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Using information technology is integral living in a modern world. It lets us search for necessary information. School is the place where people obtain this competence. To pursue this objective school uses computer-based teaching programs. “Akis M” is one of the commonly used for teaching geography at school. This interactive program has thematic Lithuanian maps and database of related information. First part of this work is dedicated to examine all available handbooks intended for teaching Lithuanian geography and all available illustrations in them. Referring to Lithuanian geography syllabus and handbooks I developed visual database for teaching program “Akis M” In order to develop this visual database I chose to use landscape of Vilnius region as a basis. Landscape is made of several parts: relief, soil, weather, flora and fauna and human impact. All these parts form our environment. Second part of this work is assigned to analyze existing teaching program “Akis M2” propose new functions and new development. One of which is visual database of Vilnius region landscapes. After scrutinizing landscapes of Vilnius district visualization scheme was created. With reference to this scheme visual data was collected. All of seven landscapes in Vilnius district were visualized. Four of them, covering most of Vilnius region, are visualized with most places. Other three have less visualization places. Using “Arc View” software map of landscapes was created. This map and related... [to full text]

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a eficácia dos componentes de um tutorial computadorizado sobre o desempenho dos participantes na realização de tentativas discretas. Foi realizada uma replicação do estudo de Faggiani (2014). A presente pesquisa foi conduzida com oito estudantes de graduação de Psicologia de uma faculdade pública (Experimento I) e outros dois estudantes de graduação (Experimento II). Os participantes foram submetidos a um tutorial computadorizado, contendo animações, vídeo-modelação e textos contendo conceitos, com o objetivo de ensinar tentativas discretas de emparelhamento de identidade. No Experimento I, os participantes foram divididos em quatro grupos e submetidos a quatro módulos (Ensino Teórico, Vídeo-Modelação, Observação de Correção e Identificação de Erros), em ordens diferentes. As ordens de apresentação dos módulos de ensino foram alteradas entre grupo de participantes, de forma a avaliar a efetividade de cada um dos módulos no ensino de procedimentos de tentativa discreta. Após cada um dos módulos, o desempenho dos participantes era avaliado em um pós-teste com o experimentador atuando como uma criança com autismo. Ao atingir critério de 100% de acertos, os participantes realizavam uma fase de follow up. Caso não fosse atingido critério após o tutorial, o participante realizava uma fase de ensino presencial. Foi realizado um delineamento de linha de base múltipla em cada Grupo. Durante o procedimento, os participantes não foram ensinados a realizar imitação motora, entretanto era permitido que lessem a folhas-resumo com os passos da tentativa-discreta de emparelhamento e imitação antes de cada teste. O Experimento II avaliou os efeitos das folhas-resumo com os passos das tentativas discretas sobre o desempenho de dois participantes. Os resultados demonstram que sete de oito participantes aprenderam a realizar tentativas discretas no Experimento I. Os grupos que realizaram inicialmente os módulos de Identificação de Erros e Observação da Correção apresentaram melhor desempenho inicial, entretanto foi necessário que a maioria dos participantes realizasse dois ou mais módulos para desempenhar com 100% de acerto. As folhas-resumo contribuiram para o desempenho dos participantes, entretanto demonstraram ser insuficientes para que a aprendizagem de tentativas discretas, quando apresentadas de forma isolada / The goal of the current study was to analyse the efficacy of different components on a computer-based-tutorial on the performance of the application of discrete trials. A replication of Faggianis study (2014) was performed. The present research was conducted with eight undergraduate psychology students from one public college (Experiment I) and two other undergraduate students (Experiment II). The participants were exposed to a computer-based-tutorial containing animations, video-modeling and teorical teaching, with the objective of teaching on how to implement discrete trials of matching to sample and motor imitation. On Experiment I, the participants were divided in four groups and exposed to four experimental conditions (teorical teaching, video modelling, observation of correction and error identification), in different orders. The order in which the experimental conditions were presented were randomized between groups of participants, so it was possible to evaluate the efficiency of each condition in teaching discrete trials. After each experimental condition, the performance of the participant was evaluated in a test with the experimenter acting as a child with autism. When the participant fulfilled the 100% correct response criterion, he was conducted to a follow-up phase. If the criteria was not met after the tutorial, the participant performed a presential teaching phase. A multiple baseline design was used in each group. During procedure, the participants were not taught on how to implement motor imitation trials, however they were allowed to read a summary sheet containing steps on how to perform matching to sample and motor imitation trials before each test. The Experiment II evaluated the effect of the summary sheet containing components of the discrete trial on the performance of two participants. The results showed that seven of eight participants learned how to perform discrete trials of matching in Experiment I. The groups that initially performed the Error Identification and Observation of Correction modules presented better initial performance, however, it was necessary for most participants to perform two or more modules to perform with 100% performance. The summary sheets contributed to the performance of the participants, however they proved to be insufficient for the learning of discrete trials, when presented without the modules

<p>One of the most important aspects of music performance is the expression of emotions, yet research has suggested that this skill is neglected in music education. The aim of this thesis was thus to develop and test a novel and empirically-based approach to teaching emotional expression in music performance.</p><p>Study I explored the nature of instrumental teaching in its natural context, with a focus on emotional expression. Although there were individual differences among teachers, a common feature was a lack of clear goals, specific tasks, systematic teaching patterns, and informative feedback.</p><p>Study II presented and tested a computer program that analyzes music performances and offers informative feedback, including specific suggestions on how to enhance the emotional expression. Performers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) feedback from the computer program, (2) feedback from music teachers, and (3) repetition without feedback. The results indicated the greatest improvements in communication accuracy for the computer feedback group, but although the computer program was rated as easy to understand and use, performers did not want to use it in the future.</p><p>Study III explored whether the negative views towards the computer program were due to negative attitudes towards computers or a dislike of the characteristics of the actual feedback contents. Results from a deception experiment revealed that the mere belief that the feedback derived from a teacher yielded higher quality ratings, but so did also feedback that did indeed derive from a teacher. The latter feedback was perceived as more detailed.</p><p>The thesis shows that it is possible for performers to improve their abilities to express emotions through computer-assisted teaching, but suggests that the feedback may benefit from including human-like aspects such as encouragement, examples, and explanations in order to make it more attractive in the eyes of its potential users.</p>

One of the most important aspects of music performance is the expression of emotions, yet research has suggested that this skill is neglected in music education. The aim of this thesis was thus to develop and test a novel and empirically-based approach to teaching emotional expression in music performance. Study I explored the nature of instrumental teaching in its natural context, with a focus on emotional expression. Although there were individual differences among teachers, a common feature was a lack of clear goals, specific tasks, systematic teaching patterns, and informative feedback. Study II presented and tested a computer program that analyzes music performances and offers informative feedback, including specific suggestions on how to enhance the emotional expression. Performers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) feedback from the computer program, (2) feedback from music teachers, and (3) repetition without feedback. The results indicated the greatest improvements in communication accuracy for the computer feedback group, but although the computer program was rated as easy to understand and use, performers did not want to use it in the future. Study III explored whether the negative views towards the computer program were due to negative attitudes towards computers or a dislike of the characteristics of the actual feedback contents. Results from a deception experiment revealed that the mere belief that the feedback derived from a teacher yielded higher quality ratings, but so did also feedback that did indeed derive from a teacher. The latter feedback was perceived as more detailed. The thesis shows that it is possible for performers to improve their abilities to express emotions through computer-assisted teaching, but suggests that the feedback may benefit from including human-like aspects such as encouragement, examples, and explanations in order to make it more attractive in the eyes of its potential users.

A Terapia ABA é a forma de tratar indivíduos autistas que tem apresentado melhores resultados. O arranjo de ensino mais utilizado é a tentativa discreta, que tem sido ensinada a profissionais por meio do Behavioral Skills Training, um pacote de ensino presencial. O ensino computadorizado tem sido estudado como uma alternativa por ser mais econômico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de diferentes componentes de um tutorial computadorizado, ECoTed, sobre o desempenho dos participantes na realização de tentativas discretas de emparelhamento de identidade e imitação motora. Foram realizados três experimentos. No Experimento I, seis estudantes de Psicologia foram submetidos a um tutorial com quatro condições experimentais, ou tipos de ensino: ensino teórico, vídeo-modelação, observação de correção, identificação de erros. Após a Linha de Base, os participantes passaram por ensino teórico. Depois, foram divididos em três Grupos; cada Grupo passou pelas condições experimentais restantes em ordens diferentes. Se no teste realizado após cada condição o participante atingisse o critério de 100% de acertos, ia para o follow up; caso não cumprisse o critério após o tutorial, era ensinado presencialmente. Os dados foram coletados com o participante realizando tentativas discretas com um ator. Foi realizado um delineamento de linha de base múltipla em cada Grupo. A imitação motora não era ensinada; no entanto, antes de cada teste os participantes estudavam folhas-resumo que listavam os passos de realização dos dois tipos de tentativas discretas. Cinco participantes obtiveram mais de 90% de acertos após ensino teórico e 100% de acertos nos dois tipos de tentativa discreta após as outras condições. Os resultados foram mantidos no follow up. Na literatura, os participantes atingiam 90% de acertos após vídeo-modelação; no presente experimento alcançaram esses resultados apenas com ensino teórico. Para verificar se a escolaridade foi relevante nos resultados, o Experimento II foi realizado. Um participante não universitário e não formado passou pelas condições experimentais na mesma ordem do Grupo 1 do Experimento I. Seus resultados foram semelhantes aos dos participantes do primeiro experimento. O Experimento III foi realizado para investigar a efetividade das animações do ensino teórico. Dois participantes foram submetidos às seguintes condições: ensino teórico sem animações, ensino teórico e vídeo-modelação. Ambos os participantes obtiveram 80% de acertos em emparelhamento de identidade após o ensino sem animações, indicando que esta variável não foi relevante. Oito dos nove participantes dos três experimentos aprenderam a realizar os dois tipos de tentativas discretas após o ECoTed, sugerindo sua efetividade. Sendo que esses participantes obtiveram mais de 80% de acertos após ensino teórico, não foi possível avaliar a efetividade dos outros tipos de ensino. Os resultados após ensino teórico podem estar ligados a uma possível menor exigência ao comportamento dos participantes neste experimento em relação aos demais. A organização do ensino teórico, em que os conceitos eram definidos simultaneamente à demonstração de sua aplicação, pode ter produzido os resultados obtidos. Novos estudos podem investigar a efetividade do ECoTed com pais de crianças autistas e o desempenho dos participantes ao ensinarem diretamente crianças autistas / ABA Therapy is the treatment for autistic people that has been presenting the best results. The most commonly used teaching arrangement is the discrete trial, which has been taught to professionals through the Behavioral Skills Training, a teacher-dependent package. Computer-based teaching has been studied as an alternative because it is more affordable. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of different components of a computer-based tutorial, ECoTed, on the performance of participants in the implementation of discrete trials of identity matching and motor imitation. Three experiments were conducted. In Experiment I, six Psychology students were exposed to a tutorial with four experimental conditions, or kinds of teaching: theoretical teaching, video-modeling, observation of corrections and error identification. After the baseline, the participants went through theoretical teaching. Then, they were divided in three groups; each of them went through the remaining conditions in different orders. If the participant fulfilled the 100% correct responses criterion in any of the tests that took place after each condition, s/he was conducted to the follow up phase; if the criterion was not reached after the tutorial, the participant was directly taught by the experimenter. All the data were collected in a setting in which the participant implemented discrete trials with an actor. A multiple baseline design was used in each group. Motor imitation was not taught; however, before each test the participants were allowed to study a summary sheet, which listed all the steps for the implementation of both kinds of the discrete trials. Five participants had more than 90% correct responses after theoretical teaching and 100% correct responses after the other experimental conditions. Results were similar in the follow up. In other studies, participants reached 90% of correct responses after having been through video-modeling; in the present study, participants reached that result after theoretical teaching only. In order to verify if the education level was relevant, Experiment II was conducted. A non-university and non-graduate participant went through the same conditions as the participants from Group 1 of Experiment I. His results were similar to the performance of the participants of the first experiment. Experiment III was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of of theoretical teaching animations. Two participants were exposed to the following conditions: theoretical teaching without animation, theoretical teaching and video-modeling. Both participants had more than 80% correct responses in the identity matching task after theoretical teaching without animation; which suggests that such variable was not relevant. Eight of nine participants of the three experiments learned how to implement both kinds of discrete trials after the ECoTed, which suggests its effectiveness. Given that these participants had more than 80% correct responses after the theoretical teaching, it was not possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the other kinds of teaching. The results after theoretical teaching can be linked to a lower demand on the behavior of participants in comparison to other studies. Theoretical teaching organization, in which the concepts were defined while its application was shown, might have produced the results. New studies might investigate the effectiveness of ECoTed with parents of autistic children and the performance of participants when teaching autistic children

Este trabalho é um estudo de viabilidade e desenvolvimento de interface baseada em mundo virtual tridimensional para ambientes de aprendizagem. As principais características desta interface são: a) construída em plataforma aberta (OpenSim) compatível com a plataforma proprietária do Second LifeTM (SL); b) mapeamento automático e interoperabilidade entre o LMS (Learning Management System) convencional bidimensional com o mundo virtual tridimensional, permitindo aos usuários acessarem os recursos indistintamente da interface 2D ou 3D. Este estudo teve como preceitos que educadores e designers instrucionais não precisem se preocupar em aprender um novo ambiente, podendo continuar a utilizar o LMS convencional, enquanto que os estudantes interessados podem entrar e participar das atividades on-line, usando essa nova interface. O trabalho deu continuidade ao projeto Ae-3D desenvolvido pelo Interlab-USP, dentro do Programa Tecnologia da Informação no Desenvolvimento da Internet Avançada - Aprendizado Eletrônico (Tidia-Ae) da FAPESP, substituindo-se o SL pela plataforma OpenSim. Como prova de conceito foram implementadas as seguintes funcionalidades/recursos no ambiente OpenSim: login, controle de disciplinas, avisos e chat 3D. / This work is an study of viability and development analysis to apply 3D virtual worlds as alternative access interface for virtual learning environments. The main features of this interface are: a) built on opensource platform (OpenSim) compatible with the proprietary platform of Second LifeTM (SL); b) automatic mapping and interoperability between the conventional Learning Management System (LMS) with bidimensional interface and the 3D virtual world, allowing users access to resources on either ways, through 2D or 3D interface. This study has as precepts that instructional designers and educators would not need to learn to manipulate a new environment and can continue using the conventional LMS, while interested students can enter into the online classes through the 3D Interface. The research described here presents itself as a continuation of Ae-3D project, developed into the program from FAPESP called \"Tecnologia da Informação no Desenvolvimento da Internet Avançada - Aprendizado Eletrônico (Tidia-Ae)\", replacing the SL with the OpenSim platform. A software module was implemented as proof of concept, making available the following functionalities/resources within the OpenSim environment: login, disciplines control, announcements and 3D Chat.

Este trabalho é um estudo de viabilidade e desenvolvimento de interface baseada em mundo virtual tridimensional para ambientes de aprendizagem. As principais características desta interface são: a) construída em plataforma aberta (OpenSim) compatível com a plataforma proprietária do Second LifeTM (SL); b) mapeamento automático e interoperabilidade entre o LMS (Learning Management System) convencional bidimensional com o mundo virtual tridimensional, permitindo aos usuários acessarem os recursos indistintamente da interface 2D ou 3D. Este estudo teve como preceitos que educadores e designers instrucionais não precisem se preocupar em aprender um novo ambiente, podendo continuar a utilizar o LMS convencional, enquanto que os estudantes interessados podem entrar e participar das atividades on-line, usando essa nova interface. O trabalho deu continuidade ao projeto Ae-3D desenvolvido pelo Interlab-USP, dentro do Programa Tecnologia da Informação no Desenvolvimento da Internet Avançada - Aprendizado Eletrônico (Tidia-Ae) da FAPESP, substituindo-se o SL pela plataforma OpenSim. Como prova de conceito foram implementadas as seguintes funcionalidades/recursos no ambiente OpenSim: login, controle de disciplinas, avisos e chat 3D. / This work is an study of viability and development analysis to apply 3D virtual worlds as alternative access interface for virtual learning environments. The main features of this interface are: a) built on opensource platform (OpenSim) compatible with the proprietary platform of Second LifeTM (SL); b) automatic mapping and interoperability between the conventional Learning Management System (LMS) with bidimensional interface and the 3D virtual world, allowing users access to resources on either ways, through 2D or 3D interface. This study has as precepts that instructional designers and educators would not need to learn to manipulate a new environment and can continue using the conventional LMS, while interested students can enter into the online classes through the 3D Interface. The research described here presents itself as a continuation of Ae-3D project, developed into the program from FAPESP called \"Tecnologia da Informação no Desenvolvimento da Internet Avançada - Aprendizado Eletrônico (Tidia-Ae)\", replacing the SL with the OpenSim platform. A software module was implemented as proof of concept, making available the following functionalities/resources within the OpenSim environment: login, disciplines control, announcements and 3D Chat.

A Terapia ABA é a forma de tratar indivíduos autistas que tem apresentado melhores resultados. O arranjo de ensino mais utilizado é a tentativa discreta, que tem sido ensinada a profissionais por meio do Behavioral Skills Training, um pacote de ensino presencial. O ensino computadorizado tem sido estudado como uma alternativa por ser mais econômico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito de diferentes componentes de um tutorial computadorizado, ECoTed, sobre o desempenho dos participantes na realização de tentativas discretas de emparelhamento de identidade e imitação motora. Foram realizados três experimentos. No Experimento I, seis estudantes de Psicologia foram submetidos a um tutorial com quatro condições experimentais, ou tipos de ensino: ensino teórico, vídeo-modelação, observação de correção, identificação de erros. Após a Linha de Base, os participantes passaram por ensino teórico. Depois, foram divididos em três Grupos; cada Grupo passou pelas condições experimentais restantes em ordens diferentes. Se no teste realizado após cada condição o participante atingisse o critério de 100% de acertos, ia para o follow up; caso não cumprisse o critério após o tutorial, era ensinado presencialmente. Os dados foram coletados com o participante realizando tentativas discretas com um ator. Foi realizado um delineamento de linha de base múltipla em cada Grupo. A imitação motora não era ensinada; no entanto, antes de cada teste os participantes estudavam folhas-resumo que listavam os passos de realização dos dois tipos de tentativas discretas. Cinco participantes obtiveram mais de 90% de acertos após ensino teórico e 100% de acertos nos dois tipos de tentativa discreta após as outras condições. Os resultados foram mantidos no follow up. Na literatura, os participantes atingiam 90% de acertos após vídeo-modelação; no presente experimento alcançaram esses resultados apenas com ensino teórico. Para verificar se a escolaridade foi relevante nos resultados, o Experimento II foi realizado. Um participante não universitário e não formado passou pelas condições experimentais na mesma ordem do Grupo 1 do Experimento I. Seus resultados foram semelhantes aos dos participantes do primeiro experimento. O Experimento III foi realizado para investigar a efetividade das animações do ensino teórico. Dois participantes foram submetidos às seguintes condições: ensino teórico sem animações, ensino teórico e vídeo-modelação. Ambos os participantes obtiveram 80% de acertos em emparelhamento de identidade após o ensino sem animações, indicando que esta variável não foi relevante. Oito dos nove participantes dos três experimentos aprenderam a realizar os dois tipos de tentativas discretas após o ECoTed, sugerindo sua efetividade. Sendo que esses participantes obtiveram mais de 80% de acertos após ensino teórico, não foi possível avaliar a efetividade dos outros tipos de ensino. Os resultados após ensino teórico podem estar ligados a uma possível menor exigência ao comportamento dos participantes neste experimento em relação aos demais. A organização do ensino teórico, em que os conceitos eram definidos simultaneamente à demonstração de sua aplicação, pode ter produzido os resultados obtidos. Novos estudos podem investigar a efetividade do ECoTed com pais de crianças autistas e o desempenho dos participantes ao ensinarem diretamente crianças autistas / ABA Therapy is the treatment for autistic people that has been presenting the best results. The most commonly used teaching arrangement is the discrete trial, which has been taught to professionals through the Behavioral Skills Training, a teacher-dependent package. Computer-based teaching has been studied as an alternative because it is more affordable. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of different components of a computer-based tutorial, ECoTed, on the performance of participants in the implementation of discrete trials of identity matching and motor imitation. Three experiments were conducted. In Experiment I, six Psychology students were exposed to a tutorial with four experimental conditions, or kinds of teaching: theoretical teaching, video-modeling, observation of corrections and error identification. After the baseline, the participants went through theoretical teaching. Then, they were divided in three groups; each of them went through the remaining conditions in different orders. If the participant fulfilled the 100% correct responses criterion in any of the tests that took place after each condition, s/he was conducted to the follow up phase; if the criterion was not reached after the tutorial, the participant was directly taught by the experimenter. All the data were collected in a setting in which the participant implemented discrete trials with an actor. A multiple baseline design was used in each group. Motor imitation was not taught; however, before each test the participants were allowed to study a summary sheet, which listed all the steps for the implementation of both kinds of the discrete trials. Five participants had more than 90% correct responses after theoretical teaching and 100% correct responses after the other experimental conditions. Results were similar in the follow up. In other studies, participants reached 90% of correct responses after having been through video-modeling; in the present study, participants reached that result after theoretical teaching only. In order to verify if the education level was relevant, Experiment II was conducted. A non-university and non-graduate participant went through the same conditions as the participants from Group 1 of Experiment I. His results were similar to the performance of the participants of the first experiment. Experiment III was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of of theoretical teaching animations. Two participants were exposed to the following conditions: theoretical teaching without animation, theoretical teaching and video-modeling. Both participants had more than 80% correct responses in the identity matching task after theoretical teaching without animation; which suggests that such variable was not relevant. Eight of nine participants of the three experiments learned how to implement both kinds of discrete trials after the ECoTed, which suggests its effectiveness. Given that these participants had more than 80% correct responses after the theoretical teaching, it was not possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the other kinds of teaching. The results after theoretical teaching can be linked to a lower demand on the behavior of participants in comparison to other studies. Theoretical teaching organization, in which the concepts were defined while its application was shown, might have produced the results. New studies might investigate the effectiveness of ECoTed with parents of autistic children and the performance of participants when teaching autistic children