Local projects aiming to jointly reduce deforestation, climate change and poverty are increasingly popular. Yet, despite widespread claims of “win-win” success, there is growing evidence of significant trade-offs. My doctoral research examines three globally widespread strategies to achieve “win-win” outcomes by both conserving forests and improving the well-being of local people: 1) voluntary incentive-based mechanisms such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and sustainable intensification, 2) protected area enforcement alongside livelihood compensation, 3) community-based natural resource management. In the region of San Martín in northern Peru, over 50 million US dollars have been committed to these approaches since 2008 by international actors such as Disney, Hugo Boss and Althelia Ecosphere. This thesis compares the perspectives of organisations and local community members across 15 project sites in this region regarding these strategies and their implications for local people and forests. Organisational perspectives were investigated through 36 semi-structured interviews with project managers and a review of 103 project documents. Local perspectives were explored through 15 participatory workshops and 270 day-long semi-ethnographic mixed method interviews with project beneficiary and non-beneficiary households. The main body of this thesis uncovers a significant gap between “win-win” project theories of change and outcomes in San Martín. Combined quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate the role of different social, economic, political and ecological factors in producing and sustaining conservation and well-being outcomes. These outcomes are explored through twenty-seven distinct ways of framing “successful” outcomes for forests and/or people, based on diverse community and external perspectives. This permitted an examination of what interventions appeared to be achieving given the broader context, as well as the implications of how “success” is framed. My findings highlight several ways in which the assumptions underpinning projects tend to break down in practice. For example, attempts to increase farmers’ income to reduce pressure on forests ignored how increased wealth was actually a principle driver of deforestation. Additionally, although projects often claimed that material incentives could “crowd in” intrinsic values for nature, in practice this did not commonly occur. The contradictions between local and organisational perspectives led me to examine how projects maintain their coherence, plausibility and legitimacy despite being largely unreflective of local dynamics. I found that “win-win” strategies were wrapped up in globally hegemonic discourses – protection-focused, community-oriented and incentive-based – which differed in how they framed problems and embraced assumptions about solutions. For example, the protection-focused discourse viewed nature as “pristine” and appealed to protected area enforcement to safeguard it from local people. Contrastingly, the community-oriented discourse emphasised the role of nature in human well-being and thus sought to increase awareness through community initiatives. Finally, the incentive-based discourse emphasised the economic value of nature and used material benefits to incentivise “self-interested” actors to conserve. These relatively narrow views of human behaviour produced unrealistic expectations that limited project success. In spite of this, these global “win-win” discourses shaped the structures, policies, practices and subjectivities of project accountability chains in ways which served to reinforce them. To escape the performative circularity of these discourses and the associated gap between “win-win” project intentions/narratives and local realities, I propose a similarly discursive intervention to pursue transformative change within San Martín and globally. The intervention seeks to transform how knowledge is produced in conservation and development research and practice in order to shape structures, policies, practices and subjectivities in ways which facilitate more bottom-up approaches to conservation governance and more directly confront hegemonic neoliberal governance structures.

This study describes the development of South Sinai, Egypt, including the role played in it by conservation. South Sinai has great ecological, cultural and strategic significance. Its central highlands, sacred to three faiths, form the St Katherine Protectorate, and its indigenous population consists of Bedu from eight tribes or confederations. The 1967 Six Day War resulted in intense transformation and intervention, first by Israel and then by Egypt. Before 1967 core bedouin livelihoods were agropastoral, but sedentarization and economic change made them uneconomic, increasing bedouin dependence on paid work. Since 1982 Egyptian policy has focussed on populating Sinai with Nile Valley Egyptians and developing it through its tourist industry. Both processes exclude Bedu, who have become a marginalized minority. Conservation policy has contributed to this outcome. I argue that Egypt’s conservation agenda in Sinai permits the claim that ‘something is being done’ to combat environmental degradation caused by settlement and tourism. However, underfunding of conservation ensures destructive development continues unopposed, while Bedu are strictly regulated. I examine Egyptian environmental and conservation policies and then their application to St Katherine in its European and Egyptian management phases. I investigate the ‘Bedouin overgrazing’ narratives that have informed conservation policy. These attribute vegetation loss to Bedu, ignoring alternative evidence, and providing a rationale for their ‘re-education’.Second I examine the impact of post-1967 interventions upon bedouin livelihoods, demonstrating a 95% decline in flock size from the 1960s to the present day, and the loss of viability of pastoralism. I illustrate growing polarization within bedouin society, and demonstrate lower access by Bedu to most goods and services compared to the general population. For half my sample (122 individuals in 82 households) income falls at or below $1 per person per day. 80% of Bedu are shown to experience food poverty compared with 44% of Egyptians. Official data on Bedu are not collected, and their poverty thus ignored by planners. I believe this is the first time their poverty has been demonstrated. Finally I examine how the Bedu have responded to marginalization and inequality. I argue that bedouin identity is eroded by their inequality as citizens, especially in town where it is most apparent. Attempts to revalidate themselves as Bedu crystallize around dissatisfaction with the Protectorate. As an act of resistance, Bedu have ‘reinvented’ an identity as guardians of nature, just as their actual dependence on nature declines.

Abstract Throughout history, land has been treated as man's platform for development and expansion into new territories and the basis for our current infrastructure. Understanding existing properties and characteristics of the land has become imperative to successful development and strong networks that connect human beings to one another. As we discover ever changing natural tendencies, we are prone to rethinking the way in which the land is engaged from a developmental and conservational standpoint. Coexisting with natural processes of the earth and the land is of utmost importance to the success of human systems using it as a base for growth. Land is becoming very scarce as the human race expands its network, which makes the term "Conservation Development" an integral part of the future of infrastructure. Conservation Development is defined as the process of planning, designing, building, and managing communities that preserves landscapes or other community resources that are considered valuable for their aesthetic, environmental, cultural, agricultural, and/or historic values (McMahon, 2010). Critically analyzing potential sites prior to any ground work is vital to successful conservation development. Specifically, Bristol West is a challenging site and as with every site it has specific constraints and opportunities for development. If developed using traditional methods, it has the potential of being built upon without responding to the existing features and natural resources, which could potentially lead to economic and environmental problems. Some problems include wildlife corridor interruptions, flooding problems within the site and contextually, destruction of the character and "sense of place" of Bristol, unsuccessful business applications, and strip development. The appropriateness of conservation development to a site in Bristol will be examined through analyzing existing topography, natural drainage patterns, wildlife corridors, and relationships to surrounding context. Strip development of the site could hinder the economic and environmental integrity of Bristol, TN if certain issues are not addressed throughout its planning process. Therefore, more responsible development strategies are explored as well as how economically efficient the site can be for its surrounding context and the City of Bristol, Tennessee.

The marine aquarium trade has played an important role in shaping the ecological state of coral reefs in Indonesia and much of the Asia-Pacific. The use of cyanide by ornamental fishers in Buleleng District, Bali, in the 1980s and 1990s has resulted in a precipitous decline in the ecological health of reefs. Cyanide-free harvesting techniques were introduced after 2000, along with reef restoration measures. This thesis examines social and ecological processes in the fishing village of Les, Bali, in ending the use of cyanide and the resulting ecological restoration. An emphasis on conservation-development (with livelihood objectives) was important in securing interest and cooperation across stakeholder groups. Adaptive approaches to governance and knowledge co-production were also important. The strategy used at Les is now being exported to other communities across Indonesia, and provides a promising example of a marine resources-based conservation-development initiative that may be implemented at other, similar communities.

The marine aquarium trade has played an important role in shaping the ecological state of coral reefs in Indonesia and much of the Asia-Pacific. The use of cyanide by ornamental fishers in Buleleng District, Bali, in the 1980s and 1990s has resulted in a precipitous decline in the ecological health of reefs. Cyanide-free harvesting techniques were introduced after 2000, along with reef restoration measures. This thesis examines social and ecological processes in the fishing village of Les, Bali, in ending the use of cyanide and the resulting ecological restoration. An emphasis on conservation-development (with livelihood objectives) was important in securing interest and cooperation across stakeholder groups. Adaptive approaches to governance and knowledge co-production were also important. The strategy used at Les is now being exported to other communities across Indonesia, and provides a promising example of a marine resources-based conservation-development initiative that may be implemented at other, similar communities.

Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-36).

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Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Laurence A. Clement, Jr. / Increasing population in Manhattan, Kansas and rising enrollment at Kansas State University have increased the interest in establishing new residences and commercial businesses within the city limits. Locations for development include the revitalization of Manhattan’s south end and sites adjacent to Seth Child Road, US Highway 24, and K-177. Recent development patterns in Manhattan, such as residential development near Wildcat Creek, have resulted in severe environmental impacts. While most development enhances existing land use patterns, undeveloped natural areas along K-177 present several environmental opportunities and restraints that must be assessed and well-planned for to accommodate projected growth in a sustainable way. Topography, existing vegetation, drainage networks, wildlife habitats, and proximity to the Kansas River contribute to limitations in development along and extending from K-177. This proximity and resulting development could reduce existing wildlife habitat, plant species, and the overall health of Manhattan’s and the surrounding area’s air, soil and water quality. Developmental strategies are needed to ensure the conservation of sensitive ecosystems and to direct development to the most suitable areas. After conducting an inventory of the land’s natural resources and land use patterns, two suitability models were created to express areas most suitable for development based on two sets of values; conservation-minded and developer-minded. As sites for development were located and assessed, a trail suitability model was then created to express potential connections between new and old development and to show links to other significant destinations. This trail system also establishes greenway selection criteria, aiming to further protect remaining natural areas while providing a public amenity. Fulfillment of the goals and objectives of the Gateway to Manhattan Plan (GMP), establishes development suitability through a conservationist approach to ensure significant preservation of land. Such an approach and related conservation strategies are then discussed to act as a platform for decision making as lands along K-177 are developed. The trail suitability study and proposed greenway network provide solutions for meeting the GMP’s goals of establishing multi-modal connectivity along and across K-177 while conserving environmental resources. In addition to controlling development patterns, these greenways will act as conduits for wildlife, help maintain or enhance air, soil and water quality, protect endangered flora and fauna, and provide recreational amenities while minimizing overall negative environmental impacts.

The thesis evaluates the case of Ortahisar where natural rock-caved storage sector has been the major dominant traditional economic activity since 1950s. However this economic sector has begun to recess because of conservation priorities after the declaration of G&ouml / reme Historical National Park including Ortahisar settlement in World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1986. In addition, the tourism sector has begun to develop gradually in the Region as large amounts of tourists began to invade because of the world heritage advertisement of UNESCO and has begun to threaten the town&rsquo / s local economy, natural rock-caved storage sector. The aim of this thesis is to balance the stone-caved storage sector and tourism sector facilities and integrate the sustainable sides of them with conservation and sustainability objectives in a socio-spatial planning model and to ensure these two sectors&rsquo / positive contributions to each other and local economy. Finally, the thesis will emphasize the contribution of heritage planning to the sustainability of the local economy, ensuring of each sectors contribution to each other and local economy and heritage conservation process.

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