Adolescence is a time of experimentation and exploration. For many young people, a feature of this developmental period is the initiation of substance use. Whilst the majority of young people do not go on to develop substance use problems, any substance use has potential for danger. The current body of literature on the prevention of substance use problems suggests that in order to advance understanding, researchers must adopt a risk-focused approach. There is a wide range of indices that have been cited as risk factors for the development of substance use disorders. Chapter 2 explores some of the aetiological models and literature on risk factors with specific reference to psychological wellbeing, studies highlighting comorbid relationships between adolescent mental health and substance use problems, and the functional value of substances in relation to well-being. Although attention to psychological risk factors has received increased press in the literature, the number of controlled, longitudinal studies is relatively small. A review of recent studies (Chapter 3) indicates that the presence of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or behavioural problems such as delinquency represent psychological risk factors for the development of later substance use problems, however findings are inconsistent and many studies do not examine differential predictive utility by substance or gender. Thus, Study 1 of this research aimed to add to this body of work by exploring the prediction of alcohol, cannabis and other illicit substance use at age fifteen from key indicators of psychological well-being taken at age thirteen. The data from a normative sample of high school students indicated subtle differences in trajectory for young males and females and effects specific to different drug categories. Delinquency emerged as the most consistent predictor in both males and females. Low self-esteem was also an important indicator for future female marijuana use and marijuana intoxication and both male and female other illicit substance use. The findings highlighted the need for a greater contextual understanding of the relationship between delinquency, self-esteem and substance use. The second study sought to provide a deeper understanding of these issues by examining the perceived functional value of substances in relation to psychological wellbeing, by means of a qualitative study of a group of young people who had experienced problems with their substance use. Chapter 4 explores the limited phenomenological research in this area, with a focus on studies which have used methods of measurement that highlight the perspective of young people. Using a Consensual Qualitative Research approach, Study 2 builds on the drug type and gender contrasts noted in Study 1, and explores the interface between substance use and psychological well-being in depth using a clinical population. A number of key functions are identified by young people, with evidence of both convergence and divergence across drug categories (alcohol, cannabis, other illicit substances). Interviewees reported six functions common to all substances; social connectedness, improve affect, positive self-transformation, better coping with problems, fun and laughter, and feeling intoxicated. Nine additional functions were identified in relation to cannabis and other illicit substances. Several gender differences were also noted, with males tending to report more positive reinforcement from alcohol and cannabis, and young females more frequently describing benefits related to use of other illicit substances. The concluding chapter (Chapter 5) reviews the main findings across both studies and their implications for theory, practice, and future research. Overall, the findings of the research provide support for both problem behaviour and adaptive models of adolescent substance use, and indicate that young people are capable of reflecting on their substance use experiences. Incorporating the wisdom of young people into risk frameworks may enhance prevention, education and intervention efforts.

Adolescence is a time of experimentation and exploration. For many young people, a feature of this developmental period is the initiation of substance use. Whilst the majority of young people do not go on to develop substance use problems, any substance use has potential for danger. The current body of literature on the prevention of substance use problems suggests that in order to advance understanding, researchers must adopt a risk-focused approach. There is a wide range of indices that have been cited as risk factors for the development of substance use disorders. Chapter 2 explores some of the aetiological models and literature on risk factors with specific reference to psychological wellbeing, studies highlighting comorbid relationships between adolescent mental health and substance use problems, and the functional value of substances in relation to well-being. Although attention to psychological risk factors has received increased press in the literature, the number of controlled, longitudinal studies is relatively small. A review of recent studies (Chapter 3) indicates that the presence of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or behavioural problems such as delinquency represent psychological risk factors for the development of later substance use problems, however findings are inconsistent and many studies do not examine differential predictive utility by substance or gender. Thus, Study 1 of this research aimed to add to this body of work by exploring the prediction of alcohol, cannabis and other illicit substance use at age fifteen from key indicators of psychological well-being taken at age thirteen. The data from a normative sample of high school students indicated subtle differences in trajectory for young males and females and effects specific to different drug categories. Delinquency emerged as the most consistent predictor in both males and females. Low self-esteem was also an important indicator for future female marijuana use and marijuana intoxication and both male and female other illicit substance use. The findings highlighted the need for a greater contextual understanding of the relationship between delinquency, self-esteem and substance use. The second study sought to provide a deeper understanding of these issues by examining the perceived functional value of substances in relation to psychological wellbeing, by means of a qualitative study of a group of young people who had experienced problems with their substance use. Chapter 4 explores the limited phenomenological research in this area, with a focus on studies which have used methods of measurement that highlight the perspective of young people. Using a Consensual Qualitative Research approach, Study 2 builds on the drug type and gender contrasts noted in Study 1, and explores the interface between substance use and psychological well-being in depth using a clinical population. A number of key functions are identified by young people, with evidence of both convergence and divergence across drug categories (alcohol, cannabis, other illicit substances). Interviewees reported six functions common to all substances; social connectedness, improve affect, positive self-transformation, better coping with problems, fun and laughter, and feeling intoxicated. Nine additional functions were identified in relation to cannabis and other illicit substances. Several gender differences were also noted, with males tending to report more positive reinforcement from alcohol and cannabis, and young females more frequently describing benefits related to use of other illicit substances. The concluding chapter (Chapter 5) reviews the main findings across both studies and their implications for theory, practice, and future research. Overall, the findings of the research provide support for both problem behaviour and adaptive models of adolescent substance use, and indicate that young people are capable of reflecting on their substance use experiences. Incorporating the wisdom of young people into risk frameworks may enhance prevention, education and intervention efforts.

Adolescence is a time of experimentation and exploration. For many young people, a feature of this developmental period is the initiation of substance use. Whilst the majority of young people do not go on to develop substance use problems, any substance use has potential for danger. The current body of literature on the prevention of substance use problems suggests that in order to advance understanding, researchers must adopt a risk-focused approach. There is a wide range of indices that have been cited as risk factors for the development of substance use disorders. Chapter 2 explores some of the aetiological models and literature on risk factors with specific reference to psychological wellbeing, studies highlighting comorbid relationships between adolescent mental health and substance use problems, and the functional value of substances in relation to well-being. Although attention to psychological risk factors has received increased press in the literature, the number of controlled, longitudinal studies is relatively small. A review of recent studies (Chapter 3) indicates that the presence of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or behavioural problems such as delinquency represent psychological risk factors for the development of later substance use problems, however findings are inconsistent and many studies do not examine differential predictive utility by substance or gender. Thus, Study 1 of this research aimed to add to this body of work by exploring the prediction of alcohol, cannabis and other illicit substance use at age fifteen from key indicators of psychological well-being taken at age thirteen. The data from a normative sample of high school students indicated subtle differences in trajectory for young males and females and effects specific to different drug categories. Delinquency emerged as the most consistent predictor in both males and females. Low self-esteem was also an important indicator for future female marijuana use and marijuana intoxication and both male and female other illicit substance use. The findings highlighted the need for a greater contextual understanding of the relationship between delinquency, self-esteem and substance use. The second study sought to provide a deeper understanding of these issues by examining the perceived functional value of substances in relation to psychological wellbeing, by means of a qualitative study of a group of young people who had experienced problems with their substance use. Chapter 4 explores the limited phenomenological research in this area, with a focus on studies which have used methods of measurement that highlight the perspective of young people. Using a Consensual Qualitative Research approach, Study 2 builds on the drug type and gender contrasts noted in Study 1, and explores the interface between substance use and psychological well-being in depth using a clinical population. A number of key functions are identified by young people, with evidence of both convergence and divergence across drug categories (alcohol, cannabis, other illicit substances). Interviewees reported six functions common to all substances; social connectedness, improve affect, positive self-transformation, better coping with problems, fun and laughter, and feeling intoxicated. Nine additional functions were identified in relation to cannabis and other illicit substances. Several gender differences were also noted, with males tending to report more positive reinforcement from alcohol and cannabis, and young females more frequently describing benefits related to use of other illicit substances. The concluding chapter (Chapter 5) reviews the main findings across both studies and their implications for theory, practice, and future research. Overall, the findings of the research provide support for both problem behaviour and adaptive models of adolescent substance use, and indicate that young people are capable of reflecting on their substance use experiences. Incorporating the wisdom of young people into risk frameworks may enhance prevention, education and intervention efforts.

Adolescence is a time of experimentation and exploration. For many young people, a feature of this developmental period is the initiation of substance use. Whilst the majority of young people do not go on to develop substance use problems, any substance use has potential for danger. The current body of literature on the prevention of substance use problems suggests that in order to advance understanding, researchers must adopt a risk-focused approach. There is a wide range of indices that have been cited as risk factors for the development of substance use disorders. Chapter 2 explores some of the aetiological models and literature on risk factors with specific reference to psychological wellbeing, studies highlighting comorbid relationships between adolescent mental health and substance use problems, and the functional value of substances in relation to well-being. Although attention to psychological risk factors has received increased press in the literature, the number of controlled, longitudinal studies is relatively small. A review of recent studies (Chapter 3) indicates that the presence of anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or behavioural problems such as delinquency represent psychological risk factors for the development of later substance use problems, however findings are inconsistent and many studies do not examine differential predictive utility by substance or gender. Thus, Study 1 of this research aimed to add to this body of work by exploring the prediction of alcohol, cannabis and other illicit substance use at age fifteen from key indicators of psychological well-being taken at age thirteen. The data from a normative sample of high school students indicated subtle differences in trajectory for young males and females and effects specific to different drug categories. Delinquency emerged as the most consistent predictor in both males and females. Low self-esteem was also an important indicator for future female marijuana use and marijuana intoxication and both male and female other illicit substance use. The findings highlighted the need for a greater contextual understanding of the relationship between delinquency, self-esteem and substance use. The second study sought to provide a deeper understanding of these issues by examining the perceived functional value of substances in relation to psychological wellbeing, by means of a qualitative study of a group of young people who had experienced problems with their substance use. Chapter 4 explores the limited phenomenological research in this area, with a focus on studies which have used methods of measurement that highlight the perspective of young people. Using a Consensual Qualitative Research approach, Study 2 builds on the drug type and gender contrasts noted in Study 1, and explores the interface between substance use and psychological well-being in depth using a clinical population. A number of key functions are identified by young people, with evidence of both convergence and divergence across drug categories (alcohol, cannabis, other illicit substances). Interviewees reported six functions common to all substances; social connectedness, improve affect, positive self-transformation, better coping with problems, fun and laughter, and feeling intoxicated. Nine additional functions were identified in relation to cannabis and other illicit substances. Several gender differences were also noted, with males tending to report more positive reinforcement from alcohol and cannabis, and young females more frequently describing benefits related to use of other illicit substances. The concluding chapter (Chapter 5) reviews the main findings across both studies and their implications for theory, practice, and future research. Overall, the findings of the research provide support for both problem behaviour and adaptive models of adolescent substance use, and indicate that young people are capable of reflecting on their substance use experiences. Incorporating the wisdom of young people into risk frameworks may enhance prevention, education and intervention efforts.

Univ., Diss.--Göttingen, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 255 - 280.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Göttingen, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 255-280).

FRANÇA, Clístenes Chaves de. Discurso, verdade e justificação: o problema da verdade na pragmática formal de Jürgen Habermas. 2008. 125f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Filosofia, Fortaleza (CE), 2008. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-27T12:22:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ccfranca.pdf: 1274696 bytes, checksum: 709db2f2afaff21ee7b2aaa56308b632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-29T13:43:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ccfranca.pdf: 1274696 bytes, checksum: 709db2f2afaff21ee7b2aaa56308b632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T13:43:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_ccfranca.pdf: 1274696 bytes, checksum: 709db2f2afaff21ee7b2aaa56308b632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Diese Magisterarbeit geht es um die Konsensustheorie der Wahrheit von J. Habermas. Das hauptsächliche Ziel dieser Arbeit handelt es sich darum: die zwei folgenden Fragen zu beantworten: a) ist die Konsensustheorie der Wahrheit eine authentische Wahrheitstheorie? oder ist sie eher eine Rechtfertigunstheorie? Und b) wenn sie eine authentische Wahrheitstheorie ist, ist sie eine realistische – oder anti-realistische Wahrheitstheorie? Um einen adäquaten Hintergrund zu präsentieren, vor dem ich jene Fragen beantworten kann, entwickelte ich im ersten Kapitel eine Aussprache darüber, was ist eine authentische Wahrheitstheorie und welche sind die Unterscheidungen zwischen einer Wahrheitstheorie und einer Rechtfertigungstheorie. Im zweiten Kapitel, nach einer ausfürlichen Vorstellung der Konsensutheorie der Wahrheit, die Habermas in seinem Aufsatz von 1972 (Wahrheitstheorien) entwarf, versuche ich die zwei hauptsächlichen Fragen dieser Arbeit zu beantworten. Im dritten Kapitel stelle ich die Berichtigungen vor, die Habermas in seinem Aufsatz von 1999 (Wahrheit und Rechtfertigung) formulierte, um die praktisch unhintergehbaren realistischen Unterstellungen sprach- und handlungsfähiger Individuen in die Wahrheitskonsensustheorie einzuarbeiten. Die eingearbeiteten Berichtigungen verändern tief die ursprüngliche Konsensustheorie der Wahrheit, dann muss man noch einmal die zwei hauptsächlichen Fragen beantworten. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Habermas in seinem Aufsatz von 1972 eine authentische anti-realistische Wahrheitstheorie entwickelte, aber in seinem Aufsatz von 1999 gab Habermas auf, die Aufgabe einer autentischen Wahrheitstheorie zugunsten einer Rechtfertigunstheorie auszuarbeiten. / O objeto desta dissertação é a teoria consensual da verdade de J. Habermas. Meu objetivo principal de estudo é responder às seguintes indagações: a) é ou não a teoria consensual da verdade uma legítima teoria da verdade, ou, antes, seria ela uma teoria da justificação? e b) em sendo uma genuína teoria da verdade, estruturar-se-ia ela como uma teoria Realista ou Anti-realista da verdade? Visando oferecer um pano de fundo adequado para responder a essas indagações desenvolvo no primeiro capítulo uma discussão acerca de como deve ser uma legítima teoria da verdade e a diferença entre ela e uma teoria da justificação. A partir do que foi estabelecido no primeiro capítulo, procuro responder aos dois questionamentos principais em torno dos quais se estrutura esta dissertação, após apresentar de forma detalhada a teoria consensual formulada por Habermas em seu artigo de 1972 Wahrheitstheorien. No terceiro capítulo, discuto as retificações que Habermas efetivou em sua proposta inicial de teoria da verdade, em seu livro Wahrheit und Rechtfertigung, em 1999, tendo em vista a necessidade de incorporar elementos realistas inevitáveis presentes nas ações de sujeitos capazes de ação e fala. As mudanças introduzidas por Habermas alteram de tal modo sua concepção original de verdade que se faz necessário re-avaliarmos a nova concepção em torno daquelas duas indagações iniciais. Os resultados principais desta dissertação indicam que Habermas em suas formulações iniciais havia desenvolvido uma genuína teoria Anti-Realista da verdade, mas que suas reformulações o levaram a abandonar a tarefa de oferecer uma legítima teoria da verdade em prol de uma teoria da justificação.

Previous research suggests one in five United States (U.S.) adults will engage in consensual nonmonogamy (CNM) in their lifetime (Haupert et al., 2017). Despite a significant number of adults engaging in CNM relationships, there is considerable stigma regarding CNM status. Clients that identify as CNM are marginalized in the process of psychotherapy (Henrich & Trawinski, 2016; Kisler & Lock, 2019; Schechinger et al., 2018). One previous study found that one-third of clients who identify as consensually nonmonogamous reported experiencing inappropriate therapy practices (Schechinger et al., 2018). Inappropriate therapy practices included their therapist pathologizing their relationship structure or expressing judgmental attitudes around their CNM relationship. Clients who experienced inappropriate practices were significantly more likely to terminate therapy prematurely. The present study measures relational therapists’ (n = 775) attitudes, monogamism sensitivity, and knowledge regarding consensual nonmonogamy. Treatment practices when working with clients who identify as CNM were also explored through open-ended questions. A simple linear regression revealed that knowledge of CNM predicted favorable attitudes toward CNM. Furthermore, monogamism sensitivity strengthened the relationship between knowledge and attitudes. Specialized training was not significant in predicting knowledge of CNM or attitudes toward CNM. Thematic analysis revealed four categories related to working with CNM clients in therapy. These categories were general treatment, helpful practices, unhelpful practices, and perpetuating stigma. Results of both the qualitative and quantitative data analyses suggest relational therapy training programs should better prepare clinicians in working with clients who identify as consensually nonmonogamous. Specifically, in addressing how monogamism influences therapists ’clinical judgement.

In this study, we have considered if, how, or to what extent emerging Christian expressions within the context of the Emerging Church (EC) movement, and related Emerging Missional partners and postcedents, might reform, contextualize, innovate, or revise Christian forms, language, practices, or doctrines to reform the church and inculturate the gospel in postmodern contexts, while retaining continuity and congruence with apostolicity and orthodoxy. We also wished to see if, how, or to what extent EC voices considered accountability to apostolicity and orthodoxy and, if not, to what they were accountable and also to what extent they remain authentically Christian. We have done so by examining the perspectives of leading EC authors, practitioners, and current and historical conversation partners including Vincent of Lérins and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, using historical, theological, ethnographic and narrative inquiry and analysis methods. Our review of literature from EC authors provides insights into debates that led to fracturing of the EC movement and that offer challenges to orthodoxy. Our analysis also reveals methods EC authors appealed to in order to justify their views, or defense or revisions of core historic doctrines. When they rarely appealed to orthodoxy, there were two common but divergent approaches in which orthodoxy was either viewed as a system of beliefs, in which one could treat orthodox doctrines trans-subjectively, or else as being subjectively grounded in the incarnate Christ, in which accountability to Christ was primarily evidenced in materialist acts. We also placed our analysis of key EC sources and their approaches to apostolicity and orthodoxy in conversation with the historical perspectives of Vincent of Lérins and Dietrich Bonhoeffer, as well as with current EC practitioners, via an ethnographic questionnaire. We found that Vincent’s method of consensual orthodoxy, instead of seeing orthodoxy as a system of universal beliefs, or as entirely subjective, appeared to center orthodoxy in the unified life of the Body of Christ in which doctrine may grow and, yet, its apostolic meaning is safeguarded by requiring Christians to surrender current interpretations of Scripture to the universal ecumenical consensus of the Body of Christ through history. Then too, our review of Bonhoeffer’s works reveals the ways that he provides room for questioning and flexibility, while holding that the creedal beliefs and sacred practices of the apostolic faith must be surrendered to as-is, as agents of revelation. In further analysis of primary sources and ethnographic responses, the study also reveals a third EC approach to apostolicity and orthodoxy, in which, in synergy with Vincent and Bonhoeffer, orthodox doctrine is seen as the unified faith, obedience, worship, and witness of the Body of Christ, and in which body doctrine may contextually grow in faithful alignment with apostolicity. Additionally, we considered Vincent’s method as providing orthodox EC voices a rule to guide contextual listening, inculturation and growth of doctrine while ensuring continuity and congruity with apostolicity. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Church History and Church Policy / PhD / Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 488646 bytes, checksum: d0842636497a770b4b85ad957c043c6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The procedure of Environmental Licensing in Brazil is inserted into the set of standards that are governed by the constitutional principle of popular participation in decision-making of public administration. Nevertheless, the doctrine of law which upholds the consensual management of the public goods in its turn reveals the necessity of administration to recognize the relevance not only of the legislation, but the effective implementation of these systems consensual management. The problem in study arises when the instruments available to society become incapable of promoting an integrated decision, creating a gap between the consults in civil society and practices in public administration. The study is examining two of the instruments for popular participation considered the majors in the Environmental Licensing in works who covers a watershed: the Basin Committee, which is the collegiate institution with popular representation competent to manage the area under its management and the Public Audience, moment legally made so that there is dialogue between government and citizens in Licensing. What was observed were instruments who offer a potentiality for participating politics effectivation, but the deturpated practics make the commands still be emanated from a central government, which can only be broken with the effectivation of democratic principles and making constant society s supervision. / O procedimento de Licenciamento Ambiental no Brasil está inserido no conjunto de normas que são regidas pelo princípio constitucional da participação popular na tomada de decisão da administração pública. Não obstante, a doutrina do direito que defende a gestão consensual do bem público revela por sua vez a necessidade de que a administração reconheça a relevância não só da legislação, mas a efetiva implantação dods sistemas consensuais de gestão. O problema do estudo surge quando os instrumentos colocados à disposição da sociedade se tornam incapazes de promover uma decisão integrada, gerando um hiato entre as consultas à sociedade civil e as práticas na administração pública. O estudo analisa dois dos instrumentos de participação popular considerados principais no Licenciamento Ambiental em obras que abrangem bacias hidrográficas: o Comitê de Bacia, que é o órgão colegiado com representação popular competente para gerir o espaço sob sua gestão e as Audiências Públicas, momento legalmente constituído para que haja o diálogo entre administração e cidadãos no Licenciamento. O que se observou foram instrumentos que oferecem potencialidade para a efetivação de políticas participativas, porém a prática deturpada faz com que os comandos ainda sejam emanados de um governo central, que só pode ser rompida com efetivação dos princípios democráticos e a constante fiscalização por parte da sociedade.