Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo da dependência da condutividade elétrica dc ( ), com a dopagem (tempo de exposição ao ácido clorídrico de (0 a 6 horas), temperatura (80 T 300K) e campo elétrico (E) em filmes auto-sustentáveis de polianilina. As amostras foram metalizadas com ouro em ambas as faces e as medidas realizadas utilizando-se o método de duas pontas. O pó utilizado nos filmes foi sintetizado quimicamente através da mistura da anilina com ácido clorídrico, a qual foi adicionada uma segunda solução de peroxidissulfato de amônio e que após desdopagem com hidróxido de amônio, obteve-se a base esmeraldina, esse produto foi dissolvido em N-Metil Pirrolidona possibilitando a obtenção dos filmes pelo método casting e posteriormente dopados por imersão em solução de ácido clorídrico em níveis desejados. Para um curto tempo de exposição ao ácido clorídico (menos de 30 minutos) observamos um rápido crescimento da condutividade com o aumento da dopagem. Para tempos mais longos a condutividade tende a saturação. Da análise da condutividade em função da temperatura obtivemos que ~ exp(T(-1/4)) consistente com o modelo de \"Saltos de Alcance Variável\" proposto por Mott. Nesse modelo a condução ocorre através do tunelamento assistido por fônons entre estados eletrônicos localizados. Se os estados são muito localizados um elétron só poderá saltar para o estado mais próximo, e assim a condutividade será proporcional ao fator de Boltzmann. Se a localização é menos intensa , um elétron pode saltar para sítios onde a energia de ativação é menor mas que estão situados mais distantes do que os primeiros vizinhos, ou seja, a condução ocorrerá por saltos com alcance variável. / In this work, we accomplished a study of the dependence of the dc electrical conductivity ( ), with the doping level (time of immersion of the film into the hydrochloric acid - 0 t 6 hours), temperature (80 T 300K) and electric field (E) in polyaniline thin films. The electric contacts to the samples were obtained using gold deposited in both faces and the measurements have been done using the method of two points. The powder used in the films was synthesized chemically through the mixture of the aniline with hydrochloric acid. A second solution of ammonium peroxidissulfate has been added to the mixture and after that the same has been treated with ammonium hydroxide. The emeraldine base so obtained has been dissolved in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone to be used to produce the films by the method of casting. Later on the films have been doped by imersion with hydrochloric acid in wanted levels. For a short time of immersion into hydrochloric acid (less than 30 minutes) we observed a fast growth of the conductivity with the increase of the doping level. For longer times the conductivity tends to the saturation. Analyzing the conductivity as a function of temperature we obtained that ~ exp (T(-1/4)) consistent with the model of Variable Range Hopping proposed by Mott. In that model the conduction happens through the tunneling of carriers assisted by phonons between localized electronic states. If the localization is very strong, the carrier can only jump to the nearest state, and the conductivity will be proportional to the Boltzmann factor. If the location is less strong, a carrier can jump to sites for which the activation energy is smaller but which can reside further way. As a result we have conductivity with variable range hopping.

There are a number of “smart” coatings that can be applied to glass. These include self-cleaning coatings based on titanium dioxide, and low-E coatings based on fluorine-doped tin oxide. Products are often more desirable with colour options such as Pilkington Activ BlueTM. There are currently no alternatives to body tinting glass to achieve colour, which is a time-consuming and expensive procedure. The work in this project details a number of coloured coatings via the AACVD or combustion processing of metal nitrate/urea precursors.

L’objet de cette thèse sera de réaliser et d’évaluer un démonstrateur électrochrome dont l’architecture repose sur l’empilement des trois pixels primaires (C) (M) et (J). Chaque pixel est contrôlé indépendamment en imposant une faible tension entre l’électrode frontale (sur laquelle repose le polymère électrochrome) et une contre-électrode. Lors des commutations, le polymère passe d’un état coloré à un état transparent et ce de manière réversible lorsque la tension est inversée aux bornes du dispositif. Plusieurs architectures de la brique pourront être envisagées. Enfin parmi les architectures retenues, les caractéristiques du dispositif seront évaluées essentiellement en terme de coordonnées colorimétriques (CIE L*a*b*), et de contrastes entre deux états optiques. D’autres aspect techniques tels que la tenue au cyclage, le vieillissement, la tenue d’un état optique en circuit ouvert… seront également évalués au cours de projet. / The purpose of this thesis is to implement and evaluate an electrochromic demonstrator whose architecture is based on the stacking of three primary pixels (C) (M) and (J). Each pixel is controlled independently by imposing a low voltage between the front electrode (where the electrochromic polymer is) and the counter-electrode. During switching, the polymer changes from a colored state to a transparent state and reversibly when the voltage is reversed. Several architectures of the brick could be considered. Finally, among the chosen architectures, device characteristics will be primarily evaluated in terms of color coordinates (CIE L * a * b *), and contrasts between the two optical states. Other technical aspects such as cycling, aging and holding an constant optical state in open circuit, will also be evaluated during the project.

Yip Hin-lap = 以PEDOT:PSS為本的高份子發光器件中銦的擴散之研究 / 葉軒立. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Yip Hin-lap = Yi PEDOT:PSS wei ben de gao fen zi fa guang qi jian zhong yin de kuo san zhi yan jiu / Ye Xuanli. / Abstract --- p.ii / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Conjugated Polymer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Electronic and Geometric Configuration --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Charge Carriers --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Concept of Doping --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Electrical Conductivity and Charge Transport Mechanisms --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) [PEDOT]" --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Polymer Light Emitting Diodes --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Device Fabrication --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Material Design and Properties --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Interface and surface of PLED --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5 --- """Chemistry"" and Diffusion at Interface" --- p.27 / Chapter 1.6 --- Surface/Interface Modification with Self-Assembled Monolayers --- p.30 / Chapter 1.7 --- Aims of This Thesis --- p.33 / References --- p.34 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- INSTRUMENTATION --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1 --- X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Fundamental Theory of XPS --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Qualitative Analysis using XPS --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Chemical Shifts --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Shake-up satellites --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Valence band structure --- p.45 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Quantitative Analysis Using XPS --- p.46 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Depth Profiling --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Non-Destructive Method Using Angled-Resolved XPS --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Destructive Method Using Ion Sputtering --- p.49 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Instrumental Setup of XPS --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2 --- PLED Fabrication and Characterization System --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3 --- Current-Voltage-Luminescence (I-V-L) Measurement --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Electrical Measurement --- p.54 / Chapter 2.5 --- Kelvin Probe Measurement --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6 --- pH Measurement --- p.56 / Chapter 2.7 --- Film Thickness Measurement --- p.56 / Chapter 2.8 --- Contact Angle Measurement --- p.57 / References --- p.60 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STABILITY OF PEDOT:PSS/ITO INTERFACE --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- XPS of Core levels in PEDOT:PSS --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- XPS of S 2p Core Level --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- XPS of O Is Core Level --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- XPS of C Is Core Level --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Composition Analysis of PEDOT:PSS Films --- p.71 / References --- p.80 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF PEDOT:PSS WITH DISSOLUTED INDIUM --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Four-Point Probe Measurement --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Current-Voltage Measurement --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Work Function Measurement --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- XPS Experiment --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Electrical Properties of PEDOT:PSS --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Electronic Properties of PEDOT:PSS --- p.89 / References --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- BLOCKING REACTIONS BETWEEN ITO AND PEDOT:PSS WITH A SELF-ASSEMBLY MONOLAYER --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2 --- Sample Preparation --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result and Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- In Diffusion Blocking Effect by SAM --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- PLED Devices Performance --- p.107 / References --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.114 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- FURTHER WORKS --- p.116

Polymers and polymer-based composite materials with electro-conductive properties, respectively, are materials with several potential applications. New materials are being offered in every area and novel products are constantly being introduced. Among these new materials, composites made of electro-conductive monofilaments and insulating polymers are nowadays being used as antistatic materials in the carpets and textiles industries. One promising approach for the manufacture of this kind of material is to generate the electrically conductive fibres in-situ, that is, during the actual forming process of the component. The main objective of this project was to establish the feasibility of producing electrically conductive polyaniline (PANI) fibres within a suitable polymer matrix by means of the development of a suitable processing strategy, which allows the fabrication of an anisotropically conducting composite. It is remarkable, however, that layered structures of the conducting filler were also formed within the matrix material. The latter morphology, particularly observed in compression moulded specimens of a specific polymer system, was also in good agreement with that inferred by means of a mathematical model. Experimentation was carried out with three different PANI conductive complexes (PANIPOLTM). They were initially characterised, which assisted in the identification of the most suitable material to be deformed into fibres. Preliminary processing was carried out with the selected PANIPOLTM complex, which was blended with polystyrene-polybutadiene-polystyrene (SBS), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), respectively. The resultant blends were formed by ram extrusion, using a capillary die, to induce the deformation of the conducting phase into fibres. The morphological analysis performed on the extrudates suggested that the most suitable polymer matrix was SBS. Further experimentation was carried out with the polymer system selected. The relationships between the content of conductive complex in the composites and their electrical conductivity and microstructure were established. The blends were compression moulded and they displayed a morphology of layered domains of the conducting phase within the SBS matrix. The behaviour of the conductivity with respect to the PANIPOLTM complex in the compression moulded blends was found to be characteristic of a percolating system with a threshold as low as 5 weight percent of the conducting filler in the blends. The morphological analysis performed on the extruded blends suggested that the conducting phase was deformed into elongated domains, aligned parallel to the extrusion direction, which in some cases displayed a considerable degree of continuity and uniformity. The level of electrical conductivity in the extrudates was considerably lower than that of their corresponding non-extruded blends. This was attributed to a lack of continuity in the conducting elongated domains produced in-situ within the SBS matrix. Percolation theory and a generalisation of effective media theories were used to model the behaviour of the conductivity with respect to the content of PANIPOLTM in the compression moulded blends. Both approaches yielded similar values for the critical parameters, which were also in good agreement with the percolation threshold experimentally observed. The results of the modelling suggested that, at the percolation threshold, the morphology of the composite may consists of aggregates of flattened polyaniline particles forming very long layered structures within the SBS matrix, which is in agreement with the results of the morphological analysis.

Founded by George Cavender in 1971, the Big Ten Band Directors Association is one of the oldest associations of its kind. With a membership consisting of each institution’s Director of Bands, Athletic Band Director, and all other band faculty, the stature of its members, both past and current, is clear. These band directors are leaders in the profession and have helped the field develop into what it has become today through their positions at their respective flagship institutions of the Big Ten Athletic Conference. The BTBDA meets each year at the Midwest International Band and Orchestra Clinic in Chicago, IL, and its investment in sponsoring quality sessions at the clinic is well documented. The association has sponsored twenty-one sessions since 1986, featuring prominent composers such as Michael Colgrass, Karel Husa, Warren Benson, Gunther Schuller, and Frank Ticheli. Additionally, the association has shown its dedication to the advancement of the band repertoire through commissioning seven new works from 1986-2014, four of which were born out of a commissioning contest that spanned from 1998-2005. This study is the first of its kind to document a band association formed of members bound by a specific athletic conference. Research of the Big Ten Band Directors Association shows numerous examples of how a band conference association can contribute to different facets of the field (e.g. commissioning, clinic session sponsorship, etc.). The profession’s knowledge of the BTBDA is important as it highlights how these associations are contributing to the landscape of the field.

No description available.

Gordon Jacob's (1895-1984) Old Wine in New Bottles (1959) and More Old Wine in New Bottles (1977) are regularly performed works within the canon of chamber wind repertoire. Composed for thirteen instruments, the original work and its sequel are a reflection of Jacob's refined compositional style, which emphasizes unique textures, clear formal structures, and recognizable folk melodies. Gordon Jacob was a British composer from Upper Norwood, London. During his youth he studied piano and took up percussion in order to join his school band and orchestra. After serving in the First World War, Jacob enrolled at the Royal College of Music (RCM) where he studied composition with Ralph Vaughan Williams and Sir Charles Villiers Stanford. Shortly after graduation, he was offered an instructor position at the RCM. He remained on faculty for forty-two years, instructing many musicians who would later become internationally recognized composers, including Imogen Holst, Sir Malcolm Arnold, and Philip Cannon. As a composer, he has approximately four-hundred works to his name and is best known in the area of wind band for his compositions William Byrd Suite (1922), An Original Suite (1928), Music for a Festival (1951), Flag of Stars (1954), and Giles Farnaby Suite (1967). This study is an analysis of and conductor's guide for two of Jacob's chamber works that have not been the subject of any previous scholarly publications. The opening chapters include a brief biography of the composer emphasizing the musical developments of his youth, his achievements as an educator, and a discussion of his compositional style. The following two chapters delve into Old Wine in New Bottles and More Old Wine in New Bottles, respectively. Each includes an original historical account of the piece, discussion of the preexisting folk music, theoretical analysis, and suggestions for the conductor. This study is intended to assist conductors in the score-study and preparation process, leading to more effective rehearsals and informed performances.

Abstract not available

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CP) show interesting electrical and optical properties for organic electronics as well as for life science applications. Their possibilities of supramolecular assembly with nanowire like misfolded proteins, amyloids, as well as synthetic polypeptides or DNA forming conducting nano composites is highly interesting as being a truly bottom up approach for fabrication of OLEDs, photovoltaic’s as well as logic devices. A special class of CPs is that of electroactive cojugated polymers (ECPs), which, due to their structure, will exhibits a unique combination of properties, including the following; electrically conducting, ability to store an electric charge and ability to exchange ions. The positive or negative excess charge can be introduced into the conjugated polymer by means of chemical or electrochemical oxidation/reduction (a process called doping) following the polymerization reaction. In order to preserve overall electroneutrality of the polymer during introduction of excess charge, ionexhange processes occurs between the polymer phase and the surrounding electrolyte solution. This charge/discharge process can be utilized for application such as; pseudo super capacitors (energy storage through oxidation/reduction processes), electro mechanical actuators (convert electrical energy to mechanical energy) and sensors (converts a chemical signal to electrical conductivity). In this thesis we describes the synthetic challenges with ECPs for applications vide supra. These mostly relates to solubility, ionic functionalization, conductivity and macromolecular properties such as size and shape of the ECPs. The key requirement in the synthesis of ECPs is that the conjugated nature of the monomer is conserved in the synthesis process and that insertion of excess charge (doping) can be obtained. This limits both the choice of monomer and the choice of polymerization process. Monomers of great complexity have been synthesized with this careful goal in mind. Furthermore, the development of novel monomers must also target the appropriate functionality for polymerization. As such, most ECP monomers are electron-rich molecules with pendant groups containing pyrroles, thiophenes, or 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophenes. These three well known ECP monomers are excellent additions to conjugated systems as they typically enable electrochemical polymerization and direct the polymerizations toward linear polymers with good stability towards doping. The first topic of this thesis we demonstrate how we can obtain water soluble ECPs with good electrical conductivity by controlling the polymerization techniques and proper ionic functionalization of the monomer. We also show how these polymers can be incorporated by self-assembly with biomolecular templates, such as, DNA and amyloid fibrils, thus generating novel electrically conductive nanowires. The second topics of this thesis demonstrate how hydrogels of ECPs can be used as bioand charge storage materials, were we demonstrate electronically controlled cell release for biology applications. Both applications are based on ECPs ability to ionexhange processes during electrochemical redox reactions. As well as ions, solvent and other neutral molecules may enter the film during charge/discharge processes. This cause a swelling or shrinking of the ECP films and the expansion and contraction of the polymer network in conjugation with the sorption/desorption of solvent molecules and ions can be described in terms of mechanical work. In the first case we were able to synthesize a water soluble ECP with high amphiphilic character. The polymer was immobilized onto a flexible electrode, suitable for cell growth and subjected to a cell growth media. When the desired cell layer was formed we applied a potential to the flexible electrode. This resulted in that the mechanical work of the immobilized ECP during the applied potential overcame the week adhesive forces to the flexible electrode, which resulted in super swelling and disintegration of the ICP and the cell layer could be harvested. In the second case the possibilities of using synthetically modified ECPs as a dopant during electropolymerization of another ECP monomer to obtain a polymer integrated network with high charge density and good charge transport properties. We demonstrate how this polymer network can be used as porous electrodes suitable for supercapacitors.