification and a fuel concentration distribution, prior to auto-ignition. It resulted in extending the heat release rate duration, improving combustion. However, shorter valve timing durations also showed an increase in heat transfer, pumping work and friction power, with a decrease of cylinder indicated efficiency. Valve timing, as a method to control auto-ignition, should only be used when the load limit of CAI engines, is to be improved.

Dans un contexte de recherche de nouveaux modes de combustion propres, la combustionhomogène à allumage par compression HCCI s’inscrit comme une stratégie prometteuse.Cependant, cette combustion est limitée par un niveau élevé de bruit. La recherche descarburants permettant de relaxer cette contrainte constitue l’objectif global de cette étude.Particulièrement, on s’intéresse ici à l’influence de l’Indice de Cétane, de la volatilité et de lacomposition chimique des carburants sur les Délais d’Auto-Inflammation et sur les vitesses decombustion globales évaluées par les taux maximaux d’accroissement de la pression et dudégagement d’énergie apparente. L’étude se base dans un premier temps sur l’analyse d’essaissur banc moteur dans lesquels on a testé plusieurs carburants de synthèse à l’état pur et enmélange avec un Gazole conventionnel. Dans un deuxième temps des essais ont été préparés etréalisés sur Machine à Compression Rapide avec deux configurations en injection directe et enmélange homogène. Les essais Moteur ont permis d’orienter les paramètres expérimentauxciblés sur ce dispositif. D’autre part, pour étudier les régimes de combustion, des mesures dechamps de température locale ont été réalisées en mélange inerte (N2, CO2, Ar) par FluorescenceInduite par Laser avec un traceur Toluène. L’étude montre les limites des paramètres habituelspour caractériser l’adéquation carburant combustion HCCI et propose un nouveau critère basésur la dépendance des délais d’auto-inflammation à la température et à la richesse. / Advanced combustion strategies such as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)usually enable cleaner combustion with less NOx and Particulate Matter emissions comparedto conventional Diesel combustion. However, these strategies are difficult to implement due todifficulties related to combustion timing and burn rate control. Lately various studies have beenfocusing on extending advanced combustion functioning with new technologies and withsearching fuels properties to enable such combustion modes. This study is focused on theimpact of fuel Cetane Number, volatility and chemical composition on Ignition Delay, HeatRelease Rate and Pressure Rise Rate. The study is based on three complementary experiments.First, several synthetic fuel was tested on a research engine and analysis was focused on theHeat Release Rate. Secondly, experiments on a Rapid Compression Machine were performedto study the auto-ignition phenomena at homogeneous conditions with surrogate fuels (blendsof n-Heptane and Methyl-Cyclohexane). Analysis of the combustion regimes was supported bya study of the temperature field based on a Toluene Laser Induced Fluorescence experiment ininert (N2, CO2, Ar) mixture. Finally, the RCM was adapted to allow direct injection of fuel tostudy the auto-ignition at less homogeneous conditions. Results showed the limits of theconventional fuels properties to describe an adequate fuel formulation for the HCCI combustionmode. A new criterion based on the dependency of ignition delays to temperature and air fuelratio variations is proposed.

Elevada eficiencia térmica y mínimas emisiones contaminantes impuestas por las restrictivas normativas anticontaminación en motores alternativos representan el principal objetivos de los fabricantes de motores. La estrategia de combustión diésel convencional es ampliamente utilizada en el mundo gracias a su excelente economía en el consumo de carburante. Esta estrategia permite operar con mezclas pobres de combustible y aire proporcionando elevada eficiencia térmica. Además, este tipo de combustión puede ser aplicada desde motores tanto para vehículos ligeros como en motores marinos. Sin embargo, este proceso de combustión conlleva a la generación de elevadas emisiones de NOx y emisiones de partículas (comúnmente llamado hollín en los diésel), siendo imposible reducir ambos contaminantes de forma simultánea. Por tanto, los fabricantes han incorporado sistemas de post-tratamiento con el objetivo de cumplir con las normativas de emisiones, cuya intención es la de proveer emisiones más limpias y elevada eficiencia. Por el contrario, este tipo de sistemas para mitigar las emisiones contaminantes incrementan la complejidad del motor dado el complejo proceso llevado a cabo durante el post-tratamiento y una aumento en los costes tanto de producción como operativos a lo largo del ciclo de vida del motor. La comunidad científica continua desarrollando soluciones alternativas a la combustión diésel convencional manteniendo los beneficios de este proceso de combustión mientras que las emisiones son reducidas (principalmente NOx y hollín). La comunidad científica ha encontrado en las estrategias de combustión de baja temperatura un proceso de combustión capaz de proporcionar elevada eficiencia térmica y emisiones ultra bajas de NOx y humo. En este sentido, la revisión bibliográfica dice que estos tipos de combustión permiten la reducción simultánea de ambas emisiones, rompiendo así el tradicional "trade-off" existente en la combustión diésel convencional. Sobre todas las estrategias, la que muestra un potencial superior es la estrategia conocida como combustión dominada por la reactividad del combustible. Este proceso de combustión se caracteriza por emplear dos combustibles, siendo capaz de solucionar los principales problemas de las estrategias de baja temperatura tales como el fasado de la combustión. Sin embargo, esta estrategia de combustión también presenta algunos inconvenientes como el elevado nivel de monóxido de carbono e hidrocarburos inquemados a baja carga y elevado gradiente de presión y presión en cámara a elevada carga que limitan el rango de operación. El objetivo general de la presente investigación es proveer de una estrategia de combustión "dual-fuel" capaz de operar sobre todo el rango de operación de un motor proporcionando igual o mejores eficiencia térmica que el diésel convencional y emisiones ultra bajas de NOx y humos. Adicionalmente, esta investigación implica una exploración delas emisiones de las partículas del concepto de combustión ya que el número de partículas se encuentra actualmente regulado por la normativa anticontaminante. El proceso de combustión que responde a este objetivo es "Dual-Mode Dual-Fuel". Este concepto de combustión emplea dos combustibles y cambia de combustión premezclada a baja carga a combustión de naturaleza difusiva a plena carga. Con el deseo de explorar las capacidades de la estrategia de combustión, se han empleado dos configuraciones de "hardware" y se ha realizado un estudio de la distribución por tamaños de las partículas. Finalmente, considerando los principales resultados de la investigación, el último capítulo pretende resumir las principales bondades del concepto de combustión así como sus limitaciones y trabajos futuros. / Elevada eficiència tèrmica i mínimes emissions contaminants impostes per les normatives anticontaminants en motores alternatius representen el principal objectiu dels fabricants de motors. La estratègia de combustió diésel convencional es àmpliament utilitzada per tot el mon gracies al excel·lent consum de carburant. Esta estratègia permet operar el motor amb dosatges pobres que resulten en elevada eficiència tèrmica. A més, aquest tipus de combustió pot ser aplicada tant a els motor mes lleugers con als motor per aplicacions marines. No obstant això, aquest procés de combustió implica la generació de elevats nivells de emissió de NOx i sutja, que no es poden reduir simultàniament. Per tant, els fabricants han incorporat sistemes de post-tractament amb el objectiu de acomplir les normatives anticontaminació, que pretenen obtindre motors en emissions mes netes i mes eficients. Per el contrari, aquest tipus de sistemes per a reduir les emissions incrementen la complexitat del motor i els costos tant de producció com operatius al llarg del cicle de vida del motor. La comunitat científica continua desenvolupant solucions alternatives a la combustió dièsel mantenint els beneficis d¿aquest tipus de combustió però reduint les emissions (principalment NOx i sutja). La comunitat científica ha trobat a les estratègies de combustió de baixa temperatura un procés de combustió que te elevada eficiència tèrmica i extremadament baixes emissions de NOx y partícules. En aquest sentit, la revisió bibliogràfica constata que aquests tipus de combustions permeten la reducció simultània dels contaminants NOx i sutja, trencant el tradicional "trade-off" existent a la combustió dièsel. De entre totes les estratègies proposades de baixa temperatura, la estratègia combustió dominada per la reactivitat del combustible presenta mes potencial que les altres. Aquest procés de combustió es caracteritza per utilitzar dos combustibles, lo que li permet solventar els principals problemes que han aparegut al llarg de la investigació de les estratègies de baixa temperatura com el control de la combustió. No obstant, aquest concepte de combustió també presenta algunes limitacions com el excessiu nivell de monòxid de carbó e inquemats a baixa càrrega i el elevat gradient de pressió i elevada pressió en càmera a elevada càrrega que limiten el rang de operació del motor. El objectiu de la investigació es proposar un concepte de combustió "dual-fuel" que puga operar en tot el rang de operació de un motor proporcionant el mateix o millorant la eficiència tèrmica que el dièsel amb emissions ultra baixes de NOx y partícules. A més, aquesta investigació també implica realitzar una exploració de les partícules emitides per el concepte ja que actualment està regulat per les normatives anticontaminants. El procés de combustió que compleix el objectiu es diu "Dual-Mode Dual-Fuel". Aquest concepte de combustió utilitza dos combustibles de diferent reactivitat y modifica la combustió de totalment premesclada a baixa càrrega a combustió de natura difusiva a plena càrrega. Amb el desig de explorar les capacitats del concepte, s¿han arribat a provar dos configuracions de pistons diferent per a adequar la relació de compressió i també un anàlisi per tamanys de les partícules. Finalment, considerant els principals resultats obtinguts, el últim capítol pretén resumir les principals avantatges del concepte ací com les principals limitacions y , per tant, els treballs futurs. / High thermal efficiency coupled to minimum pollutants emissions imposed by the stringent standard emissions limitations in reciprocating engines represent the main target of the engine manufacturers industry. Conventional diesel combustion strategy is widely used worldwide due to its excellent fuel economy. This combustion strategy allows operating under lean mixtures of fuel and air that provide high thermal efficiency. In addition, this type of combustion can be applied from light-duty engines to large bore marine engines. However, the combustion process leads to high NOx and particle matter emissions, being impossible to reduce both pollutants simultaneously. Hence, manufactures have incorporated aftertreatment systems in order to meet the imposed standard emissions limitations, which are aimed to provide cleaner emissions and high efficiency. By contrast, these systems required for the emissions mitigation result in a very complex processes and an increase in the engine production and operational costs. The research community continues developing alternative solutions to the conventional diesel combustion concept keeping the benefits of this combustion process while the emissions are reduced (mainly focused on NOx and soot). Research community have found in the low temperature combustion strategies the combustion process able to provide excellent high thermal efficiency and ultra-low NOx and smoke emissions. In this sense, the literature review states that this types of combustion processes allow the simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke, breaking the traditional trade-off found in diesel engines. Amongst others, the most promising strategy is the reactivity controlled compression ignition. This combustion process is characterized by using two fuels and is able to solve the main challenges of the low temperature combustion processes such as combustion phasing control. Nonetheless, the reactivity controlled strategy also presents some challenges such as excessive carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons during low load operation and high pressure rise rate and in-cylinder pressure that limit the engine range operation. The general objective of this investigation is to provide a dual-fuel strategy able to operate over the whole range providing similar or better thermal efficiency that the conventional diesel combustion and ultra-low values of NOx and smoke. In addition, the investigation also explores the particle emissions of the concept since it is regulated by the standard emissions. The combustion process that responds to the target provided at the general objective is the Dual-Fuel Dual-Mode concept. This concept uses two fuels and switches from a dual-fuel fully premixed strategy (based on the RCCI concept) during low load operation to a diffusive nature during high load operation. In order to explore the capabilities of the concept, two hardware configurations are used and a particle size distribution exploration is performed. Finally, considering the main findings of the investigation, the last chapter is aimed to provide the benefits of the combustion process developed as well as the main limitations or future works of the concept. / Boronat Colomer, V. (2018). Dual-Fuel Dual-Mode combustion strategy to achieve high thermal efficiency, low NOx and smoke emissions in compression ignition engines [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/113413 / TESIS

[ES] La reducción de emisiones en motores de combustión interna (MCI) es uno de los mayores desafíos técnicos de la sociedad. Aunque están surgiendo nuevas tecnologías para la movilidad, el ICE seguirá teniendo un papel clave en el transporte durante las próximas décadas. Los motores diesel son un desafío en términos de emisiones contaminantes, en particular óxidos de nitrógeno (NOX) y hollín. De hecho, el último representa el 50 % de las emisiones totales de este tipo de motores. En este contexto, las nuevas tecnologías de hardware y los nuevos combustibles renovables han mostrado un gran potencial para reducir las emisiones de hollín sin afectar la eficiencia del motor (emisiones de CO2). Por esta razón, los impactos del uso de e-fuels (OMEX y FT diesel) y diferentes geometrías del bowl del pistón (reentrante, labio escalonado y labio escalonado con ondas) en la formación de hollín y el desarrollo de la combustión han sido analizados en un motor óptico mono cilíndrico diesel. Primero, se realizó una caracterización del flujo en el cilindro utilizando un pistón de geometría real (Reentrante) y aplicando la técnica de velocímetro de imágenes por partículas (PIV). Posteriormente, se analizó el movimiento de la llama, el proceso de combustión y la formación de hollín para diferentes geometrías de pistón mediante diversas técnicas ópticas como la velocímetro de imagen por combustión (CIV), luminosidad natural, quimioluminiscencia OH * y pirometría de 2 colores. Finalmente, se estudió el proceso de combustión y la formación de hollín al utilizar diferentes e-fuels aplicando las mismas técnicas ópticas utilizadas anteriormente. Además, para esta parte del estudio, se incluyó una técnica óptica específica denominada espectroscopia de alta velocidad para el análisis de hollín. Con respecto a la evaluación de las distintas geometrías del bowl, el labio escalonado y el labio escalonado con ondas presentaron una oxidación tardía del hollín que ha sido más rápida en comparación con la geometría reentrante. En condiciones extremas de hollín, también se observaron diferencias entre el labio escalonado y el labio escalonado con ondas. Se observó una oxidación más rápida del hollín para el segundo. Los e-fuels mostraron una notable reducción en la formación de hollín (especialmente OMEX) en comparación con el diesel fósil. A partir del análisis de espectroscopia, es posible afirmar la ausencia de hollín durante la combustión de OMEX puro. En general, tanto la aplicación de nuevos hardware (geometrías de bowls) como nuevos tipos de combustibles (e-fuels) en motores diesel han presentado un gran potencial para disminuir las emisiones de hollín / [CA] La reducció d'emissions en motors de combustió interna (MCI) es un dels majors reptes tècnics de la societat. Encara que estan sorgint noves tecnologies per a la mobilitat, el ICE seguirà tenint un paper clau en el transport durant les pròximes dècades. Els motors diesel son un dels reptes en termes d'emissió de contaminants, en particular òxids de nitrogen (NOX) i sutge. De fet, l'últim representa el 50% de les emissions totals d'aquest tipus de motor. Dins aquest context, les noves tecnologies de hardware y de nous combustibles renovables han mostrat un gran potencial per reduir les emissions de sutge sense afectar l'eficiència del motor (emissions de CO2). Per aquesta raó, els impactes sobre l'ús de e-fuels (OMEX i FT-diesel) i diferents geometries de bowl del pistó (re-entrant, llavi escalonat i llavi escalonat amb ones) en la formació de sutge i el desenvolupament de la combustió, han estat analitzats en un motor òptic mono-cilíndric diesel. Primer, es va realitzar una caracterització de flux en el cilindre utilitzant un pistó amb geometria real (re-entrant) i aplicant la tècnica de velocimetria de imatges per partícules (PIV). Posteriorment, es va analitzar el moviment de la flama, el procés de combustió i la formació de sutge per a diferents geometries de pistó mitjançant diverses tècniques òptiques com per exemple la de velocimetria de imatge per combustió (CIV), lluminositat natural, quimioluminescència de OH* i pirometria de 2 colors. Finalment, es va estudiar el procés de combustió i la formació de sutge utilitzant diferents e-fuels aplicant les mateixes tècniques òptiques utilitzades anteriorment. A més, per aquesta part de l'estudi, es va implementar una tècnica òptica específica denominada espectroscòpia d'alta velocitat per a l'anàlisi del sutge. Respecte a l'avaluació de les distintes geometries de bowl, els llavis escalonats i els escalonats amb ones presentaren una oxidació tardana del sutge que ha estat més ràpida en comparació amb la de geometria re-entrant. En condicions extremes de sutge, també es varen observar diferencies entre la geometria de llavi escalonat y la de llavi escalonat amb ones. Es va observar una oxidació més ràpida del sutge per al segon. Els e-fuels mostraren una reducció més ràpida del sutge (especialment l'OMEX) en comparació amb el diesel fòssil. A partir de l'anàlisi d'espectroscòpia, es possible afirmar l'absència de sutge durant la combustió de l'OMEX pur. En general, tant l'aplicació de nous hardwares (geometries de bowl) com nous tipus de combustibles (e-fuels) en motors diesel han presentat un gran potencial per a la reducció d'emissions de sutge. / [EN] The emissions reduction in internal combustion engines (ICE) is one of the greatest technical challenges of society. Although new technologies for mobility are emerging, the ICE will still have a key role in transport over the next decades. Diesel engines are challenging in terms of pollutant emissions, in particular nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particles. In fact, the last one represents 50 % of total emissions of this kind of engine. In this context, new hardware technologies as well as new renewable fuels have shown great potential to reduce soot emissions without affecting engine efficiency (CO2) emissions. For this reason, the impacts of using e-fuels (OMEX and FT-diesel) and different piston bowl geometries (re-entrant, stepped lip and stepped lip-wave bowl) on soot formation and combustion development were analyzed in a single cylinder optical diesel engine. First, an in-cylinder flow characterization when using a real bowl shape was performed by applying particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Subsequently, the flame movement, combustion process and soot formation were analyzed for different piston geometries through several optical techniques such as combustion image velocimetry (CIV), natural luminosity, OH* chemiluminescence and 2 color pyrometry. Finally, the combustion process and soot formation when using different e-fuels were studied by applying the same optical techniques used previously. In addition, for this part of the study, it was included a specific optical technique named high-speed spectroscopy for the soot analysis. Regarding the bowl geometries evaluation, the stepped lip and wave-stepped lip presented a faster late soot oxidation in comparison with the re-entrant geometry. Under extreme soot conditions, differences were also observed between the wave-stepped lip and the stepped lip. A faster soot oxidation was observed for the first one. The e-fuels showed a remarkable reduction in soot formation (especially OMEX) when compared with fossil diesel. From the spectroscopy analysis, it is possible to state the absence of soot during the combustion of pure OMEX. In general, the application of new hardware (bowl geometries) as well as new kind of fuels in diesel engines have presented a great potential in order to diminish the soot emissions. / This work was partially funded by Generalitat Valenciana through the Programa Santiago Grisolía (GRISOLIAP/2018/142) program. / Vargas Lewiski, FD. (2021). Analysis of the combustion process and soot formation in a single cylinder optical engine fueled with e-fuels and using different piston geometries [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180351 / TESIS

Increasing the efficiency of the spark-ignition engine can help to reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector. Engine knock obstructs the increased efficiency that could be gained by increasing the compression ratio in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. A fuel’s propensity to knock is measured by the research octane number (RON) and the motor octane number (MON) in a co-operative fuel research (CFR) engine. A fuel’s octane sensitivity (OS) is the difference between the RON and MON. Modern downsized and turbocharged engines operate at what is considered to be beyond-RON conditions. Studies have shown that having a fuel with higher OS improves knock resistance at beyond-RON conditions. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the role of intermediate-temperature heat release (ITHR) in defining OS and its subsequent impact on SI operation through the experimental framework. The ITHR of toluene primary reference fuels (TPRFs) fuels with matching RON and varying OS was studied at RON-like and MON-like homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) conditions for two different matching criteria. The first criterion was to control the combustion phasing by matching half of the heat release (CA50) to 3 crank angle degrees after top dead center. The second criterion was to match the compression ratios. Results showed that at RON-like HCCI conditions, TPRF fuels display decreasing ITHR with increasing OS. Furthermore, it was shown that TPRF fuels with low sensitivity displayed a greater increase in ITHR from MON-like conditions to RON-like conditions. Thus, the sensitivity of ITHR to changes in operating conditions was found to be a contributing factor to OS. In the beyond-RON conditions (relevant to current modern engines), there is a potential for improved engine efficiency by using fuels with high OS to allow for higher compression ratios. The experimental results of this work show that OS is negatively correlated with ITHR. Thus, high-sensitivity fuels can be designed by choosing components and additives that reduce the amount of ITHR.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is an alternative combustion mode in which the fuel is homogeneously mixed with air and is auto-ignited by compression. Due to charge homogeneity, this mode is characterized by low equivalence ratios and temperatures giving simultaneously low nitric oxide (NOx) and soot in diesel engines. The conventional problem of NOx-soot trade-off is avoided in this mode due to absence of diffusion combustion. This mode can be employed at part load conditions while maintaining conventional combustion at high load thus minimizing regulatory cycle emissions and reducing cost of after-treatment systems. The present study focuses on achieving this mode in a turbocharged, common rail, direct injection, four-cylinder, heavy duty diesel engine. Specifically, the work involves a combination of three-dimensional CFD simulations and experiments on this engine to assess both traditional and novel strategies related to fuel injection. The first phase of the work involved a quasi-dimensional simulation of the engine to assess potential of achieving HCCI. This was done using a zero-dimensional, single-zone HCCI combustion model with n-heptane skeletal chemistry along with a one-dimensional model of intake and exhaust systems. The feasibility of operation with realistic knock values with high EGR rate of 60% was observed. The second aspect of the work involved three-dimensional CFD simulations of the in-cylinder process with wall film prediction to evaluate injection strategies associated with Early Direct Injection (EDI). The extended Coherent Flame Model-3Zone (ECFM-3Z) was employed for combustion simulation of conventional CI and EDI, and was validated with experimental in-cylinder pressure data from the engine. A new Uniformity Index (UI) parameter was defined to assess charge homogeneity. Results showed significant in-homogeneity and presence of wall film for EDI. Simulations were conducted to assess improvement of charge homogeneity by several strategies; narrow spray cone angle, injection timing, multiple injections, intake air heating, Port Fuel Injection (PFI) as well as combination of PFI and EDI. The maximum UI achieved by EDI was 0.78. The PFI strategy could achieve UI of 0.95; however, up to 50% of fuel remained trapped in the port after valve closure. This indicated that except EDI, none of the above-mentioned strategies could help achieve the benefits of the HCCI mode. The third part of the work involved engine experimentation to assess the EDI strategy. This strategy produced lower soot than that of conventional CI combustion with very short combustion duration, but led to high knock and NOx which is attributed to pool fire burning phenomenon of the wall film, as confirmed by CFD. An Optimized EDI (OptimEDI) strategy was then developed based on results of CFD and Design of Experiments. The Optim EDI consisted of triple injections with split ratio of 41%-45%-14% and advancing the first injection. This strategy gave 20% NOx and soot reduction over the conventional CI mode. Although this strategy gave encouraging results, there was a need for more substantial reduction in emissions without sacrificing efficiency. Hence, a novel concept of utilizing air-assisted Injection (AAI) into the EGR stream was employed, as this implied injecting very small droplets of fuel into the intake which would have sufficient residence time to evaporate before reaching the cylinder, thereby enabling HCCI. The fourth and final part of the work involved engine experimentation with AAI, and combination of OptimEDI with AAI. Results with 20% EGR showed that 5 to 10% of AAI gave further reduction in NOx but not in soot. With experiments involving 48% EGR rate, there was soot reduction of 75% due to combined AAI-EDI. NOx was negligible due to the high EGR rate. Thus, the significant contribution of this work is in proving that combining AAI with EDI as a novel injection strategy leads to substantial NOx and soot reduction.

Le moteur essence à allumage par compression (GCI), reposant sur la combustion partiellement prémélangée de l'essence (GPPC), peut potentiellement assurer des opérations efficaces et propres. Le moteur GCI s'est avéré efficace à forte charge, mais l'indice d'octane élevé de l'essence limite considérablement les opérations à faible charge. Le présent travail étudie le potentiel de l'utilisation de l'ozone, fort agent oxydant, pour améliorer la réactivité de l'essence et permettre le fonctionnement à faible charge de GCI. L'ozone peut être produit on board en équipant le moteur d'un générateur d'ozone, sans impact dramatique sur le coût du moteur et sur la complexité du contrôle du moteur. Les essais effectués avec un moteur monocylindre ont montré que l'ozone favorise la combustion HCCI de l'essence, permettant d'étendre la limite d’auto-inflammation et de réduire la température minimale nécessaire de celle-ci. Les diagnostics optiques ont montré que ces propriétés sont liées à une prolifération radicale accrue, amenées par des réactions à basse température induites par l'ozone. En parallèle, le processus de combustion GCI a été étudié dans des conditions de faible charge. Sans ozone, la température d'admission doit être considérablement augmentée pour permettre l'auto-inflammationdes mélanges essence-air pauvres. De plus, les résultats indiquent que le monoxyde d’azote (NO) contenu dans les gaz brûlés résiduels peut, dans certaines conditions, favoriser fortement la combustion GCI. Ensuite,l'effet de l'ozone a été étudié dans des conditions d'injection directe GCI. Les résultats démontrent qu’une stratégie avec double injection est nécessaire pour maximiser l’effet promoteur de l’ozone et pour contrôler le processus de combustion GCI. Enfin, l'utilisation d’une forte concentration d’ozone a permis d’atteindre des opérations à faible charge en mode GCI, avec des faibles émissions de NOx et de suie, et cela, sans avoir besoin d'augmenter la température ou la pression d'admission. / Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) engine, relying on Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion (GPPC) has potential for efficient and clean operations. GCI engine showed to be effective at high load, however, the highoctane number of gasoline dramatically limits low load operations. The present work investigates the potential of using ozone, a strong oxidizing agent, to improve gasoline reactivity and enabling low load GCI operation.Ozone can be produced in-situ and on-demand by equipping the engine with an ozone generator, without a dramatic impact on the engine cost and the engine control complexity. Experiments in a single cylinder engine showed that ozone promotes gasoline HCCI combustion, making possible to extend the lean limit and reducing the minimum temperature needed for autoignition. Optical diagnostics showed that these properties are related to an increased radical proliferation related to ozone-induced low temperature reactions. In parallel, GCI combustion process was investigated under low load conditions. Without ozone, the intake temperature should be considerable increased to enable auto ignition of lean gasoline-air mixtures. Moreover, results indicated that the NO contained into residual burnt gases can strongly promote GCI low load combustion. Finally, the effect of ozone was investigated under GCI direct-injection conditions, demonstrating that low load GCI operation with low NOx and Soot emission can be achieved by seeding the intake of the engine with ozone without needing of increasing the intake charge temperature or boosting the intake pressure.

Orientador: Ricardo Alan Verdú Ramos / Resumo: Resumo / Abstract: Abstract / Doutor

The diploma thesis is focused on analysis of noise level of mobile power vehicles in relation to motor operation mode and its evaluation. The thesis core lies within measurement of acoustic pressure levels at four vehicles in different motor operation modes by two audio-noise meters. One meter was places within the cabin, the other outside. The results of the work showed a development in reducing noise at modern power vehicles.