Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a popular autologous biological therapy used for the treatment of various equine ailments, including tendon and ligament injuries, osteoarthritis, and cutaneous wounds. A number of commercial products are available for producing PRP, each generating a slightly different product. Variations in platelet numbers and white blood cell (WBC) counts are believed to be the most critical variables, as they are directly related to concentrations of growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Accurate documentation of platelet numbers is essential for prospective evaluation of clinical outcomes, but can be problematic in platelet concentrates depending on the counting method employed. The objectives of this study were to compare the performance of four platelet counting technologies in equine platelet concentrates and to evaluate the ability of the Magellan PRP system to concentrate equine platelets. We hypothesized that there would be no differences in platelet counts among the four counting technologies and that the Magellan system would generate platelet concentrations greater than 500,000/μL. Citrated whole blood was collected from 32 horses and platelet, WBC, and red blood cell concentrations were measured using a commercial hematology analyzer (Advia 2120) prior to preparation of PRP using the Magellan system. Platelets were quantified in individual identical aliquots of equine PRP produced by the Magellan system (n=32) using three different technologies: optical scatter (Advia 2120), impedance (CellDyn 3700), and hand count using direct microscopy (Thrombo-TIC). An immunofluorescent counting method was performed on a subset of 15 of the 32 samples using a mouse monoclonal anti-sheep antibody against integrin alpha αIIbβ₃ (anti-CD41/CD61) and a fluorescent secondary antibody. Measured platelet concentrations were compared using Passing and Bablok regression analyses and mixed model ANOVA. The Magellan PRP system yielded mean (± SD) platelet and WBC counts of 893,090 ± 226,610/μL and 35,806 ± 9,971/μL, respectively. Platelet counts generated by optical scatter were consistently higher than those generated by impedance. Systematic and proportional biases were observed between these two automated methods. No bias (systematic or proportional) was observed among any of the other counting methods. Despite the bias detected between the two automated systems, there were no significant differences on average among the four counting methods evaluated, based on the ANOVA. All four platelet counting methods tested are therefore suitable for quantifying platelets in equine PRP for clinical applications. The Magellan PRP system consistently generated desirably high platelet concentrations as well as higher than expected WBC concentrations. The high platelet concentrations served as a good test medium for the study; however, the concurrent high WBC counts may be undesirable for selected orthopedic applications. / Master of Science

A utilização de processos de separação por membranas pode ser uma ferramenta eficiente para tratamento de água para abastecimento a partir de mananciais degradados. Entretanto, um dos problemas na utilização desta tecnologia é a geração do concentrado. Entre as formas de descarte deste rejeito, as mais empregadas são lançamentos sem tratamento em águas superficiais e em redes coletoras de esgoto, podendo em ambos os casos acarretar problemas. Considerando-se a tendência mundial na ampliação do uso da tecnologia de separação por membranas no tratamento de água para abastecimento, o presente trabalho, fez uma investigação para clarificação deste concentrado, antes do seu descarte, o qual apresentou valores médios de 177 uC de cor, 12 mg/L de COT e 0,218 cm-1 de UV, tratando água da Represa de Guarapiranga, São Paulo. O concentrado foi submetido a um tratamento físico-químico para sua clarificação, obtendo remoções médias de 90% de cor, 70% de UV254 e 60% de COT, alcançando valores próximos aos da água bruta do manancial utilizado, indicando a possibilidade de aumentar a produção do sistema de membranas, passando de 90% para, aproximadamente, 99%, otimizando o uso do manancial de abastecimento. / Membrane separation processes has become an important technology for treatment of drinking water from the degraded water supply. However, one problem of this technology is the generation of concentrated. In general, these wastes are discharge untreated in surface water and sewage collection networks, in both cases can be a risk to environmental and public health. Considering the global increasing to treat drinking water by membrane separation technology, this work was carried out aimed to clarify the concentrated before disposal. The concentrate, which was derived from the treatment of water Guarapiranga reservoir (São Paulo), presented average values of color, UV and TOC the 177 uC, 12 mg C/L e 0,218 cm-1 respectively. The concentrate was clarify by a physical-chemical treatment, obtaining a satisfactory removals of color, UV254 and TOC with average removals the 90%, 70% and 60% respectively. These values are close to the source of raw water used, which indicate the possibility to increasing the production of the membranes system, from 90% to approximately 99%, optimizing the use of water source.

A utilização de processos de separação por membranas pode ser uma ferramenta eficiente para tratamento de água para abastecimento a partir de mananciais degradados. Entretanto, um dos problemas na utilização desta tecnologia é a geração do concentrado. Entre as formas de descarte deste rejeito, as mais empregadas são lançamentos sem tratamento em águas superficiais e em redes coletoras de esgoto, podendo em ambos os casos acarretar problemas. Considerando-se a tendência mundial na ampliação do uso da tecnologia de separação por membranas no tratamento de água para abastecimento, o presente trabalho, fez uma investigação para clarificação deste concentrado, antes do seu descarte, o qual apresentou valores médios de 177 uC de cor, 12 mg/L de COT e 0,218 cm-1 de UV, tratando água da Represa de Guarapiranga, São Paulo. O concentrado foi submetido a um tratamento físico-químico para sua clarificação, obtendo remoções médias de 90% de cor, 70% de UV254 e 60% de COT, alcançando valores próximos aos da água bruta do manancial utilizado, indicando a possibilidade de aumentar a produção do sistema de membranas, passando de 90% para, aproximadamente, 99%, otimizando o uso do manancial de abastecimento. / Membrane separation processes has become an important technology for treatment of drinking water from the degraded water supply. However, one problem of this technology is the generation of concentrated. In general, these wastes are discharge untreated in surface water and sewage collection networks, in both cases can be a risk to environmental and public health. Considering the global increasing to treat drinking water by membrane separation technology, this work was carried out aimed to clarify the concentrated before disposal. The concentrate, which was derived from the treatment of water Guarapiranga reservoir (São Paulo), presented average values of color, UV and TOC the 177 uC, 12 mg C/L e 0,218 cm-1 respectively. The concentrate was clarify by a physical-chemical treatment, obtaining a satisfactory removals of color, UV254 and TOC with average removals the 90%, 70% and 60% respectively. These values are close to the source of raw water used, which indicate the possibility to increasing the production of the membranes system, from 90% to approximately 99%, optimizing the use of water source.

The goal of this study was to assess how to maximize the digestibility of protein in protein beverages utilizing various protein sources, differing temperature/storage combinations, and the addition of probiotics (Bacillus coagulans). The protein sources used included 3 milk proteins and 2 plant protein sources (micellar casein, milk protein concentrate, reduced-calcium milk protein concentrate, pea protein isolate, and soy protein isolate). Soy protein isolate was chosen because it is readily available and commonly used as a plant protein alternative. Pea protein isolate was chosen because it is a non-allergen, and similarly, it is readily available. Milk protein concentrates consist of the two proteins in milk, whey protein and casein. Micellar casein is the primary protein in milk and the precursor for cheese. Casein is known as a “slow-digesting” protein whereas whey protein is known as a “fast-digesting” protein. Whey protein is readily available because it is a by-product of cheese-make, therefore it is well-researched in sports recovery beverages. For this study, micellar casein was chosen instead of whey protein to investigate its efficacy and digestibility compared to other products. Previous studies have shown MPC has good storage stability; reduced-calcium MPC is a newer product on the market, and evidence suggests improved solubility in protein beverages. Bacillus coagulans was chosen for this study because it is a widely used probiotic in food products. It is an endospore-former which makes it heat resistant; this is useful in food products that need to undergo heat treatments, like most RTD protein beverages.

Submitted by FERNANDO KASSIS CARVALHO null (kassis@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-08-29T19:23:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARVALHO, F. K. 2016-08.pdf: 932028 bytes, checksum: f12a2b32ad725d9540dd31504543e3ba (MD5) / Rejected by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-30T18:07:47Z (GMT) / Submitted by FERNANDO KASSIS CARVALHO null (kassis@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-09-02T11:58:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CARVALHO, F.K. 2016, V. Final.pdf: 1016483 bytes, checksum: cf68735a1cb9f998edf263c91e8f78d0 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-09-02T20:28:27Z (GMT) / Submitted by FERNANDO KASSIS CARVALHO null (kassis@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-09-05T12:44:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese V15 CARVALHO, F.K...pdf: 1222042 bytes, checksum: 739b1439b95a7990d14a578862e4d136 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-05T16:34:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_fk_dr_bot.pdf: 1222042 bytes, checksum: 739b1439b95a7990d14a578862e4d136 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T16:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_fk_dr_bot.pdf: 1222042 bytes, checksum: 739b1439b95a7990d14a578862e4d136 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a interferência de três tipos de formulações de inseticidas e fungicidas na tensão superficial, viscosidade e espectro de gotas de caldas de pulverização. O experimento foi conduzido na forma de um fatorial 2 x 3, duas classes de produtos fitossanitários e três tipos de formulações, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Quando recomendados em bula, adjuvantes foram adicionados às caldas de pulverização, sendo analisados separadamente daqueles tratamentos sem adjuvantes. Cada tipo de formulação foi representado por cinco produtos comerciais. As formulações utilizadas foram concentrado emulsionável (EC), suspensão concentrada (SC) e granulado dispersível (WG). As concentrações das caldas foram simuladas para uma taxa de aplicação de 50 L ha-1 e as pulverizações foram realizadas utilizando-se a ponta XR 8003VS, na pressão de 200 kPa. A formulação WG resultou nos maiores valores de tensão superficial (TS) e percentual do volume aplicado composto por gotas menores do que 100 µm (%<100 µm), e os menores valores de diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV). O acréscimo de adjuvantes à base de óleo mineral e vegetal aumentou o DMV e reduziu a amplitude relativa do espectro de gotas (AR), TS e o %<100 µm comparado aos mesmos tratamentos sem adjuvantes. A formação de emulsões, decorrentes do uso dos adjuvantes ou de formulações EC, foi mais eficaz em reduzir o %<100 µm, AR e a TS e em aumentar o DMV do que aquelas que formaram dispersões, representadas pelas formulações WG e SC de inseticidas e fungicidas. A formulação dos produtos comerciais deve ser considerada como fator para o planejamento da segurança ambiental e qualidade das aplicações, uma vez que existe um padrão de interferência das formulações de inseticidas e fungicidas avaliadas na AR, DMV, DV01, esfericidade e %<100 µm. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the interference of tree types of formulations of insecticides and fungicides on surface tension, viscosity, and droplet size spectra of spray solutions. It was conducted in a 2 x 3 factorial design, two classes of pesticides and tree types of formulations, in a completely randomized experiment. When it was prescribed on the label, adjuvants were mixed on the spray solution, but these treatments were analyzed apart from those without adjuvants. Each type of formulation was represented by five commercial products. The selected formulations types were emulsifiable concentrate (EC), suspension concentrate (SC) and water dispersible granules (WG). The concentrations of the spray solutions were calculated supposing a spray rate of 50 L ha-1 and the applications were done using a XR 8003VS nozzle, at operating pressure of 200 kPa. The WG formulation resulted on the highest surface tension (ST) and percentage of droplets smaller than 100 µm (%<100 µm), and the lowest volume median diameter (VMD). The use of mineral and vegetal oils increased the VMD and decreased the relative Span, ST and %<100 µm, compared with the respective treatments without adjuvants. The formation of emulsions, resulted from using the adjuvants or EC formulations, on the spray solutions were more efficient on decreasing the %<100 µm, RS, and ST, and on increasing VMD than those formulations that resulted on the formation of dispersions, represented by WG and SC formulations of insecticides and fungicides. Formulations of commercial pesticides may be considered an aspect for planning the protection of the environment and the quality of spray applications, once it exists a pattern of interference of the studied formulations of insecticides and fungicides on relative Span, VMD, DV01, sphericity and %<100 µm. / CAPES: 99999.003632/2015-06

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Desalination, by means of reverse osmosis (RO), in combination with other processes, can produce potable water at high recoveries. Antiscalants are generally used to reduce scaling on equipment surfaces and to improve water recovery during RO by slowing down the precipitation kinetics of sparingly soluble salts in the RO feed, thereby allowing concentration levels in the RO brine at several times the solubility limit of these salts. In addition, a fraction of the concentrate may be recycled back to the feed of the RO-membrane to improve the overall recovery, but only after the super saturated salts in the concentrate have been precipitated. The inhibitory character of the antiscalants (which are rejected into the concentrate stream) complicates the removal of salt from the concentrate and therefore prohibits such recycling. The focus of this study is aimed at properly understanding some of the parameters that influence the functionality or effectiveness of antiscalants used in high sulphate waters, with the purpose to override the effect of the antiscalant in the concentrate stream and force precipitation of the super saturated salts in solution. A batch crystallization technique, which considers the precipitation of calcium sulphate dehydrate (gypsum) from a solution of changing super saturation, was used to perform precipitation tests 1) on synthetically prepared solutions, super saturated with gypsum and 2) industrial concentrate, rich in sulphate (produced by concentrating acid mine drainage (AMD) by means of a lab scale RO unit). During batch crystallization, the precipitation process was observed by means of monitoring the depletion of calcium, using a calcium selective electrode (ISE). Deductions concerning the kinetics of precipitation were made from observing two kinetic variables (response variables) e.g. the induction time and the growth rate (tC80 – inferential variable). Two antiscalants have been evaluated in this study: a phosphonate based antiscalant (HYDREX) and a polyacrylate antiscalant (BULAB), at concentrations of 4 mg/l and 12 mg/l. The objective was to chemically and physically manipulate the antiscalant effectiveness, override its effect and force precipitation of gypsum by means of changing parameters in the system, such as the temperature (15°C- 25°C), pH (4-10), ferric chloride concentration (2-10 mg/l) or seeding the solution with gypsum seed at a concentration of 0-2000 mg/l. In addition, lime and a combination of gypsum and lime were also used for seeding at concentrations of 2000 mg/l. The induction time, prior to precipitation, was found to be most strongly affected by the change in seed concentration and pH at a given antiscalant concentration. Seed at a concentration of 2000 mg/l was sufficient in most cases to immediately override the effect of HYDREX and BULAB (at 4-12 mg/l) and produce ~ 0 minutes induction time. A pH of 10 increased the adsorption capacity of HYDREX and BULAB, leading to longer induction times (exceeding 24 hours in some cases). At a pH of 4 the adsorption capacity was very low for both HYDREX and BULAB (lower) leading to shorter induction times (zero to 100 minutes). It was especially in the ‘no-seed’ cases that the effect of pH on the induction time was prominent. The rate of precipitation (crystal growth rate) was increased at a temperature of 25°C, compared to 15°C (the rate increased two fold for an increase in 10°C). The addition of lime-seed, instead of gypsum, (at 2000 mg/l) produced growth rates, two times higher compared to when gypsum was used at the same conditions. In Addition, seeding with lime produced induction times (150 minutes for HYDREX and 50 minutes for BULAB) prior to precipitation, compared to zero induction time when gypsum was used at the same conditions. It was proven that an induction time could be eliminated by adding a combination of gypsum and lime both at a concentration of 2000 mg/l. with the added benefit of the higher growth rate. An increase in the calcium concentration increased the crystal growth rate in the presence of HYDREX. The presence of a high pH, however caused the effect of calcium on the growth (in the presence of BULAB) to be overshadowed. At a higher pH the growth rate of gypsum slowed down as a result of the increase in adsorption capacity of the polymer onto the crystal surface. The interaction of the antiscalant with FeCl3 seemed to be important with regard to crystal growth. Higher ferric concentrations (10 mg/l) were sufficient to limit the inhibitory effect of 12 mg/l antiscalant (HYDREX and BULAB) on the crystal growth rate. Conversely, low ferric concentration resulted in slower growth rates in the presence of an antiscalant. The best conditions (within the scope of the current study), sufficient 1) to override the inhibitory effect of antiscalants (HYDREX and BULAB) and 2) to produce rapid precipitation of gypsum, lie in the use of seeding with gypsum and lime (2000 mg/l), adding ferric chloride (10 mg/l), lowering the pH to 4 or lower (which can only be obtained when lime is not added) and setting the solution temperature to a moderate value of 25°C or higher. These ‘best’ conditions were subsequently applied to a concentrate, produced from concentrating AMD in a RO unit, and proved to be even more successful in overriding the effect of HYDREX and BULAB than in synthetic aqueous solutions. The induction times of precipitation of AMD in all cases were ~ 0 minutes, whereas the growth rate increased threefold compared to the synthetic tests. The presence of additional foreign precipitates of aluminum, calcium and magnesium as well as an increased [SO4ª-] x [Caª+] product of 3.73 (AMD concentrate) vs. 3.46 (synthetic solutions) is thought to be responsible for the increase in precipitation kinetics when only gypsum seed was used. The addition of lime caused an increase in the precipitation potential of the brine by increasing the calcium concentration. Although the addition of lime caused an increase in the pH to 12.3 (at which point the antiscalant was most effective), the increase in pH is likely to cause an increase in the natural carbonate in the water, which would stimulate CaCO3 precipitation. The CaCO3 precipitate would be responsible for the adsorption of antiscalants, reducing their efficiency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontsouting by wyse van tru-osmose (TO), in samewerking met ander prosesse, kan help om drinkwater te lewer teen verhoogte herwinning. Tipies word antiskaalmiddels gebruik om bevuiling op die oppervlak van toerusting te verminder en terselfdetyd herwinning te verhoog deurdat dit die presipitasiekinetika van superversadigde soute in die TO voerwater vertraag. Dit lei daartoe dat water (superversadig met soute) deur die membraansisteem kan beweeg, sonder om bevuiling te veroorsaak. ‘n Breukdeel van die konsentraat kan herwin word na die TO voer om sodoende die algehele waterherwinning te verhoog. Dit kan egter eers gebeur nadat die soute in die konsentraat neergeslaan en verwyder is. Die inhirente ‘vertragingskarakter’ van antiskaalmiddels (wat ook in die konsentraat stroom beland) kompliseer die verwydering van sout vanuit die konsentraat en verhoed so herwinning. Die fokus van hierdie studie is daarop gemik om die parameters wat die funksionaliteit of effektiwiteit van antiskaalmiddels (wat in sulfaatryke waters gebruik word), beter te verstaan. Die doel is daarop gemik om die betrokke antiskaalmiddel se effek te kanselleer asook presipitasie van die superversadigde soute in oplossing aan te help. ‘n Lot (‘batch’) kristallisasietegniek wat die presipitasie van kalsiumsulfaatdehidraat (gips) beskou vanuit ‘n oplossing waar die konsentrasie verander soos presipitasie plaasvind, is gebruik om presipitasietoetse uit te voer 1) op oplossings wat sinteties versadig is met gips en 2) op sulfaatryke AMD (gekonsentreer met behulp van ‘n laboratoriumskaal TO eenheid). Die presipitasie proses is in elke geval waargeneem, deur die vermindering van die kalsium konsentrasie in die oplossing dop te hou, met die gebruik van ‘n kalsiumselektiewe elektrode. Afleidings rakende die kinetika van presipitasie is gemaak deur twee responsveranderlikes dop te hou: die induksietyd en die kristal groeitempo (tC80). Twee antiskaalmiddels by ‘n konsentrasies van 4 dpm (deetjies per miljoen) en 12 dpm is evalueer: ‘n fosfonaat (HYDREX) and poliakrilaat (BULAB). Die doel was om die antiskaalmiddel se werking chemies en fisies te manipuleer, hul werking teen te werk en presipitasie van gips te forseer. Die manipulasie het geskied deur die volgende parameters te verander: temperatuur (15°C-25°C), pH (4-10), FeCl3 (2-10 mg/l) of saad byvoeging (gips: 2000 mg/l). Kalsiumhidroksied (gebuste kalk) en ‘n kombinasie van gips en gebluste kalk is ook gebruik by konsentrasies van 2000 mg/l. Die induksietyd (by ‘n spesifieke antiskaalmiddel konsentrasie) is die sterkste beïnvloed deur ‘n verandering in saad konsentrasie en pH verandering. In die meeste gevalle was ‘n saad konsentrasie van 2000 mg/l voldoende om die induksie effek van beide HYDREX en BULAB te vernietig en nulminute induksietyd is verkry. ‘n pH van 10 het gelei tot die verhoging van die adsorpsiekapasiteit van HYDREX en BULAB wat gelei het tot langer induksietye (in sommige gevalle het dit 24 uur oorskry). By ‘n pH van 4 was die adsorpsie kapasiteit van beide antiskaalmiddels baie laag (laer vir BULAB) en induksie-tye is beperk tot 100 minute. Dit is veral wanneer geen saad toegevoeg is nie wat die effek van pH prominent was. Die tempo van presipitasie was verhoog by ‘n temperatuur van 25°C (2 keer hoër as by 15°C). Die byvoeging van gebluste kalk teen 2000 mg/l het ‘n kristal groeitempo, 2 keer hoër as in die teenwoordigheid van gips gelewer. Gebluste kalk saad byvoeging het egter gelei tot ‘n indukisetyd (150 minute vir HYDREX en 50 minute vir BULAB). Hierdie probleem is oorkom deur ‘n kombinasie van gips en gebluste kalk te gebuik teen ‘n konsentrasie van 2000 mg/l. Geen induksie tyd is waargeneem met die voordeel van ‘n hoër presipitasietempo (kristal groei). ‘n Verhoging van kalsium konsentrasie verhoog die kristal groei tempo in die teenwoordigheid van HYDREX. Nietemin, die invloed van pH oorskadu die invloed van kalsium op die groei tempo (in die teenwoordigheid van BULAB). By ‘n hoë pH word die kristal groei tempo vertraag as gevolg van die verhoging van die adsorpsiekapasiteit van die antiskaalmiddel. Die interaksie van FeCl3 met die antiskaalmiddel blyk van belang te wees. By hoë FeCl3 konsentrasies (10 dpm), is die werking van beide HYDREX en BULAB (12 dpm) beperk. Die ‘beste’ kondisies (verkry binne die konteks van hierdie studie), 1) om die vertragingseffek van HYDREX en BULAB teen te werk en 2) spoedige presipitasie van gips te bewerk, lê in die gebruik van saad (gips en gebluste kalk teen 2000 mg/l), die byvoeging van FeCl3 (10 mg/l), ‘n lae pH (4 of laer, wat natuurlik net tersprake is wanneer slegs gips as saad gebruik word aangesien geluste kalk die pH sal lig) asook ‘n relatiewe hoë temperatuur (25°C). Hierdie ‘beste’ kondisies is toegepas in AMD konsentraat om die effek van HYDREX en BULAB te vernietg en gips te presipiteer en die gevolg was dat dit selfs meer suksesvol was as in sintetiese oplossings. In elke geval is die induksietyd na nul minute toe verminder, terwyl die kristal groei tempo 3 maal verhoog het in vergelyking met die sintetiese toetse. Die teenwoordigheid van onsuiwerhede insluitende aluminium, kalsium, magnesium sowel as ‘n verhoging in die [SO4ª-]x[Caª+] produk (3.73 teenoor 3.46 vir sintetiese toetse), blyk verantwoordelik te wees vir die versnelling van die kinetika. Met die byvoeging van gebluste kalk is dit waarskynlik dat die verhoging van die pH (12.3) lei tot die verhoging van natuurlike karbonate in die water wat weer CaCO3 stimlueer. Die teenwoordigheid van CaCO3 kan verantwoordelik gehou word vir bykomende nukleasie en groei, sowel as die deaktivering van antiskaal effektiwiteit.

Phosphonate antiscalants are commonly used in nanofiltration and reverse osmosis water treatment to prevent membrane fouling by mineral scale. In many circumstances it is desirable to remove these phosphonate compounds before concentrate disposal or further treatment. This research investigated the removal of phosphonate compounds from simulated membrane concentrate solutions using ferric hydroxide adsorbents. Two phosphonate antiscalants were investigated, Permatreat 191® (PT191) and nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP). Batch adsorption isotherms and column breakthrough and regeneration experiments were performed on two commercial adsorbents and a ferric hydroxide loaded polyacrylonitrile fiber adsorbent prepared in our laboratory. The best performing adsorbent was Granular Ferric Hydroxide® (GFH) obtained from GEH Wasserchemie. Adsorption isotherms measured after 24-hour equilibration periods showed initial concentration effects, whereby the isotherms were dependent on the initial adsorbate concentration in solution. Significant differences in adsorption behavior were observed between the PT191 and the NTMP adsorbates. Differences in adsorption behavior between NTMP and PT191 are all consistent with the PT191 containing fewer phosphonate functional groups per molecule than NTMP. Desorption rates were bimodal, with 40-50% of the adsorbed phosphonate being released on a time scale of 10-24 hours, while the remaining fraction was released approximately one order of magnitude more slowly. The slow desorbing fraction primarily resulted from equilibrium effects resulting from significant phosphonate adsorption, even in 1.0 mol/L NaOH solutions. Complete regeneration could not be achieved, even after eluting the adsorbent columns with more than 300 bed volumes of 1.0 mol/L NaOH. However, the incomplete regeneration had only a minor effect on phosphonate uptake in subsequent column breakthrough experiments.

Processed turkey rolls were prepared with 1 or 3% whey protein concentrates WPC-50 (pH=5. 8 0) , WPC-60 (pH=4. 53) and WPC-75 (pH=6.85) containing 50, 60 and 75% protein along with controls (phosphate and no phosphate) . Control rolls made with 0.5% phosphate had the highest bind strength, and sensory evaluation scores. Only WPC-75 (1%) was acceptable as a binding agent and flavor enhancer. WPC-60 reduced pink discoloration of rolls, but flavor, bind and cohesiveness scores were unacceptably low. WPC-50 was not an effective binding agent. In general, rolls made with 3% WPC had lower scores for intensity of turkey flavor. Bind strength and sensory characteristics were compared for restructured beef rolls formulated with 1% salt, 0.375% sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) or 0.07% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and 5, 10 or 20% added water. Controls also had 1% x salt, but no STPP or NaOH. Relative bind strength of rolls was STPP > NaOH > controls. Addition of 20% water reduced bind strength. Cooked yield, moisture content, beef flavor and texture of NaOH rolls were similar to STPP rolls. Bind strength and cohesiveness of NaOH rolls were lower than STPP rolls, but still acceptable. For measuring bind strength of turkey and beef rolls, a sensitive and inexpensive penetrometer was developed. It was equipped with a top-loading balance, accessories, IBM-compatible personal computer and Quick-Basic program that allowed continuously collected penetration force data. at specific time intervals. Penetrometer bind strength and taste panel cohesiveness of turkey and beef rolls were highly correlated (r=0.89 and r=0.93, respectively).

Probiotic dairy foods, especially non- and low-fat dairy products, are becoming popular in the US. A non-fat goat's milk yogurt containing probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp.) was developed using heat-treated whey protein concentrate (HWPC) as a fat replacer and pectin as a thickening agent. Yogurts containing non-heat treated whey protein concentrate (WPC) and pectin as well as one with only pectin were also produced. A fat-free cow's milk yogurt with pectin was also used as a control yogurt. The yogurts were analyzed for chemical composition, water holding capacity (syneresis), microstructure, changes in pH and viscosity, mold, yeast and coliform counts, and probiotic survivability during storage at 4°C for 10 weeks. The results showed that the non-fat goat's milk yogurt made with 12% HWPC (12.5% WPC solution heated at 85°C for 30 min at pH 8.5) and 0.35% pectin, had a significantly higher viscosity (P<0.01) than any of the other yogurts and low syneresis than the goat’s yogurt with only pectin added (P<0.01). After 10 weeks in storage, viscosity and pH remained constant throughout all of the yogurts. Mold, yeast, and coliform counts were negative throughout the 10 week study. Bifidobacterium spp. remained stable and counts remained above 10⁶CFU g⁻ ¹ during the 10 week storage. However, the population of Lactobacillus acidophilus dropped below 10⁶CFU g⁻ ¹ after 2 weeks of storage. Microstructure analysis of the non - fat goat’s milk yogurt determined by scanning electron microscopy revealed that HWPC interacted with casein micelles to form a more comprehensive network in the yogurt gel. The results indicate that HWPC could be used as a fat replacer to improve the consistency of non - fat goat’s milk yogurt and other products alike.