As vigas mistas configuram uma atrativa solução estrutural para pequenas e grandes obras na engenharia civil. O emprego deste tipo de estruturas proporciona: melhor aproveitamento das características de cada material, maior rapidez na construção e economia. Esta pesquisa da continuidade aos trabalhos de Tamayo (2011) e Dias (2013); apresenta-se um modelo numérico que emprega o método dos elementos finitos para avaliar o comportamento de estruturas do tipo viga mista, com foco na consideração dos efeitos de longa duração do concreto: fluência e retração; e à inclusão da protensão interna do tipo aderente, aplicada sob a laje de concreto. Implementaram-se seis modelos para predição dos fenômenos de longa duração: ACI 209R-92, Bazant-Baweja B3, CEB MC90, CEB MC99, CEB MC10 e GL2000, e disponibilizou-se uma ferramenta estatística que permite sua correta comparação. O cabo de protenssão é modelado de maneira discreta dentro do elemento de concreto e posteriormente são definidas as contribuições que o mesmo faz ao elemento de casca do concreto no qual está inserido. O Software GiD foi empregado nas etapas de pré e pós processamento, customizando sua interface para a atribuição das propriedades do problema. A validação da simulação numérica foi efetuada a partir da modelagem de 14 vigas no total, os espécimenes correspondem a vigas tanto simplesmente apoiadas como contínuas. O programa desenvolvido é capaz de modelar adequadamente estruturas do tipo viga mista, com protensão aderente instalada na laje de concreto; considerando uma análise ao longo do tempo e levando em conta os efeitos da fluência e da retração que afetam o concreto. / The composite beams constitute an attractive structural solution for small and large projects in civil engineering. The use of such structures provides better use of the characteristics of each material, faster construction and economy. This research continues the work of Tamayo (2011) and Dias (2013); it presents a numerical model employing the finite element method to evaluate composite beam structures, focusing on the long-term effects of concrete: creep and shrinkage; and the inclusion of internal adherent prestressing, applied under the concrete slab. Six models were implemented for the prediction of long-term effects: ACI 209R-92, Bazant-Baweja B3, CEB MC90, CEB MC99, CEB MC10 and GL2000, and provided a statistical tool that allows the correct comparison between them. The prestressed cable is modeled discretely within the concrete element and are further defined the contributions that it makes to the concrete shell element in which it is inserted. The GiD Software was used in the stages of pre and post processing, and its interface was customized for assigning the problem properties. The validation of numerical simulation was performed by full modeling 14 beams; the specimens correspond to both simply supported as continuous beams. The developed program is able to adequately model prestressed composite beam structures; considering the long-term effects of creep and shrinkage, that affects the concrete.

Orientador: Vladimir Antonio Paulon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:14:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PregeliNeto_Antonio_M.pdf: 3909884 bytes, checksum: 410b6d25a48bfd9306620ba57294b3d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A aplicação de modelos de gestão na construção civil se mostra uma tendência, buscando minimizar riscos em empreendimentos e criar um diferencial competitivo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver e implantar um modelo de gestão para confecção de vigas pré-moldadas, verificando possíveis ganhos em termos de custo, prazo e qualidade. A metodologia adotada foi o estudo de caso, nas obras de uma ponte. O modelo de gestão desenvolvido dividiu a gestão do empreendimento em três áreas de atuação, sendo Gestão de Engenharia, Gestão de Suprimentos e a Gestão de Recursos. Na Gestão de Engenharia observou-se o parcial atendimento às expectativas no macro planejamento e na metodologia de gestão de informações, no controle de projetos; já as metodologias construtivas mostraram-se adequadas, a exceção da cura e do transporte das vigas; na gestão da segurança do trabalho e meio ambiente mostrou-se eficiente a localização de riscos, porém ineficiente o controle de acidentes de trabalho. A Gestão de Suprimentos foi eficiente no controle de custos, embora partes das análises tenham sido prejudicadas dada a escolha equivocada de alguns dos coletores de custo; no processo de contratação e compras os indicadores adotados se mostraram superficiais para a avaliação de desempenho. A Gestão de Recursos teve um bom desempenho, refletido nos índices de custos. Em geral, o empreendimento mostrou que os indicadores adotados para a avaliação do desempenho do modelo de gestão apontam um rendimento satisfatório para tempo e custo, e não conclusivo na qualidade. Concluiu-se que, embora não se possa afirmar que a aplicação do modelo de gestão fora o único responsável pelo sucesso parcial do empreendimento, certamente este contribuiu significativamente para tal. / Abstract: The application of management models in the civil construction is a new trend which searches to minimize risks in workmanships and to create a competitive differential. In this context, the objective of the present work was to develop and to implant a model of management for confection of precast prestressed beams, verifying possible improvements in costs, schedule and quality. The adopted methodology was the case study, in a bridge workmanship. The developed model of management divided the enterprise in three areas of performance, being Management of Engineering, Supply Management and Management of Resources. The Management of Engineering had a partial attendance to the expectations in the macro planning, the methodology of management of information was observed, in the control of projects; the constructive methodologies was adequate, in exception of the curing and the transport of the beams; the management of the work security and environment was efficient in the control of industrial accidents but inefficient to localize risks. The Supply Management was efficient in cost control, but parts of the analyses were harmed because of a mistake in the choice of some cost collectors; in the purchase process the pointers were superficial for the performance evaluation. The Management of Resources had a good performance, reflected in costs. In general, this job showed that the adopted pointers for the performance evaluation of the management model were satisfactory considering time and cost, but not conclusive in the quality. The conclusion is it cannot affirm that the application of the management model is the responsible one for the partial success of the workmanship, certainly this contributed significantly for such. / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Shear strength of fiber reinforced concrete beams was studied in this research project. Three types of fibers were examined: hooked-end steel fiber, crimped-steel fiber, and crimped-monofilament polypropylene fibers. The experimental program included five beam specimens. Two of the beams were control specimens in which one was reinforced with minimum shear reinforcement according to ACI 318, while the other one did not have any shear reinforcement. Each one of the other three specimens was reinforced with one of the above mentioned fibers by 1% volumetric ratio. In addition to the beam specimens, three prisms were also made for each type fiber to determine their toughness. The aim of this research was to investigate the following questions for medium-high concrete strength 1) to evaluate the effectiveness of each type of fibers on the shear strength, 2) to investigate the shear strength, toughness, crack patterns and near ultimate load crack width of each beam, and 3) to determine if using 1% volumetric ratio of fibers as shear reinforcement in beams would provide adequate strength and stiffness properties comparable to reinforcing steel used as minimum shear reinforcement. The results showed that all three types of fibers increased the shear capacity of the beam specimens more than the beam reinforced with minimum shear reinforcement. Moreover, some of the fibers used could shift the type of failure from a pure shear failure to a combined flexural-shear or pure flexural failure.

[pt] O comportamento de vigas de concreto armado com barras de polímero reforçado com fibras de vidro (PRFV) submetidas ao esforço cortante tem diferenças quando comparada ao tradicional uso de armaduras de aço. O relativo baixo módulo de elasticidade e menor resistência ao carregamento transversal de barras de PRFV alteram a ação dos mecanismos de resistência e cinemática da fissura crítica ao cortante. Nesse contexto, a aplicação de fibras dispersas na matriz de concreto se coloca como uma possibilidade para buscar a redução da flexibilidade desse tipo de elemento. Sendo assim, este trabalho investiga o comportamento experimental de quatro vigas de concreto armado com barras de PRFV sem e com estribos e fibras de basalto. Utilizando-se da técnica de Correlação de Imagem Digital (CID), os campos de deslocamentos do vão de ruptura foram mapeados e, por meio de modelos constitutivos dos mecanismos resistentes à força cortante disponíveis na literatura, analisou-se o comportamento resistente das vigas. A quantificação de resistência através dos modelos constitutivos apresentou uma satisfatória correlação com os resultados experimentais. Além disso, a análise possibilitou uma melhor compreensão da contribuição dos mecanismos resistentes em diferentes estágios de carregamento. / [en] The shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars (GFRP) has differences when compared to traditional steel reinforcement. The relative low modulus of elasticity and the lower resistance to transverse loading of GFRP bars change the resistance mechanisms and kinematics of the critical shear crack. In this context, the application of dispersed fibers in the concrete matrix may be used to try to reduce the flexibility of this type of element. Therefore, this work investigates the experimental behavior of four reinforced concrete beams with GFRP bars with and without stirrups and basalt fibers. By using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique, the displacement fields of the failure span were mapped and, by means of constitutive models of the shear resistant mechanisms available in the literature, the resistant behavior of the beams was analyzed. The evaluation of resistance mechanisms through the constitutive models showed a satisfactory correlation with the experimental results. In addition, the analysis provided a better understanding of the contribution of each resistant mechanisms at different stages of loading.

Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pre-cast sections have the advantages of structural efficiency, better quality control and less construction time, which enable them to be widely used in building structures. The connections of pre-cast buildings play a vital role for the stability and strength of structures. Nowadays, more attention is drawn to the aesthetical appearance of building structures, especially by architects. The Hidden Corbel Connection (HCC) was then developed to make the building structures stable and aesthetically pleasing. A modified HCC was designed and investigated in this study. Amongst all the mechanisms in the connection zone, the mechanism of the end anchorage length of tension reinforcement plays a key role in the economy of the connection and is hence further investigated. In order to investigate whether the end anchorage length of tension reinforcement can be reduced for a simply supported beam, a 2D non-linear finite element model is used to analyze the stress distribution inside the connection zone. Based on the stress distribution in the connection zone, the tensile force was calculated at the face of the support, which directly correlates to the required end anchorage length of tension reinforcement. The confinement in the connection zone increases the bond stress, which in turn reduces the required anchorage length of tension reinforcement. Therefore, a 3D model is used to analyze the region inside the modified HCC to find the position of the best confinement. By comparing the finite element (FE) results with Eurocode 2 (2004), and SABS 0100-1 (2000), it is demonstrated that the FE results require the shortest anchorage length, while the longest anchorage length is specified in SABS 0100-1 (2000). Based on the comparison between the FE results and the design codes, a laboratory experiment was then performed to determine if the end anchorage length of tension reinforcement can be reduced. Four beams with different support conditions and with different end anchorage length of tension reinforcement were tested. The results of the laboratory experiment indicate that the end anchorage length for simply supported beams can be shortened from the specification of SABS 0100-1 (2000).

Gelžbetonis yra kompozitinė medžiaga, kurios komponentai yra betonas ir plieninė armatūra. Kaip žinoma, betono stipris tempiant yra 1020 kartų mažesnis nei stipris gniuždant. Atrodytų, kad tempiamojo betono įtaka, atlaikant įrąžas skerspjūvyje, yra nereikšminga. Iš tiesų, nustatant lenkiamųjų elementų stiprumą normaliniame pjūvyje, tempiamo betono įtempių galima nevertinti. Kita vertus, skaičiuojant įlinkius, neįvertinus tempiamojo betono įtakos, gali būti daroma didesnė nei 100 % paklaida. Adekvatus supleišėjusio tempiamojo betono įtakos įvertinimas, nustatant trumpalaike apkrova veikiamų gelžbetoninių elementų deformacijas, yra bene svarbiausia ir sudėtingiausia problema. Plyšio vietoje betonas negali atlaikyti tempimo įtempių, todėl visą įrąžą atlaiko armatūra. Kadangi plyšyje ir gretimuose pjūviuose armatūra praslysta betono atžvilgiu, kontakto zonoje atsiranda tangentiniai įtempiai. Šie įtempiai perduodami betonui, todėl jis atlaiko tempimo įtempius. Armatūros ir betono sąveika ruožuose tarp plyšių standina gelžbetoninį elementą. Supleišėjusio betono gebėjimas atlaikyti tempimo įtempius vadinama tempimo sustandėjimu (angl. tension stiffening). Šis efektas dažniausiai modeliuojamas supleišėjusio betono įtempių ir deformacijų diagrama, taikant vidutinių plyšių koncepciją. Tuomet neatsižvelgiama į diskrečius plyšius, o supleišėjęs betonas traktuojamas kaip ortotropinė medžiaga su pakitusiomis savybėmis. Dauguma tempimo sustandėjimo modelių įvertina betono įtempių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Modelling behaviour of cracked tensile concrete is a complicated issue. Due to bond with reinforcement, the cracked concrete between cracks carries a certain amount of tensile force normal to the cracked plane. Concrete adheres to rein-forcement bars and contributes to overall stiffness of the structure. The phe-nomenon, called tension-stiffening, has significant influence on the results of short-term deformational analysis. Assumption of a tension-stiffening law has great influence on numerical results of load – deflection behaviour of reinforced concrete members subjected to short – term loading. Under wrong assumption of this law, errors in calculated deflections, particularly for lightly members, may exceed 100 %. Most known tension-stiffening relationships relate average stresses to average strains. However, some experimental and theoretical investi-gations have shown that tension-stiffening may be affected by other parameters. The scientific supervisor of the thesis has proposed a tension-stiffening model depending on reinforcement ratio. This model has been developed using experi-mental data reported in the literature. Besides, concrete shrinkage effect was not taken into account. The main objective of this PhD dissertation is to propose a tension-stiffening law for bending RC members subjected to short-term loading with eliminated concrete shrinkage effect.

Use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) material has been a good solution for many problems in many fields. FRP is available in different types (carbon and glass) and shapes (sheets, rods, and laminates). Civil engineers have used this material to overcome the weakness of concrete members that may have been caused by substandard design or due to changes in the load distribution or to correct the weakness of concrete structures over time specially those subjected to hostile weather conditions. The attachment of FRP material to concrete surfaces to promote the function of the concrete members within the frame system is called Externally Bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems. Another common way to use the FRP is called Near Surface Mounted (NSM) whereby the material is inserted into the concrete members through grooves within the concrete cover. Concrete beam-column joints designed and constructed before 1970s were characterized by weak column-strong beam. Lack of transverse reinforcement within the joint reign, hence lack of ductility in the joints, and weak concrete could be one of the main reasons that many concrete buildings failed during earthquakes around the world. A technique was used in the present work to compensate for the lack of transverse reinforcement in the beam-column joint by using the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets as an Externally Bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer System in order to retrofit the joint region, and to transfer the failure to the concrete beams. Six specimens in one third scale were designed, constructed, and tested. The proposed retrofitting technique proved to be very effective in improving the behavior of non-ductile beam-column joints, and to change the final mode of failure. The comparison between beam-column joints before and after retrofitting is presented in this study as exhibited by load versus deflection, load versus CFRP strain, energy dissipation, and ductility.

A substituição do aço pela armadura não metálica objetiva o aumento da durabilidade de estruturas sujeitas à corrosão e a campos eletromagnéticos. Mas, a inserção de um novo material na construção civil demanda especificação de sua composição, comportamento e procedimentos de sua utilização. Este trabalho analisa o comportamento à flexão de vigas de concreto armadas com barras não metálicas. Para esta finalidade foram realizados, uma revisão bibliográfica considerando os trabalhos publicados desde o início das pesquisas até os mais recentes e ensaios dos materiais e de vigas de concreto armado. Os ensaios de determinação das propriedades das barras da armadura não metálica de GFRP (glass fiber polymer – polímero reforçado com fibra de vidro) englobam a determinação do diagrama tensão-deformação e capacidade resistente. As vigas armadas com barras de GFRP foram ensaiadas à flexão em quatro pontos e os resultados comparados com o de uma viga armada com barras de aço CA-50 também ensaiada a flexão. Nos modelos pôde-se perceber a influência das propriedades das barras de GFRP no comportamento geral da estrutura. Por exemplo, as grandes deformações nas barras longitudinais e os deslocamentos dos modelos foram determinados pelo baixo módulo de elasticidade das barras de GFRP. É evidente a necessidade de continuação dos estudos envolvendo barras de GFRP. Estas pesquisas poderão desenvolver meios de se utilizar as propriedades do material em favor do melhor funcionamento da estrutura / Steel reinforcement replacement aims an increase at the durability of structures with corrosion and electrical magnetic problems. But, inserting a new material at the civil construction industry demands specifications of its composition, behavior and procedures for its utilization. This work is a flexural behavior analysis of reinforced concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars. To make this, a technical literature research was made considering the pioneer until the most recent researches, and components and concrete reinforced beams tests were done. GFRP bars properties tests went from the determination of its strains X stress diagram to its tension resistance. GFRP reinforced beams were submitted to four points flexural tests and the results compared with a CA-50 steel reinforced beam also submitted to the flexural test. The specimens showed the influence of GFRP properties at the behavior of the structure. For example, longitudinal bars large strains and the large displacement of the beam were determined by GFRP bars low longitudinal elastic modulus. Continuing the studies evolving GFRP bars is certainly a need. New researches might be able to design a way to use the composite properties to improve the structure behavior

Este trabalho analisou o comportamento estrutural de polímeros reforçados com fibra de vidro - PRFV em elementos pré-moldados de concreto, com aplicações específicas em vigas de concreto. Realizou-se um estudo comparativo do comportamento de vigas pré-moldadas reforçadas com armadura convencional, segundo a norma brasileira NBR 6118:2003, e reforçadas com armadura de barras pultrudadas de PRFV, segundo o ACI 440.1R-06. O estudo visa obter subsídios para a aplicação de barras de reforço de PRFV, em relação ao Estado Limite de Serviço - ELS, em obras realizadas em regiões de alta agressividade ambiental. Posteriormente fez-se os mesmos modelos de cálculo em elementos finitos, onde foram comparados e analisados os resultados obtidos com o cálculo prescrito pelas normas. Nem todos os parâmetros da norma americana foram inseridos, uma vez que alguns coeficientes internos que contam com efeitos sísmicos e com a neve estão embutidos nos cálculos. Os resultados obtidos, principalmente no cisalhamento, foram altamente satisfatórios, validando a aplicação do PRFV nas vigas consideradas. / This work studied the behavior of precast beams when subjected to shear stress according to the brazilian standard NBR 6118:2003 reinforced with steel bar compared to the american standard ACI 440.1R-06 when the structural member was reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer - GFRP pultruded bars. The goal of this work is to acquire subsidies to apply the GFRP in aggressive environmental sites. Also the same model calculations were performed by using Finite Element Method and compared to the results of the calculation prescribed by the standards. Some parameters indicated in the ACI standard were not followed since they are related to seismic and snow effects. The obtained results mainly in shear loading were highly satisfactory which validates the use of GFRP in the considered beams.

As vigas mistas de aço e concreto têm sido amplamente empregadas em edifícios e pontes, havendo ampla investigação teórica e experimental a respeito da utilização de perfis laminados e soldados e conectores de cisalhamento compatíveis com esses perfis, como por exemplo, o conector tipo pino com cabeça (stud bolt) e perfil U laminado. No âmbito dos perfis formados a frio, a utilização do sistema misto ainda é incipiente, necessitando de investigações mais aprofundadas a respeito do comportamento estrutural e a adequação dos modelos de cálculo adotados para vigas mistas em perfis laminados e soldados. No Brasil, a ampla disponibilidade de aços planos tem impulsionado o emprego do sistema misto constituído por perfis formados a frio em edifícios de pequeno porte, porém, mediante concepções clássicas, o que não conduz a um aproveitamento mais racional do sistema. Neste trabalho foi investigado um sistema não-convencional de vigas mistas em perfil cartola leve preenchido com concreto, cuja conexão com a laje foi feita mediante duas soluções: conectores do tipo alça em barra chata soldados ao perfil e conectores do tipo alça em barra redonda soldados ao perfil. Foi feita avaliação do comportamento estrutural da conexão aço-concreto, via ensaios de cisalhamento direto (push-out tests), e ensaios em vigas mistas simplesmente apoiadas para avaliação da região de momento fletor positivo. Os conectores de cisalhamento apresentaram ductilidade e resistência compatíveis com as vigas mistas analisadas, e as respostas de rigidez e resistência à flexão para uma condição de interação completa comprovam que a hipótese de plastificação total da seção descreve com precisão o comportamento estrutural do sistema proposto. / The composite steel and concrete beams have been largely applied in buildings and bridges constructions, having also a large amount of theoretical and experimental investigations about the use of hot-rolled and welded shapes and shear connectors that are compatible with these members, as for an example, the stud bolt and channel connectors. In the cold-formed steel sections scope, the use of a composite steel and concrete solution is still premature, what makes necessary a higher degree of a structural behavior investigation and the adequacy of the theoretical solutions proposed, also for the composite steel and concrete hot-rolled and welded shapes. In Brazil, the high availability of steel sheets has pushed the employee of the composite system of cold-formed steel in small and mid-height buildings, however, because of classical conceptions, it doesn\'t lead too a more rational use of the system. It was investigated in this work a non-conventional lightweight composite system formed by hat-shaped beams filled with concrete, witch connection with the slab was done by means of two solutions: arc-shaped connectors in at bars welded too the section and arc-shaped connectors in round bars welded too the section. An analysis was conducted for evaluation of the structural behavior in the steel and concrete interface by push-out tests, and tests in simple two points supported beams for evaluation of the bending strength. The shear connectors showed ductility and resistance compatible with the analyzed composite beams and the stiffness and bending resistance responses for the given condition of full interaction showed that the full section plastification consideration describes with precision the structural behavior of the proposed system.