Se ha desarrollado una infraestructura numérica, que permite el estudio de problemas donde están presentes fenómenos periódicos espaciales, haciendo uso de dominios computacionales reducidos con condiciones de contorno periódicas. Se enfoca en particular el estudio de la convección natural del aire, numérica y experimentalmente, en estructuras honeycomb de tipo rectangular, de interés aplicativo en aislamientos transparentes para sistemas solares térmicos. Para abordar el estudio, la tesis se ha estructurado en tres bloques, cuyos contenidos abarcan:1) El estudio del tratamiento numérico de condiciones de contorno periódicas, en base al método de volúmenes finitos, estableciéndose estrategias adecuadas de transferencia de información entre contornos periódicos en una forma explícita. Los tratamientos se sustentan en dos procedimientos: (i) en estrategias que tratan directamente con el valor de las variables del problema sobre nodos de los volúmenes de control (ubicados en los contornos periódicos y en posiciones anexas al contorno) y (ii) en interpolaciones sobre los contornos periódicos utilizadas en el método multibloque: interpolaciones de tipo conservativas e interpolaciones matemáticas. Se proponen tres formulaciones: DIF (Direct Interpolation Formulation), EPF (Exact Position Formulation) y CTF (Conservative Treatment Formulation). En la formulación DIF la transferencia de información se basa en la aplicación de interpolaciones Lagrangianas, en la formulación EPF la información se transfiere nodo a nodo entre posiciones geométricamente semejantes, mientras que en la formulación CTF la transferencia de información se basa en forzar la conservación de los flujos físicos (masa, momento y energía). Las formulaciones son comparadas entre si. Para el análisis comparativo se reproduce un caso de la literatura científica, cuyos campos de velocidad y temperatura presentan un comportamiento periódico espacial. Los criterios de comparación se basan en la verificación de las soluciones numéricas obtenidas para cada formulación. Se resuelven otros casos con la finalidad de presentar nuevos detalles acerca del tratamiento de condiciones de contorno periódicas, en base a las metodologías propuestas.2) Se aborda el estudio numérico del comportamiento periódico del aire en cavidades alargadas e inclinadas 45º, en cuyo interior se ubica una estructura honeycomb de tipo rectangular. Se reproducen casos de la literatura científica, numéricos y experimentales, con la finalidad de verificar y validar el código numérico para geometrías específicas. Aprovechando la naturaleza periódica del flujo, se proponen expresiones matemáticas para representar el comportamiento periódico de las variables velocidad, temperatura y presión dinámica. Dichas expresiones fueron utilizadas como modelos para definir las condiciones de contorno periódicas aplicables a una celda de honeycomb. Se establecen estudios comparativos entre los resultados numéricos conseguidos sobre dominios computacionales completos y los obtenidos aplicando condiciones de contorno periódicas sobre dominios computacionales reducidos a una celda de honeycomb. Mediante un estudio específico, se demuestra la utilidad de las simulaciones numéricas para solucionar geometrías de interés tecnológico, próximas al aislamiento transparente para sistemas solares térmicos, aplicando condiciones de contorno periódicas en dominios computacionales reducidos.3) El estudio numérico de la convección natural del aire en una cavidad rectangular, con estructuras honeycomb en su interior. Se lleva a cabo la validación de los resultados numéricos, contrastando sus valores con resultados experimentales obtenidos en base a técnicas PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry), las cuales permitieron visualizar y cuantificar el campo de velocidades.Las simulaciones numéricas de todo el trabajo se basaron en el método de volúmenes finitos. Las ecuaciones gobernantes discretizadas fueron resueltas en forma segregada, utilizándose el algoritmo SIMPLEC. Las geometrías fueron discretizadas en base a mallas Cartesianas desplazadas. Los resultados numéricos fueron verificados a través de herramientas de post - proceso basadas en la extrapolación de Richardson generalizada y en el concepto del GCI (Grid Convergence Index).

This thesis presents the Sequentially Optimized Meshfree Approximation (SOMA) method, a new and powerful Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver. While standard computational methods can be faster and cheaper that physical experimentation, both in cost and work time, these methods do have some time and user interaction overhead which SOMA eliminates. As a meshfree method which could use adaptive domain refinement methods, SOMA avoids the need for user generated and/or analyzed grids, volumes, and meshes. Incremental building of a feed-forward artificial neural network through machine learning to solve the flow problem significantly reduces user interaction and reduces computational cost. This is done by avoiding the creation and inversion of possibly dense block diagonal matrices and by focusing computational work on regions where the flow changes and ignoring regions where no changes occur.

In the present work, the processes of steady combustion and autoignition of hydrogen are investigated using the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) model with a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. A study of the effects on the flowfield of changing turbulence model constants, specifically the turbulent Schmidt number, Sct, and C epsilon 1 of the k − epsilon model, are investigated. The effects of two different mixing models are explored: the AMC model, which is commonly used in CMC implementations, and a model based on the assumption of inhomogeneous turbulence. The background equations required for implementation of the CMC model are presented, and all relevant closures are discussed. The numerical implementation of the CMC model, in addition to other techniques aimed at reducing computational expense of the CMC calculations, are provided. The CMC equation is discretised using finite volume (FV) method. The CFD and CMC calculations are fully coupled, allowing for simulations of steady flames or flame development after the occurrence of autoignition. Through testing of a steady jet flame, it is observed that the flowfield calculations follow typical k − epsilon model trends, with an overprediction of spreading and an underprediction of penetration. The CMC calculations are observed to perform well, providing good agreement with experimental measurements. Autoignition simulations are conducted for 3 different cases of turbulence constants and 7 different coflow temperatures to determine the final effect on the steady flowfield. In comparison to the standard constants, reduction of Sct results in a reduction of the centreline mixing intensity within the flowfield and a corresponding reduction of ignition length, while reducing C 1 results in an increase of centreline mixing intensity and an increase in the ignition length. All scenarios tested result in an underprediction of ignition length in comparison to experimental results; however, good agreement with the experimental trends is achieved. At low coflow temperatures, the effects of mixing intensity within the flowfield are seen to have the largest influence on ignition length, while at high coflow temperatures, the chemical source term in the CMC equation increases in magnitude, resulting in very little difference between predictions for different sets of turbulence constants. The inhomogeneous mixing model is compared using the standard turbulence constants. A reduction of ignition lengths in comparison to the AMC model is observed. In steady state simulation of the autoigniting flow, the inhomogeneous model is observed to predict both lifted flames and fully anchored flames, depending on coflow temperature.

<p>The main purpose of this research is to investigate liquid entrainment mechanisms of annular flow by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. A numerical model is developed. The model is based on the physics of an upward annular flow. In the modeling, a transient renormalization group (RNG) k-å model in conjunction with enhanced wall treatment method was employed. In order to reconstruct the two-phase interface, the geometric reconstruction scheme of volume of fluid (VOF) model was adopted. Fluent® 6.18 was used as the solution tool. Simulation results indicated that disturbance waves were generated first on the two-phase interface and their evolution eventually resulted in the liquid entrainment phenomena. The most significant accomplishment of this work is that details of the entrainment mechanisms are well described by the numerical simulation work. In addition, two new entrainment mechanisms are presented. One entrainment mechanism demonstrates that the evolution of individual waves causes the onset of liquid entrainment; the other mechanism shows that the coalescence of two adjacent waves (during the course of their evolution) plays an important role in the progression of liquid entrainment. The newly developed entrainment mechanisms are based on conservation laws. In order to explore the flow physics of the targeted annular flow, the law of the wall, in conjunction with an analytical model based on a force balance, was applied to previously collected experimental data. Results indicated that the film flow had strong features of near-wall flow. In addition, based on prior experimental work and a newly developed physical wave model by researchers in the Microgravity Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, a steady RNG k-å model, in conjunction with the enhanced wall treatment method, was applied to the gas core. The simulation results showed turbulent flow features in the gas core and strong effects of the interfacial waves on the simulation results. The above information forms the physical foundation for the simulation work on the entrainment mechanism.</p><p>One significant contribution to the authors research group is the liquid entrainment fraction data. A new method was introduced to make the measurements. The method combined a chemically-based titration method with a newly-designed instrument, a separator, to effectively measure the entrainment fraction. Experiments were conducted at low system pressure (~ 1 atm) and relatively low gas and liquid superficial velocities (Vsg = 25.8 m/s to 45.5 m/s, and Vsl = 0.15 m/s to 0.30 m/s, respectively). The entrainment fraction was found to be under 7 %, with a maximum uncertainty of 0.26 % for all the experimental set points. Repeatability test results and comparisons with previous entrainment data indicated that the new technique can perform as well as other measurement techniques.</p>

A spur dike is a hydraulic structure built on the bank of a river at some angle to the main flow direction. A series of spur dikes in a row may also be placed on one side or both sides of a river to form a spur dike field. Spur dikes are used for two main purposes, namely river training and bank protection. For river training, spur dikes may be used to provide a desirable path for navigation purposes or to direct the flow to a desirable point such as a water intake. For bank protection, spur dikes may be used to deflect flow away from a riverbank and thus protect it from erosion. It has also been observed that spur dikes provide a desirable environment for aquatic habitat. Despite the fact that spur dikes are useful hydraulic structures, they have been found to increase the flow resistance in rivers and hence increase the flow stage. The present study focuses on the quantification of the flow resistance and associated flow stage increase due to a single spur dike and also that of a spur dike field. Increased flow stage is referred to herein as a backwater effect.<p> In the first stage of the study, the flow resistance due to a single spur dike, expressed as a drag force exerted on the flow in an open channel, was studied and quantified. The work was carried out in a rigid bed flume, with the model spur dike being simulated using various sizes of a two-dimensional (2-D) rectangular plate. Several discharge conditions were studied. The drag force exerted by the spur dike for both submerged and unsubmerged flow conditions was determined directly from measurements made using a specially designed apparatus and also by application of the momentum equation to a control volume that included the spur dike. It was found that the unit drag force (i.e., drag force per unit area of dike) of an unsubmerged spur dike increases more rapidly with an increase in the discharge when compared with that of a submerged spur dike. The results also showed that an increase in the blockage of the open channel cross-section due to the spur dike is the main parameter responsible for an increase in the spur dike drag coefficient, hence the associated flow resistance and backwater effect. Based on these findings, relationships were developed for estimating the backwater effect due to a single spur dike in an open channel.<p> In the second stage of the study, the flow resistance due to a spur dike field expressed as a drag force exerted on the flow was quantified and subsequently related to the backwater effect. The work was carried out in a rigid bed flume, with the model spur dikes simulated using 2-D, rectangular plates placed along one side of the flume. For various discharges, the drag force of each individual spur dike in the spur dike field was measured directly using a specially-designed apparatus. For these tests, both submerged and unsubmerged conditions were evaluated along with various numbers of spur dikes and various relative spacings between the spur dikes throughout the field. It was concluded that the configuration of a spur dike field in terms of the number of spur dikes and relative spacing between the spur dikes has a substantial impact on the drag force and hence the flow resistance and backwater effect of a spur dike field. The most upstream spur dike had the highest drag force amongst the spur dikes in the field, and it acted as a shield to decrease the drag force exerted by the downstream spur dikes. From the experiments on the submerged spur dikes, it was observed that the jet flow over the spur dikes has an important effect on the flow structure and hence the flow resistance.<p> In the third stage of the study, the flow field within the vicinity of a single submerged spur dike was modeled using the three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software FLUENT. Application of the software required solution of the 3-D Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations wherein the Reynolds stresses were resolved using the RNG ê-å turbulence model. One discharge condition was evaluated in a smooth, rectangular channel for two conditions, including uniform flow conditions without the spur dike in place and one with the spur dike in place. The CFD model was evaluated based on some experimental data acquired from the physical model. It was found that the CFD model could satisfactorily predict the flow resistance and water surface profile adjacent to the spur dike, including the resulting backwater effect. Furthermore, the CFD model gave a good prediction of the velocity field except for the area behind the spur dike where the effects of diving jet flow over the spur dike was not properly modeled.

This research presents a detailed study of non-synchronous vibration (NSV) and the development of an efficient design method for NSV. NSV occurs as a result of the complex interaction of an aerodynamic instability with blade vibrations. Two NSV design methods are considered and applied to three test cases: 2-D circular cylinder, 2-D airfoil cascade tip section of a modern compressor, and 3-D high pressure compressor cascade that encountered NSV in rig testing. The current industry analysis method is to search directly for the frequency of the instability using CFD analysis and then compare it with a fundamental blade mode frequency computed from a structural analysis code. The main disadvantage of this method is that the blades' motion is not considered and therefore, the maximum response is assumed to be when the blade natural frequency and fluid frequency are coincident. An alternate approach, the enforced motion method, is also presented. In this case, enforced blade motion is used to promote lock-in of the blade frequency to the fluid natural frequency at a specified critical amplitude for a range of interblade phase angles (IBPAs). For the IBPAs that are locked-on, the unsteady modal forces are determined. This mode is acceptable if the equivalent damping is greater than zero for all IBPAs. A method for blade re-design is also proposed to determine the maximum blade response by finding the limit cycle oscillation (LCO) amplitude. It is assumed that outside of the lock-in region is an off-resonant, low amplitude condition. A significant result of this research is that for all cases studied herein, the maximum blade response is not at the natural fluid frequency as is assumed by the direct frequency search approach. This has significant implications for NSV design analysis because it demonstrates the requirement to include blade motion. Hence, an enforced motion design method is recommended for industry and the current approach is of little value. / Dissertation

<p>The intent of the work discussed in this dissertation is to apply the engineering methods of theory/modeling, numerics/computation, and experimentation to a diverse assemblage of projects. Several projects are discussed: probabilistic modeling of decompression sickness, comparative hydrodynamics of cetacean flippers, optimization of CT/MRI protocols, evaluation of modified catheters, rudder cavitation, and modeling of mass transfer in amphibian cone outer segments. </p><p>The first project discussed is the probabilistic modeling of decompression sickness (DCS). This project involved developing a system for evaluating the success of decompression models in predicting DCS probability from empirical data. Model parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood techniques, and exact integrals of risk functions and tissue kinetics transition times were derived. Agreement with previously published results was excellent including maximum likelihood values within one log-likelihood unit of previous results and improvements by re-optimization, mean predicted DCS incidents within 1.4% of observed DCS, and time of DCS occurrence prediction. Alternative optimization and homogeneous parallel processing techniques yielded faster model optimization times. The next portion of this project involved investigating the nature and utility of marginal decompression sickness (DCS) events in fitting probabilistic decompression models to experimental dive trial data. Three null models were developed and compared to a known decompression model that was optimized on dive trial data containing only marginal DCS and no-DCS events. It was found that although marginal DCS events are related to exposure to decompression, empirical dive data containing marginal and full DCS outcomes are not combinable under a single DCS model; therefore, marginal DCS should be counted as no-DCS events when optimizing probabilistic DCS models with binomial likelihood functions. The final portion of this project involved the exploration of a multinomial DCS model. Two separate models based on the exponential-exponential/linear-exponential framework were developed: a trinomial model, which is able to predict the probabilities of mild, serious and no-DCS simultaneously, and a tetranomial model, which is able to predict the probabilities of mild, serious, marginal and no-DCS simultaneously. The trinomial DCS model was found to be qualitatively better than the tetranomial model, for reasons found earlier concerning the utility of marginal DCS events in DCS modeling. </p><p>The next project discussed is comparative hydrodynamics of cetacean flippers. Cetacean flippers may be viewed as being analogous to modern engineered hydrofoils, which have hydrodynamic properties such as lift coefficient, drag coefficient and associated efficiency. The hydrodynamics of cetacean flippers have not previously been rigorously examined and thus their performance properties are unknown. By conducting water tunnel testing using scale models of cetacean flippers derived via computed tomography (CT) scans, as well as computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations, a baseline work is presented to describe the hydrodynamic properties of several cetacean flippers. It was found that flippers of similar planform shape had similar hydrodynamic performance properties. Furthermore, one group of flippers of planform shape similar to modern swept wings was found to have lift coefficients that increased with angle of attack nonlinearly, which was caused by the onset of vortex-dominated lift. Drag coefficient versus angle of attack curves were found to be less dependent on planform shape. Larger cetacean flippers were found to have degraded performance at a Re of 250,000 compared to flippers of smaller odontocetes, while performance of larger and smaller cetacean flippers was similar at a swim speed of 2 m/s. Idealization of the planforms of cetacean flippers was found to capture the relevant hydrodynamic effects of the real flippers, although unintended consequences such as the lift curve slope changing from linear to nonlinear were sometimes observed. A numerical study of an idealized model of the humpback whale flipper showed that the leading-edge tubercles delay stall compared to a baseline (no tubercle) flipper because larger portions of the flow remaining attached at higher angles of attack. </p><p>The third project discussed is optimization of CT/MRI protocols. In order to optimize contrast material administration protocols for Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), a custom-built physiologic flow phantom was constructed to model flow in the human body. This flow phantom was used to evaluate the effect of varying volumes, rates, and types of contrast material, use of a saline chase, and cardiac output on aortic enhancement characteristics. For CT, reducing the volume of contrast material decreased duration peak enhancement and reduced the maximum value of peak enhancement. Increasing the rate of contrast media administration increased peak enhancement and decreased duration of peak enhancement. Use of a saline chase resulted in an increase in peak enhancement. Peak aortic enhancement increased when reduced cardiac output was simulated. For MRI, when the same volume of contrast material was injected at the same rate, the type of contrast material used has a significant effect on the greatest peak signal intensity and duration peak signal intensity. A higher injection rate of saline chaser is more advantageous than a larger volume of saline chaser to increase the peak aortic signal intensity using low contrast material doses. Furthermore, for higher volumes of contrast material, the effect of increasing the volume of saline chaser makes almost no difference while increasing the rate of injection makes a significant difference. When a saline chaser with a high injection rate is used, the dose of the contrast material may be reduced by 25-50% and more than 86% of the non-reduced dose peak aortic enhancement will be attained.</p><p>The next project discussed is evaluation of modified angiocatheters. In this study, a standard peripheral end hole angiocatheter was compared to those modified with side holes or side slits by using experimental techniques to qualitatively compare the contrast material exit jets, and by using numeric techniques to provide flow visualization and quantitative comparisons. A Schlieren imaging system was used to visualize the angiocatheter exit jet fluid dynamics at two different flow rates, and a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package was used to calculate numeric results for various catheter orientations and vessel diameters. Experimental images showed that modifying standard peripheral intravenous angiocatheters with side holes or side slits qualitatively changed the overall flow field and caused the exiting jet to become less well-defined. Numeric calculations showed that the addition of side holes or slits resulted in a 9-30% reduction of the velocity of contrast material exiting the end hole of the angiocatheter. With the catheter tip directed obliquely to the wall, the maximum wall shear stress was always highest for the unmodified catheter and always lowest for the 4 side slit catheter. Modified angiocatheters may have the potential to reduce extravasation events in patients by reducing vessel wall shear stress. </p><p>The next project discussed involves studying the effect of leading-edge tubercles on cavitation characteristics for marine rudders. Three different rudders were constructed and tested in a water tunnel: baseline, 3-tubercle leading edge, and 5-tubercle leading edge. In the linear (non-stall) regime, tubercled rudders performed equally to the smooth rudder. Hydrodynamic stall occurred at smaller angles of attack for the tubercled rudders than for the smooth rudder. When stall did occur, it was more gradual for the tubercled rudders, whereas the smooth rudder demonstrated a more dramatic loss of lift. At lower Re, the tubercled rudders also maintained a higher value of lift post-stall than the smooth rudder. Cavitation onset for the tubercled rudders occurred at lower angles of attack and higher values of cavitation number than for the smooth rudder, but cavities on the tubercled rudders were localized in the slots as opposed to the smooth rudder where the cavity spread across the entire leading edge. </p><p>In the final project discussed, modeling of mass transfer in amphibian cone outer segments, a detailed derivation of a simplified (continuum, one-dimensional) mathematical model for the radio-labeled opsin density profile in the amphibian cone outer segment is presented. This model relies on only one free parameter, which was the mass transfer coefficient between the plasmalemma and disc region. The descriptive equations were nondimensionalized, and scale analysis showed that advective effects could be neglected as a first approximation for early times so that a simplified system could be obtained. Through numeric computation the solution behavior was found to have three distinct stages. The first stage was marked by diffusion in the plasmalemma and no mass transfer in the disc region. The second stage first involved the plasmalemma reaching a metastable state whereas the disc region density increased, then involved both the plasmalemma and disc regions increasing in density with their distributions being qualitatively the same. The final stage involved a slow relaxation to the steady-state solution.</p> / Dissertation

This work focuses on the simulation of fluids as they transition between a solid and a liquid state, and as they interact with rigid bodies in a realistic fashion. There is an underlying theme to my work that I did not recognize until I examined my body of research as a whole. The equations of motion that are generally considered appropriate only for liquids or gas can also be used to model solids. Without adding extra constraints, one can model a solid simply as a fluid with a high viscosity. Admittedly, this representation will only get you so far, but this simple representation can create some very nice animations of objects that start as solids, and then melt into liquid over time. Another way to represent solids with the fluid equations is to add extra constraints to the equations. I use this representation in the parts of this work that focus on the two-way coupling of liquids with rigid bodies. The coupling affects both how the liquid moves the rigid bodies, and how the rigid bodies in turn affect the motion of the fluid. There are three components that are needed to allow solids and fluids to interact: a rigid body solver, a fluid solver, and a mechanism for the coupling of the two solvers. The fluid solver used in this work was presented in [8]. This Melting and Flowing solver is a fast and stable system for animating materials that melt, flow, and solidify. Examples of realworld materials that exhibit these phenomena include melting candles, lava flow, the hardening of cement, icicle formation, and limestone deposition. Key to this fluid solver is the idea that we can plausibly simulate such phenomena by simply varying the viscosity inside a standard fluid solver, treating solid and nearly-solid materials as very high viscosity fluids. The computational method modifies the Marker-And-Cell algorithm [99] in order to rapidly simulate fluids with variable and arbitrarily high viscosity. The modifications allow the viscosity of the material to change in space and time according to variation in temperature, water content, or any other spatial variable. This in turn allows different locations in the same continuous material to exhibit states ranging from the absolute rigidity or slight bending of hardened wax to the splashing and sloshing of water. The coupling that ties together the rigid body and fluid solvers was presented in [7], and is known as the Rigid Fluid method. It is a technique for animating the interplay between rigid bodies and viscous incompressible fluid with free surfaces. Distributed Lagrange multipliers are used to ensure two-way coupling that generates realistic motion for both the solid objects and the fluid as they interact with one another. The rigid fluid method is so named because the simulator treats the rigid objects as if they were made of fluid. The rigidity of such an object is maintained by identifying the region of the velocity field that is inside the object and constraining those velocities to be rigid body motion. The rigid fluid method is straightforward to implement, incurs very little computational overhead, and can be added as a bridge between current fluid simulators and rigid body solvers. Many solid objects of different densities (e.g., wood or lead) can be combined in the same animation. The rigid body solver used in this work is the impulse based solver, with shock propagation introduced by Guendelman et al. in [36]. The rigid body solver allows for collisions ranging from completely elastic, where an object can bounce around forever without loss of energy, to completely inelastic where all energy is spent in the collision. Static and dynamic frictional forces are also incorporated. The details of this rigid body solver will not be discussed, but the small changes needed to couple this solver to interact with fluid will be. When simulating fluids, the fluid-air interface (free surface) is an important part of the simulation. In [8], the free surface is modelled by a set of marker particles, and after running a simulation we create detailed polygonal models of the fluid by splatting particles into a volumetric grid and then render these models using ray tracing with sub-surface scattering. In [7], I model the free surface with a particle level set technique [14]. The surface is then rendered by first extracting a triangulated surface from the level set and then ray tracing that surface with the Persistence of Vision Raytracer (http://povray.org).

Articular cartilage has a limited ability to heal due to its avascular, aneural, and alymphatic nature. Currently, there is a need for alternative therapies for diseases that affect articular cartilage such as osteoarthritis. Recently, it has been shown that tissue constructs, which resemble cartilage in structure and function, can be cultured in vitro in a cell-polymer bioreactor system. Bioreactors provide a three dimensional environment that promotes cell proliferation and matrix production. The primary objective of this study is to accurately simulate fluid mechanics using the lattice Boltzmann method for application to a cell-polymer bioreactor system. Lattice Boltzmann (LB) is a flexible computation technique that will allow for the simulation of a moving construct under various bioreactor conditions. The method predicts macroscopic hydrodynamics by considering virtual particle interactions. Derived from the Lattice Gas Automata, lattice Boltzmann allows for mass transfer, complex geometries, and particle dynamics. A primary goal is to characterize the accuracy of the LB implementation and eventually the shear stresses felt by a tissue construct in this dynamic environment. This information is important since recent studies show that chondrocytic function may depend on the mechanical stimuli produced by fluid flow. Hence, shear stress may affect the final mechanical properties of tissue constructs. In this study, numerical simulations are done first in 2D and then extended to 3D to test the LB implementation. Simulations of the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor are then undertaken. The results are benchmarked against computations done with a commercial CFD package, FLUENT, and compared with analytic solutions and experimental data.

In recent years, with advances in medical treatment, the demand of medical beauty market has increased year by year. With the continuous innovation of nanotechnology, medical technology with nanometer level is becoming the one of the most important issue of the development of medical biotechnology in recent years. In order to make the products effective, the products have to be transported into the human skin. In traditional medical treatments, the devices of contacting type or invading type were adopted, and might cause some infected problems. To avoid these situations, some medical companies have developing the non-contact type device¡Ð gene gun. This device use nitrogen as motive force to atomize the thin film of the injection products, then delivering these products to derma. This research utilizes computational fluid dynamics software to build the FEM simulation model of Venturi tube inside of a gene gun. Then, analyzing the speed and atomization of fluid which inside or outside of Venturi tube. A FEM simulated mechanism for the atomization of multiphase flow was constructed in this research successfully. The effects of variations of some geometric parameters of Venturi tube on the atomization of thin film were studied also. The obtained results can shorten cost and time in relevant development.