Hur kan ett område utvecklas till att bli en attraktiv plats att bo på? I examensarbetet besvaras denna fråga bland annat utifrån intervjuer med personer som på olika sätt har varit inblandade i de olika projekt och projekteringsplaner som diskuteras/berörs i arbetet och utifrån enkäter genomförda bland anställda på IKEA. Enkätstudien genomfördes ursprungligen med syfte att utreda anställdas inställning till IKEA och Älmhult. Bland dem som fyllt i den finns både sådana som redan bor i Älmhult och sådana som i dagsläget pendlar in till Älmhult. En förutsättning för arbetet var att ett nytt område för exploatering skulle kunna utvecklas i form av en bomässa och därför har även en kartläggning av och jämförelse mellan ett antal tidigare bomässor genomförts. Frågor som behandlas är vad som har varit utmärkande för dessa bomässor och vad som har gett dem genomslagskraft. Idéer och förslag presenteras i form av översiktliga planer och beskrivningar som kopplar till intervjuer, enkätsvar och analyser

The purpose of this study was to evaluate what forms of maintenance programs for the home are currently available on the market, and to develop a structured, organized framework for an easy-to-use system. From an inventory of what was available at national bookstore chains and from public libraries, it was evident that there was a void in information about scheduled maintenance accessible to the public. Therefore this paper addressed this issue. This thesis first investigated the history of upkeep and maintenance and its published materials and then assessed how best to fill the void in the area of continuous home care.This area was of interest because haphazard and random describe an owner's usual approach to maintenance around the home. Quality maintenance should not be hasty nor superficial. Rather, it should be an in-depth, consciously organized effort of preserving the building fabric. Treating a repair as a quick fix-it job is comparative to applying a band-aid to a cut which requires further medical treatment. This type of care is inadequate because it has not solved the problem which still exists. Therefore, maintenance should have the characteristic of being a conscious, in-depth effort. Quality maintenance should also be an organized effort, thereby avoiding the possibility of being hit-or-miss or lackadaisical.Simply, maintenance is the process of upkeep, of cleaning and monitoring the interior and exterior of a structure. Detecting an arising problem within the fabric, swiftly dealing with it, solving the situation and avoiding further deterioration is preventive maintenance. In other words upkeep is two-fold: 1) inspecting and repairing damage from general wear and tear (maintenance) and 2) preparing the house and its support systems for future use (preventive measures). Whether new construction or an older home, any aged structure can benefit from simple scheduled maintenance.In terms of conservation technology, a preventive maintenance program can significantly contribute to the preservation of historic and nonhistoric structures. Maintenance is a direct intervention process; it involves a one-on-one relationship and an ongoing interaction between owner and building. The goal in implementing a maintenance program is preservation: the sustaining and prolonging of the life and integrety of a special building--the home.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The study investigates questions and considerations emerging when stone in historic buildings needs to be replaced. The focus is on the surface treatment of stone in sandstone façades in pre-industrial buildings. That means buildings constructed by traditional methods and craftsmanship without the use of modern technology. The research issue originates from the extensive stonework that is planned for the façades of the Stockholm Palace. The project includes the replacement of large quantities of damaged stone to newly cut stone. This raises the questions about the use of modern and rational methods for surface treatment on the replacement stone. The purpose of the study is to investigate the demands on the stone in large scale restoration projects and to find out what methods for finishing are available. In order to make observations from a recent project involving vast amounts of newly cut sandstone the reconstruction of the Dresden Frauenkirche is investigated. By conducting interviews with representatives from the current project at the Stockholm Palace and with persons involved in the planning and execution of the reconstruction of the Dresden Frauenkirche the considerations that emerge from a large scale project containing sandstone façades is exemplified. Literature on traditional methods for stone finishing is studied and the various stone finishes on the Stockholm Palace and on the Dresden Fraunekirche is investigated. Methods and technology of the modern stone industry is examined by visiting two large German stone producers, in addition a small Swedish workshop is also studied. The findings of the study indicates that important qualities of the traditional carved stone might be lost if modern machine finishing is used. Modern technology can however facilitate the shaping out of the stone. If such rational production methods is chosen it requires that the detailing of the stonework must be taken into account and the handwriting of the individual craftsman has to be allowed to appear in the finished result. The conclusion of the study points to that the best result for surface treatment of sandstone on historic buildings is achieved through traditional methods preformed by skilled craftsmen.

No description available.

No description available.

The rehabilitation of urban environments by giving old buildings new functions is an old practice, but policies meant for encouraging rehabilitation trace their American origins back to the 1960s with the growing criticism of urban renewal plans and the rise of historic preservation values. In the U.S., historic rehabilitation has proven to be a way of revitalizing cities which have faced deindustrialization, disinvestment and shrinking tax revenues. Built heritage is especially vulnerable in these places because of the willingness of city governors to attract investment and development at any costs. This willingness of local authorities to let developers run amock in their cities might prove to be a bad strategy in the long run, even though it can bring capital back into the city fairly quick. In a climate of toughening regional and global competition over tourism and the location of business headquarters, the images and cultures of cities have gained an increasing importance. Careful and well planned redevelopment of the built environment has an crucial role to play in the re-imaging of industrial cities. Not including the new jobs and other direct economic benefits of rehabilitation, historic structures carry a large part of a city’s character and identity, ingredients desperately sought after when cities need to get an edge and show why they are worth visiting or relocating to. This paper has argued that successful rehabilitation not only makes use of the historic built environment, but also that it has the potential of renegotiating and redefining the history of a city (or at least parts of it). In this way rehabilitation can prove to have great public benefits in making new spaces available for public access and civic intercourse. City governors should not just look at quick economic benefits. A city where the urban fabric has been destroyed through profit-oriented and shortsighted development runs the risk of having gone into a dead end. A more prosperous future for the population, not just the developers, might instead be found in democratically planned and financially scaled down solutions in which the built environment is systematically reused. American developers and cities have proven to be successful in making rehabilitation financially successful for the property owner. Considerably less interest have been shown for the public benefits of these projects, often making them into isolated enclaves lacking legitimacy among the public and causing conflicts within the neighborhood. Developers are repeatedly accused of gentrification, displacement and for ignoring the public need for affordable housing. Despite the unclear public benefits these projects are often heavily subsidized on federal, state as well as city level. After having dealt with the growing general importance of cultural policies for cities, U.S. policies on historic rehabilitation are discussed and two large redevelopment projects in Baltimore and Durham presented. After that a Swedish case of inner city redevelopment through rehabilitation is presented, showing a contrast in both national policy and local practice. Swedish redevelopment has not been subsidized in the same generous manner as in many states of the U.S., and it has been more integrated into urban planning. In the Swedish case the city governors were not interested in preserving the built environment, but due to disinvestment new construction did not occur. In the 1970s, there was a consensus between leading politicians and local developers that preservation values would not be allowed to stand in the way of development. Until the early 1980s there was also a lack of local public support for preserving industrial buildings, as in many deindustrialized cities where industry has come to symbolize unemployment and stigmatization. The unique environment of the Industrial Landscape was finally preserved not through the actions of local government, but of architectural historians and curators representing government authority. Development of the historic district needed close monitoring at a national level since the developer had a very strong influence on local politics. In Swedish preservation policies local authorities have the possibility to landmark and protect environments much in the same way as in many U.S. cities with preservation commissions. If an urban plan seems to interfer with preservation goals, however, national authorities have the possibility of intervening in a similar way to that of state preservation offices in the U.S. In the 1990s development within the Industrial Landscape went into a more mature and democratically influenced phase in which goals of public access and attractiveness became increasingly important. The lesson from Sweden shows that redevelopment through rehabilitation can be affordable and that it does not need a whole lot of public subsidy. It also shows that the historical and aesthetic values need to be stressed in order for the development project to win the public support that is needed in a democratically lead community. The political leadership in this city, paralyzed by economic crisis, was heavily influnced by the developer, who was a large property owner in the city. But through monitoring, academic research and participation in public debate by preservation professionals, the table was turned and the preservation of the Industrial Landscape gained more and more support from the city in the 1980s. Instead of giving subsidies to the developer, the government located a national museum of labor to the district at a time in which economic support was badly needed. This showed that successful rehabilitation was possible here and that it would have considerable public benefits. Finally, it is also argued that the historical experiences of the national preservation movements have influenced the way rehabilitation is carried out. In Sweden, historic preservation has largely been a task for national government, whereas in the U.S. it has to a large extent been organized through national and local non-profit organizations buying up properties and lobbying for preservation causes. In this way historic preservation has been more integrated in Swedish urban politics, whereas in the U.S. preservationists have been identified as just one interest among others.

The limestone façade of the Alamo shows several areas of biological growth with black and gray streaks and blotches discoloring the stone. This thesis investigates the identity of the microorganisms on the stone, using two: DNA identification, and lab cultures grown from samples of the biofilm. By using both approaches, a better understanding was gained of the range of organisms present. Through these tests, it was found that the dominant organism on the limestone is cyanobacteria, of the genus Chrooccocus. Lab cultures revealed other organisms, including possibly fungi photobionts and algae. Through analysis and comparison of historic and contemporary photographs, patterns of recolonization are investigated. To further understand the effects of the biocide treatments, cultured samples were treated, and their reactions monitored. To better understand the possible relationship between the Alamo stone and its colonizing organisms, physical properties of the stone were investigated. SEM images, Edax minerology and water absorption were used to characterize the stone. This study is the first of its kind to investigate Native Texas quarried architectural limestone. Although studies have been conducted on historic monuments around the world to identify biological growth, none have focused on Texas limestone. By using both DNA and lab culture identification, this study adds to a wealth of investigations of other conservation professionals, applying it to a subject that has not been studied in this way before. By understanding the colonizing organisms, a sustainable conservation regimen can be determined. / text

The sense of belonging and identity of people in Hong Kong has strengthen since the 1990s, particularly after the 1997 handover, there was a growing recognition of the importance of heritage conservation. In response to the growing public concerns and heated discussions on the issue of conservation of heritage structures after the demolition of Star Ferry Pier and Clock Tower in December 2006, the heritage conservation policy and new initiatives are drawn up in the 2007-08 Policy Address and Policy Agenda. However, the conservation policy and initiatives are limited to individual building level only. This may result in the incompatibility of the heritage building with the surrounding developments. As a result, many conservationists and scholars comment that it should expand the heritage conservation work beyond individual buildings by embarking on an 'area-based' approach. Overseas experiences especially from United Kingdom in area based heritage conservation have been studied to provide legitimate guidance i.e. Conservation Areas. On the other hand, Area Based Heritage Conservation cannot be achieved without the facilitation of a town planning system. As a result, the relationship between heritage conservation under the town planning system has been reviewed, problems and issues has been examined. This study reveals that after the Government’s recent policy and initiatives in the past few years, to a large extent, have resolved or alleviated some of the decades-old problems under the existing town planning system. The objective of heritage conservation has been incorporated to different levels of town planning system. However, it is surprised that the adoption of Area Based Heritage Conservation is still not yet incorporated into the town planning system like Conservation Areas in the UK. Are there any difficulties to adopt this in Hong Kong? The answer is yes. Although there is still no timetable for the adoption of the designated area of "Special Design Area" ("SDA") proposed in the "Comprehensive Review of the Town Planning Ordinance" 1991 for area based heritage conservation in statutory plans, the introduction of planning application submitted to Town Planning Board ("TPB") for consideration under section 12A for planning permission under Town Planning (Amendment) Ordinance 2004 is found to be a usable tool for the area based heritage conservation under the statutory power of town planning system at district level. In practice, this may not work, as seen with the s.12A planning application submitted by the Central and Western Concern Group ("CWCG") which was not agreed by the Metro Planning Committee ("MPC") under TPB on 8 May 2009. If political and economical considerations were ignored, CWCG’s proposals in the s.12A planning application can be implemented "in theory" under the existing planning system of Hong Kong. However, gaining the approval of s.12A planning application from MPC is just the first step of the whole town planning process. This study continues to examine the following steps in town planning processes under different sections of Town Planning Ordinance ("TPO"), particularly in the plan-making process under section 6 of the TPO, which CWCG needs to go through in order to incorporate the accepted proposal eventually into the relevant approved statutory plan for area based heritage conservation. The whole process is lengthy and during the process CWCG’s proposal may subject to the attacks of the individual property owners and the developers, etc., as the development potential of their properties is being affected. If political and economical considerations were ignored, CWCG’s proposals in the s.12A planning application can be implemented "in theory" under the existing planning system of Hong Kong. However, gaining the approval of s.12A planning application from MPC is just the first step of the whole town planning process. This study continues to examine the following steps in town planning processes under different sections of Town Planning Ordinance ("TPO"), particularly in the plan-making process under section 6 of the TPO, which CWCG needs to go through in order to incorporate the accepted proposal eventually into the relevant approved statutory plan for area based heritage conservation. The whole process is lengthy and during the process CWCG’s proposal may subject to the attacks of the individual property owners and the developers, etc., as the development potential of their properties is being affected. This study concludes that although s.12A planning application has 'hidden' potential for area based heritage conservation, under the current political sentiment, it will not have the chance (i) to be accepted by the TPB and (ii) to incorporate the approved proposal into the relevant statutory plan subsequently unless it can obtain the consent of the sole current land owner/all current land owner(s) (private/government). As there are several successful projects of area based heritage conservation implemented by the Urban Renewal Authority in the past few years e.g. the Blue House Cluster in Wan Chai, the MPC recommends discussing the issues in the recent Urban Renewal Strategy Review ("URSR"). However, from the latest "Public Views and Future Direction – Paper for the Consensus Building Stage of the URSR" released in May 2010, does not mention about Area Based Heritage Conservation. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Since 1997, Hong Kong as an international financial center has experienced several financial storms. Whenever it was in the storm, the Government found reliance on finance and real estate unreliable and sought the need to diversify its economic mode. However, as soon as the storm was over, the Government forgot the need and continues to focus on financial development. In 2009, in view of the international financial crisis, the Chief Executive (CE) identified 6 priority industries as the new growth drives to propel Hong Kong towards a knowledge-based economy. In parallel, the Policy Address 2009 endorsed the Government would take “appropriate policies to remove obstacles to their development” (para.21) and “examine whether the existing use of resources can support the new economic structure, and to prevent the factors of production from being tied up by outdated policies and economic structure.” (para.22) Subsequently, CE suggested that diversified development should be a strategic move to achieve sustainable economic growth. To utilize the land resources for the 6 industries? development, the Government launches 4 measures to release the potential of 1000 industrial buildings. Its intention is good. Yet, the result will be much better if there are cohesive policy and measures to synchronize the needs and the strengths of the industries. Among the 6 priority industries to utilize the industrial land, this dissertation targets primarily on cultural and creative industries (CCI) which may collaborate with other industries, such as education and tourism to develop cultural tourism and an education center with a view to forming a CCI park in a post-industrial area. This dissertation divides itself into three. The first part evaluates CCI, urban industrial heritage buildings and their combination; the second examines 4 local case studies, Cattle Depot, JCCAC, Fotan and LoftStage as well as 6 Shanghai ones. The third and final part devises a preliminary but innovative model of how to develop a post-industrial area into a sustainable CCI park with various potentials and resources concerted in Hong Kong. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

In Hong Kong Cemetery, there are many stories of the prominent figures which are said to be significant to the history of colonial Hong Kong. However, there are also some quiet stories left yet to be told. Being a Christian, I have put my focus on those people who died for the Christian belief. Not far away from the entrance, I am deeply impressed and sympathetic to a story inscribed on a grave: Mrs. Henrietta Hall Shuck, the first American female missionary to China, died young in 1844 when she was only 27. What was the driving force pulling this young woman from the comfortable home in America and bringing her to Hong Kong, and finally buried here? Is there any reference left behind by her to let me know much about her life? Her story has been in my mind for years if I can find much information on her life. Every time when I take bus running along Caine Road and Bonham Road to the University of Hong Kong, I see a splendid architecture sitting on a platform at the junction of Bonham Road and Seymour Road, like a lighthouse guarding the area. Afterwards, I know that it is called Church of Christ in China (CCC) Hop Yat Church. Once when I walked along and came closer to the church building, I found a stone plaque embedded on the fa?ade of the church, on which there were four Chinese words: “To Tsai Hui Tong” (道濟會堂), which is “To Tsai Church” in English. The first question came to my mind: why the plaque of another church was embedded on the fa?ade of this church? Is there any story behind? What is the relationship between this “To Tsai Church” and the existing CCC Hop Yat Church? These questions finally converge on many of the “firsts”: Henrietta was not only the first foreign female missionary to Hong Kong, but also sharing the other three “firsts”: the first foreign female resided in Hong Kong, the first person started female education in Hong Kong, and finally, the first foreign missionary died in Hong Kong. For the To Tsai Church, it was also the first independent Chinese church in Hong Kong. These “firsts” imply that both Henrietta and To Tsai Church were in significant positions in the early Christianity development in Hong Kong. Henrietta joined the first foreign missionary to Hong Kong but died in Hong Kong like a seed; To Tsai Church developed from the foreign missionary works and rooted itself in the local Chinese community and finally came to harvest. All these pioneer stories lead to this study: to work out a heritage trail on the footprints of Henrietta and To Tsai Church so as to illustrate how the early Christianity developed in Hong Kong. The dissertation is divided into three main parts. The first part, covered by Chapter 2, describes the definition of heritage trail, and introduces the purposes of the heritage trails by making reference to those in Hong Kong. Then, referring to our case of a heritage trail in Christianity, discussion is focused on the nature of the religious heritage trail with examples. The second part, covered by Chapters 3, 4 and 5, gives a detailed description on the history of how the Christian missionary reached China and then Hong Kong from the time of Jesus until the British occupation of Hong Kong in 1841. Then, histories of the missionary by Mrs. Henrietta Hall Shuck and the evolution of To Tsai Church to CCC Hop Yat Church are discussed and the associated heritage sites are identified for the design of heritage trail. The third part, covered by Chapters 6 and 7, focuses on the heritage values of this heritage trial, the justification for developing this trail and then the detailed design of the trail. The concluding chapter 8 describes the importance of a religious heritage trail in the congested developed city like Central and Western District and also Hong Kong. Re-examination of the hypothesis and the answers to the research questions are to be illustrated. Finally, recommendations are suggested to find the possible ways to turn the heritage trail into reality. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation