The use of Network Telescope systems has become increasingly popular amongst security researchers in recent years. This study provides a framework for the utilisation of this data. The research is based on a primary dataset of 40 million events spanning 50 months collected using a small (/24) passive network telescope located in African IP space. This research presents a number of differing ways in which the data can be analysed ranging from low level protocol based analysis to higher level analysis at the geopolitical and network topology level. Anomalous traffic and illustrative anecdotes are explored in detail and highlighted. A discussion relating to bogon traffic observed is also presented. Two novel visualisation tools are presented, which were developed to aid in the analysis of large network telescope datasets. The first is a three-dimensional visualisation tool which allows for live, near-realtime analysis, and the second is a two-dimensional fractal based plotting scheme which allows for plots of the entire IPv4 address space to be produced, and manipulated. Using the techniques and tools developed for the analysis of this dataset, a detailed analysis of traffic recorded as destined for port 445/tcp is presented. This includes the evaluation of traffic surrounding the outbreak of the Conficker worm in November 2008. A number of metrics relating to the description and quantification of network telescope configuration and the resultant traffic captures are described, the use of which it is hoped will facilitate greater and easier collaboration among researchers utilising this network security technology. The research concludes with suggestions relating to other applications of the data and intelligence that can be extracted from network telescopes, and their use as part of an organisation’s integrated network security systems

Thesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The aim of this research is to identify and explore the factors affecting information security compliance of information security policies and regulations, in a financial services organisation. The organisation has to comply with information security regulations and legislations by righteousness of its operations in light of the fact that any wrong doing together with misuse of data, are continually expanding. Corporate embarrassments comes about due to rupture of security, results in expanded thoughtfulness regarding corporate consistency. Legislature and policies have been set up to counter information security issues. This legislature and policies are not adequately addressing the compliance issues that arise, but are needed within organisations. Compliance targets are not met due to inconsistent guidelines that turns out to be significant in diminishing the financial position, reputation and security of information. This research further aims to explore whether employees comply with laws and regulations regarding information in an organisation. This is done in order to confirm whether governance and human factors play any significant part in compliance. The research is an exploratory study and specifically analyses the governance function and which stakeholders influence its operations in information compliance. The research investigates certain questions on organisational culture and the human factor, do influence employee’s compliance to laws and regulations. The objectives of the research are to investigate which factors, and how such factors influence compliance of information security policies and compliance with the goal of designing an integrated framework to assist in counteracting these findings. The research is underpinned by the Neo-institutional theory, Agency Theory and Rational choice theory. The Denison organisational cultural model and a framework proposed by von Solms are used as lenses to interpret the data of the research.

Orientador: Paulo Lício de Geus / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T05:27:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalcante_GabrielDieterich_M.pdf: 3073328 bytes, checksum: aeb145421a7f9c0c3d3ac872eb9ac054 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Existe uma grande quantidade de configurações presentes em sistemas atuais e gerir essas configurações é um trabalho árduo para qualquer administrador de sistema. Inúmeras configurações podem ser definidas para uma só máquina e as combinações entre elas implicam de forma significativa no seu desempenho. A partir do momento que um sistema em pleno funcionamento pára de funcionar, algo em sua estrutura pode ter mudado. Este cenário é comum no processo de desenvolvimento de software onde o código fonte pode deixar de compilar ou ainda uma funcionalidade pode se perder. Controladores de versão são usados para reverter o estado do código para uma data anterior, solucionando o problema. Verificadores de Integridade são utilizados para detectar estas mudanças, porém não possuem mecanismos específicos para recuperação. Este estudo propõe e implementa uma arquitetura integrada que combina verificação de integridade e mecanismos de recuperação. Foram executados testes para determinar a sobrecarga total deste método, além de estudos de caso para verificar a sua eficiência de recuperação / Abstract: Current computer systems have a huge number of configurations that are hard to manage. The combinations of system configurations can impact on performance and behavior. From the moment that a system stops working correctly it is remarkable that something has changed. That is in common in software development, where changes made by the programmer may result in some features no longer working or the project not compiling anymore. Revision control systems can recover a previous state of the source code through revision mechanisms. Integrity checking is used to catch file modifications, however this technique does nothing toward recovering those files. This study proposes and implements an integrated architecture that combines integrity checking and restoring mechanisms. Tests were executed in order to measure the load imposed by the solution. In addition, analysis of three case studies shows the efficiency of the adopted solution / Mestrado / Segurança de Computadores

Orientador: Julio César López Hernández / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:36:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gouvea_ConradoPortoLopes_M.pdf: 1643588 bytes, checksum: 84895f14e5bab746796d6ca64e8287cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Redes de sensores sem fio têm se tornado populares recentemente e possuem inúmeras aplicações. Contudo, elas apresentam o desafio de como proteger suas comunicações utilizando esquemas criptográficos, visto que são compostas por dispositivos de capacidade extremamente limitada. Neste trabalho é descrita uma implementação eficiente em software, para redes de sensores sem fio, de duas tecnologias de criptografia pública: a Criptografia Baseada em Emparelhamentos (CBE) e a Criptografia de Curvas Elípticas (CCE). Nossa implementação foca a família de microcontroladores MSP430 de 16 bits, utilizada em sensores como o Tmote Sky e TelosB. Em particular, para a CBE, foram implementados algoritmos para o cálculo de emparelhamentos nas curvas MNT e BN sobre corpos primos; para a CCE, foi implementado o esquema de assinatura ECDSA sobre corpos primos para os níveis de segurança de 80 e 128 bits. As principais contribuições deste trabalho são um estudo aprofundado dos algoritmos de emparelhamentos bilineares e novas otimizações na aritmética de corpos primos para a MSP430, que consequentemente melhoram o desempenho dos criptossistemas de CBE e CCE em tal plataforma / Abstract: Wireless sensor networks have become popular recently and provide many applications. However, the deployment of cryptography in sensor networks is a challenging task, given their limited computational power and resource-constrained nature. This work presents an efficient software implementation, for wireless sensor networks, of two public-key systems: Pairing-Based Cryptography (PBC) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Our implementation targets the MSP430 microcontroller, which is used in some sensors including the Tmote Sky and TelosB. For the PBC, we have implemented algorithms for pairing computation on MNT and BN curves over prime fields; for the ECC, the signature scheme ECDSA over prime fields for the 80-bit and 128-bit security levels. The main contributions of this work are an in-depth study of bilinear pairings algorithms and new optimizations for the prime field arithmetic in the MSP430, which improves the running times of the PBC and ECC cryptosystems on the platform / Mestrado / Teoria da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Paulo Licio de Geus / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_JoaoPortodeAlbuquerque_D.pdf: 3410336 bytes, checksum: b604fcebba7d50ce5939b35de40ce518 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os mecanismos de segurança empregados em ambientes de redes atuais têm complexidade crescente e o gerenciamento de suas configurações adquire um papel fundamental para proteção desses ambientes. Particularmente em redes de computadores de larga escala, os administradores de segurança se vêem confrontados com o desafio de projetar, implementar, manter e monitorar um elevado número de mecanismos, os quais possuem sintaxes de configuração heterogêneas e complicadas. Uma conseqüência dessa situação é que erros de configuração são causas freqüentes de vulnerabilidades de segurança. O presente trabalho oferece uma sistemática para o gerenciamento da configuração de sistemas de segurança de redes que corresponde especialmente às necessidades dos ambientes complexos encontrados em organizações atuais. A abordagem, construída segundo o paradigma de Gerenciamento Baseado em Modelos, inclui uma técnica de modelagem que trata uniformemente diferentes tipos de mecanismos e permite que o projeto de suas configurações seja executado de forma modular, mediante um modelo orientado a objetos. Esse modelo é segmentado em Subsistemas Abstratos, os quais encerram um grupo de mecanismos de segurança e outras entidades relevantes do sistema ¿ incluindo seus diferentes tipos de mecanismo e as inter-relações recíprocas entre eles. Uma ferramenta de software apóia a abordagem, oferecendo um diagrama para edição de modelos que inclui técnicas de visualização de foco e contexto. Essas técnicas são particularmente adaptadas para cenários de larga escala, possibilitando ao usuário a especificação de certa parte do sistema sem perder de vista o contexto maior no qual essa parte se encaixa. Após a conclusão da modelagem, a ferramenta deriva automaticamente parâmetros de configuração para cada mecanismo de segurança do sistema, em um processo denominado refinamento de políticas. Os principais resultados deste trabalho podem ser sumarizados nos seguintes pontos: (i) uma técnica de modelagem uniforme e escalável para o gerenciamento de sistemas de segurança em ambientes complexos e de larga escala; (ii) um processo para o projeto de configurações apoiado por uma ferramenta que inclui técnicas de foco e contexto para melhor visualização e manipulação de grandes modelos; (iii) uma abordagem formal para a validação do processo de refinamento de políticas / Abstract: The security mechanisms employed in current networked environments are increasingly complex, and their configuration management has an important role for the protection of these environments. Especially in large scale networks, security administrators are faced with the challenge of designing, deploying, maintaining and monitoring a huge number of mechanisms, most of which have complicated and heterogeneous configuration syntaxes. Consequently, configuration errors are nowadays a frequent cause of security vulnerabilities. This work offers an approach to the configuration management of network security systems specially suited to the needs of the complex environments of today¿s organizations. The approach relies upon the Model-Based Management (MBM) paradigm and includes a modelling framework that allows the design of security systems to be performed in a modular fashion, by means of an object-oriented model. This model is segmented into logical units (so-called Abstract Subsystems) that enclose a group of security mechanisms and other relevant system entities, offering a more abstract representation of them. In this manner, the administrator is able to design a security system¿including its different mechanism types and their mutual relations¿by means of an abstract and uniform modelling technique. A software tool supports the approach, offering a diagram editor for models, which includes focus and context visualization techniques. These techniques are particularly suitable to large scale scenarios, enabling a designer to precisely specify a given part of the system without losing the picture of the context to which this part belongs. After the model is complete, the tool automatically derives configuration parameters for each security mechanism in the system, in a process called policy refinement. The major results of this work can be summarised as follows: (i) definition of a uniform and scalable object-oriented modelling framework for the configuration management of large, complex network security systems; (ii) development of a configuration design process assistes by a tool that implements focus and context techniques to improve visualization and manipulation of large models; (iii) a formal validation approach of the policy refinement process / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Orientadores: Eliane Martins, Ricardo de Oliveira Anido / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T04:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morais_AndersonNunesPaiva.pdf: 1792317 bytes, checksum: e8304b24c7765a959814665bcaff15c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos uma proposta de geração de ataques para testes de protocolos de segurança. O objetivo é detectar vulnerabilidades de um protocolo, que um atacante pode explorar para causar falhas de segurança. Nossa proposta usa um injetor de falhas para emular um atacante que possui total controle do sistema de comunicação. Como o sucesso dos testes depende principalmente dos ataques injetados, nós propomos uma abordagem baseada em modelos para a geração de ataques. O modelo representa ataques conhecidos e reportados do protocolo sob teste. A partir deste modelo, cenários de ataque são gerados. Os cenários estão em um formato que é independente do injetor de falhas usado. Usando refinamentos e transformações, pode-se converter a descrição do cenário de ataque em scripts específicos do injetor de falhas. A proposta pode ser completamente apoiada por ferramentas de software. Nós ilustramos o uso da proposta com um estudo de caso, um protocolo de segurança para dispositivos móveis / Abstract: We present an attack injection approach for security protocols testing. The goal is to uncover protocol vulnerabilities that an attacker can exploit to cause security failures. Our approach uses a fault injector to emulate an attacker that has control over the communication system. Since the success of the tests depends greatly on the attacks injected, we propose a model-based approach for attack generation. The model represents reported known attacks to the protocol under test. From this model, attack scenarios are generated. The scenarios are in a format that is independent of the fault injector used. Using refinements and transformations, the abstract scenario specification can be converted to the specific fault injector scripts. The approach can be completely supported by tools. We illustrate the use of the approach in a case study, a security protocol for mobile devices / Universidade Estadual de Campi / Tolerancia a Falhas / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientador: Edmundo Roberto Mauro Madeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T00:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stroeh_Kleber_M.pdf: 2516792 bytes, checksum: c036c25bc2fd2e2815780d3a5fedfde0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Organizações enfrentam o desafio crescente de garantir a segurança da informação junto às suas infraestruturas tecnológicas. Abordagens estáticas à segurança, como a defesa de perímetros, têm se mostrado pouco eficazes num novo cenário marcado pelo aumento da complexidade dos sistemas _ e conseqüentemente de suas vulnerabilidades - e pela evolução e automatização de ataques. Por outro lado, a detecção dinâmica de ataques por meio de IDSs (Intrusion Detection Systems) apresenta um número demasiadamente elevado de falsos positivos. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem para coleta e normalização, e fusão e classificação de alertas de segurança. Tal abordagem envolve a coleta de alertas de diferentes fontes, e sua normalização segundo modelo de representação padronizado - IDMEF (Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format). Os alertas normalizados são agrupados em meta-alertas (fusão ou agrupamento), os quais são classificados _ através de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina _ entre ataques e alarmes falsos. Uma implementação desta abordagem foi testada junto aos dados do desafio DARPA e Scan of the Month, contando com três implementações distintas de classificadores (SVM - Support Vector Machine -, Rede Bayesiana e Árvore de Decisão), bem como uma coletânea (ensemble) de SVM com Rede Bayesiana, atingindo resultados bastante relevantes. / Abstract: Organizations face the ever growing challenge of providing security within their IT infrastructures. Static approaches to security, such as perimetral defense, have proven less than effective in a new scenario characterized by increasingly complex systems _ and, therefore, more vulnerable - and by the evolution and automation of cyber attacks. Moreover, dynamic detection of attacks through IDSs (Instrusion Detection Systems ) presents too many false positives to be effective. This work presents an approach to collect and normalize, as well as to fuse and classify security alerts. This approach involves collecting alerts from different sources and normalizing them according to standardized structures - IDMEF (Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format ). The normalized alerts are grouped into meta-alerts (fusion or clustering), which are later classified - through machine learning techniques _ into attacks or false alarms. An implementation of this approach is tested against DARPA Challenge and Scan of the Month, using three different classification techniques, as well as an ensemble of SVM and Bayesian Network, having achieved very relevant results. / Mestrado / Redes de Computadores / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientadores: Mario Jino, Paulo Licio de Geus / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gregio_AndreRicardoAbed_D.pdf: 5158672 bytes, checksum: 12a24da95543bac78fd3f047f7415314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Ataques envolvendo programas maliciosos (malware) s~ao a grande ameaça atual _a segurança de sistemas. Assim, a motivação desta tese _e estudar o comportamento de malware e como este pode ser utilizado para fins de defesa. O principal mecanismo utilizado para defesa contra malware _e o antivírus (AV). Embora seu propósito seja detectar (e remover) programas maliciosos de máquinas infectadas, os resultados desta detecção provêem, para usuários e analistas, informações insuficientes sobre o processo de infecção realizado pelo malware. Além disso, não há um padrão de esquema de nomenclatura para atribuir, de maneira consistente, nomes de identificação para exemplares de malware detectados, tornando difícil a sua classificação. De modo a prover um esquema de nomenclatura para malware e melhorar a qualidade dos resultados produzidos por sistemas de análise dinâmica de malware, propõe-se, nesta tese, uma taxonomia de malware com base nos comportamentos potencialmente perigosos observados durante vários anos de análise de exemplares encontrados em campo. A meta principal desta taxonomia _e ser clara, de simples manutenção e extensão, e englobar tipos gerais de malware (worms, bots, spyware). A taxonomia proposta introduz quatro classes e seus respectivos comportamentos de alto nível, os quais representam atividades potencialmente perigosas. Para avaliá-la, foram utilizados mais de 12 mil exemplares únicos de malware pertencentes a diferentes classes (atribuídas por antivírus). Outras contribuições provenientes desta tese incluem um breve histórico dos programas maliciosos e um levantamento das taxonomias que tratam de tipos específicos de malware; o desenvolvimento de um sistema de análise dinâmica para extrair pefis comportamentais de malware; a especializa- _c~ao da taxonomia para lidar com exemplares de malware que roubam informações (stealers), conhecidos como bankers, a implementação de ferramentas de visualização para interagir com traços de execução de malware e, finalmente, a introdução de uma técnica de agrupamento baseada nos valores escritos por malware na memória e nos registradores / Abstract: Attacks involving malicious software (malware) are the major current threats to systems security. The motivation behind this thesis is to study malware behavior with that purpose. The main mechanism used for defending against malware is the antivirus (AV) tool. Although the purpose of an AV is to detect (and remove) malicious programs from infected machines, this detection usually provides insufficient information for users and analysts regarding the malware infection process. Furthermore, there is no standard naming scheme for consistently labeling detected malware, making the malware classification process harder. To provide a meaningful naming scheme, as well as to improve the quality of results produced by dynamic analysis systems, we propose a malware taxonomy based on potentially dangerous behaviors observed during several years of analysis of malware found in the wild. The main goal of the taxonomy is, in addition to being simple to understand, extend and maintain, to embrace general types of malware (e.g., worms, bots, spyware). Our behavior-centric malware taxonomy introduces four classes and their respective high-level behaviors that represent potentially dangerous activities. We applied our taxonomy to more than 12 thousand unique malware samples from different classes (assigned by AV scanners) to show that it is useful to better understand malware infections and to aid in malware-related incident response procedures. Other contributions of our work are: a brief history of malware and a survey of taxonomies that address specific malware types; a dynamic analysis system to extract behavioral profiles from malware; specialization of our taxonomy to handle information stealers known as bankers; proposal of visualization tools to interact with malware execution traces and, finally, a clustering technique based on values that malware writes into memory or registers / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Le cloud computing, solution souple et peu couteuse, est aujourd'hui largement adopté pour la production à grande échelle de services IT. Toutefois, des utilisateurs malveillants tirent parti de ces caractéristiques pour bénéficier d'une plate-forme d'attaque prête à l'emploi dotée d'une puissance colossale. Parmi les plus grands bénéficiaires de cette conversion en vecteur d’attaque, les botclouds sont utilisés pour perpétrer des attaques de déni de service distribuées (DDoS) envers tout tiers connecté à Internet.Si les attaques de ce type, perpétrées par des botnets ont été largement étudiées par le passé, leur mode opératoire et leur contexte de mise en œuvre sont ici différents et nécessitent de nouvelles solutions. Pour ce faire, nous proposons dans le travail de thèse exposé dans ce manuscrit, une approche distribuée pour la détection à la source d'attaques DDoS perpétrées par des machines virtuelles hébergées dans un cloud public. Nous présentons tout d'abord une étude expérimentale qui a consisté à mettre en œuvre deux botclouds dans un environnement de déploiement quasi-réel hébergeant une charge légitime. L’analyse des données collectées permet de déduire des invariants comportementaux qui forment le socle d'un système de détection à base de signature, fondé sur une analyse en composantes principales. Enfin, pour satisfaire au support du facteur d'échelle, nous proposons une solution de distribution de notre détecteur sur la base d'un réseau de recouvrement pair à pair structuré qui forme une architecture hiérarchique d'agrégation décentralisée / Currently, cloud computing is a flexible and cost-effective solution widely adopted for the large-scale production of IT services. However, beyond a main legitimate usage, malicious users take advantage of these features in order to get a ready-to-use attack platform, offering a massive power. Among the greatest beneficiaries of this cloud conversion into an attack support, botclouds are used to perpetrate Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks toward any third party connected to the Internet.Although such attacks, when perpetrated by botnets, have been extensively studied in the past, their operations and their implementation context are different herein and thus require new solutions. In order to achieve such a goal, we propose in the thesis work presented in this manuscript, a distributed approach for a source-based detection of DDoS attacks perpetrated by virtual machines hosted in a public cloud. Firstly, we present an experimental study that consists in the implementation of two botclouds in a real deployment environment hosting a legitimate workload. The analysis of the collected data allows the deduction of behavioural invariants that form the basis of a signature based detection system. Then, we present in the following a detection system based on the identification of principal components of the deployed botclouds. Finally, in order to deal with the scalability issues, we propose a distributed solution of our detection system, which relies on a mesh peer-to- peer architecture resulting from the overlap of several overlay trees

M.Tech. / Service Oriented Architecture has many advantages. For example, organisations can align business with Information Technology, reuse the developed functionality, reduce development and maintain cost for applications. Organisations adopt Service Oriented Architecture with the aim of automating and integrating business processes. However, it has information security vulnerabilities that should be considered. For example, applications exchange information across the Internet, where it can be tampered with. Information security is therefore one of the crucial qualities that need to be satisfied within information systems. This dissertation addresses the issue of information security within Service Oriented Architecture applications. Some organisations rely on Service Oriented Architecture governance tools when securing information in their Service Oriented Architecture environment. However, they may purchase them without investigating whether they include information security. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse whether these tools include information security. Each tool is benchmarked against the five information security services, defined by the ISO 7498/2 document and including identification and authentication, authorisation, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. The dissertation concludes with a table summarising the results. This dissertation offers decision-makers information that can assist them in analysing whether Service Oriented Architecture governance tools includes information security. It also assists organisations to be aware of security vulnerabilities within Service Oriented Architecture applications, and the consequences that may arise if information security measures are ignored.