Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 208-225). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Three studies were designed to determine the relation between subcortical neural temporal coding and the perception of musical consonance. Consonance describes the pleasing perception of resolution and stability that occurs when musical notes with simple frequency ratios are combined. Recent work suggests that consonance is likely to be driven by the perception of ‘harmonicity’, i.e. the extent to which the frequency components of the combined spectrum of two or more notes share a common fundamental frequency and therefore resemble a single complex tone (McDermott et al, 2010, Curr Biol). The publication in Chapter 3 is a paper describing a method for measuring the harmonicity of neural phase locking represented by the frequency-following response (FFR). The FFR is a scalp-recorded auditory evoked potential, generated by neural phase locking and named from the characteristic peaks in the waveform with periods corresponding to the frequencies present in the fine structure and envelope of the stimulus. The studies in Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate that this method predicts individual differences in the perception of consonance in young normal-hearing listeners, both with and without musical experience. The results of the study in Chapter 4 also demonstrate that phase locking to distortion products resulting from monaural cochlear interactions which enhance the harmonicity of the FFR may also increase the perceived pleasantness of consonant combinations of notes. The results of the study in Chapter 5 suggest that the FFR to two-note chords consisting of frequencies below 2500 Hz is likely to be generated in part by a basal region of the cochlea tuned to above this frequency range. The results of this study also demonstrate that the effects of high-frequency masking noise can be accounted for by a model of a saturating inner hair-cell receptor potential. Finally, the study in Chapter 6 demonstrates that age is related to a decline in the distinction between the representation of the harmonicity of consonant and dissonant dyads in the FFR, concurrent with a decline in the perceptual distinction between the pleasantness of consonant and dissonant dyads. Overall the results of the studies in this thesis provide evidence that consonance perception can be explained in part by subcortical neural temporal coding, and that age-related declines in temporal coding may underlie a decline in the perception of consonance.

Breaking Through is a single-movement composition for symphony orchestra based on a fourteen-note melody. Every harmonic and melodic figure except the bass line is derived from this source melody. The structure of the work is based on a number of musical dichotomies that work on both local and large-scale levels. The local dichotomies contrast consonance with dissonance and ambiguity with clarity (in respect to texture and rhythm). The dichotomy of two-part form versus three-part form and the dichotomy of simplicity versus complexity operate on the large scale. The unity lended by the single source melody coupled with the contrasts furnished by the aforementioned dichotomies allow Breaking Through to be both coherent and interesting.

A influência da cultura como variável independente associada a processos de sofrimento fisiológico e psicológico tem sido apontada com freqüência na literatura. Os principais problemas desse tipo de estudo referem-se a questões de ordem conceitual e metodológica. O conceito de consonância cultural tem sido proposto como alternativa a esses problemas. Consonância cultural se refere ao grau em que cada indivíduo aproxima seu próprio comportamento ou suas crenças e pensamentos do protótipo de crenças e comportamentos codificados em modelos culturais compartilhados. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as correlações entre consonância cultural e depressão, avaliadas em dois períodos de tempo distintos, com intervalo de dois anos entre a primeira e a segunda aplicação. Foram examinados em um primeiro momento, 271 sujeitos, distribuídos entre quatro bairros estratificados sócio-economicamente de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo. Todos os sujeitos foram novamente convidados a participar da pesquisa dois anos após a primeira aplicação, e 210 concordaram, perfazendo este o total de sujeitos da segunda amostra, o que equivale a 77,5% de participação no estudo de seguimento. Escalas de consonância cultural de quatro domínios culturais foram aplicadas nos dois períodos de tempo, estilo de vida (CCEV, CCEV2), suporte social (CCSS, CCSS2), vida familiar (CCVF, CCVF2) e características nacionais (CCCN, CCCN2), além de uma escala de depressão, também aplicada nos dois períodos (CES-D, CES-D2). Com o intuito de controlar os efeitos de consonância cultural sobre depressão foi incluído no seguimento uma medida de eventos vitais. Os resultados obtidos por intermédio da análise de correlação de Pearson demonstraram correlações entre todas as escalas de consonância cultural CCEV x CCEV2 (r = ,815), CCSS x CCSS2 (r = ,569), CCVF x CCVF2 (r = ,647), CCCN x CCCN2 (r = ,604), todas estas correlações apresentaram um nível de significância de p<0,01. A correlação entre CES-D x CES-D2 (r = ,622) apresentou um nível de significância de p<0,01. Encontramos correlações entre consonância cultural e depressão nos dois períodos de tempo. Quando considerados os domínios culturais de estilo de vida, suporte social e vida familiar, a direção nos apontou para o entendimento de que quanto maior a consonância cultural nestes domínios, menores os valores para depressão. Em outro sentido, quando o domínio cultural estudado foi o de características nacionais, os resultados apontam para outra direção, indicando que quanto maiores forem os valores de consonância cultural neste domínio, maior será também os valores para depressão. Controlando os resultados por eventos vitais importantes observou-se um efeito de consonância cultural sobre depressão nos domínios culturais de estilo de vida (r = -,355), vida familiar (r = -,308) e características nacionais (r = ,250), com níveis de significância para estilo de vida e vida familiar de p<0,01 e para características nacionais de p<0,05. Um fator geral de consonância cultural foi calculado e sua correlação com depressão, controlando por eventos vitais, verificada (r = -,267) com nível de significância de p<0,05. Estes resultados sugerem a consonância cultural como uma variável independente associada à depressão na comunidade (r2 = ,071), podendo explicar entre 5% e 10% desta distribuição. O modelo teórico e empírico de consonância cultural se apresenta como alternativa profícua para estudos na comunidade e se insere de forma importante na agenda de estudos sobre a relação entre cultura e depressão. / The influence of culture on physiological and psychological outcomes has been discussed frequently in the research literature. This type of study confronts serious conceptual and methodological problems. The concept and measurement of cultural consonance has been proposed as a solution for these problems. Cultural consonance refers to the degree to which each individual approximates, in his own behavior or beliefs the prototypes for belief and behavior codified in shared cultural models. The objective of this work was to analyze correlations between cultural consonance and depression evaluated in two distinct time periods with an interval of two years between the first and second applications. Initially, the study evaluated 271 subjects distributed into four socio-economically stratified districts of a city from the inland of the state of São Paulo. Two years after the first application, all subjects were once again invited to participate in the research and 210 agreed, composing the total subjects of the second sample, which is equivalent to 77.5% of participation rate in the follow-up study. Cultural consonance scales assessing four cultural domains were applied in both time periods, lifestyles (CCEV, CCEV2), social support (CCSS, CCSS2), family life (CCVF, CCVF2) and national characteristics (CCCN, CCCN2), as well as a depression scale, also applied in both periods (CES-D, CES-D2). Stressful life events, a known correlate of depression, was also included in the study. The aim of including this variable was to assess the correlation of cultural consonance with depression, controlling for a known effect on depression. The results obtained by means of the Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated correlations in all cultural consonance scales CCEV x CCEV2 (r = .815), CCSS x CCSS2 (r = .569), CCVF x CCVF2 (r = .647), CCCN x CCCN2 (r = .604), and all correlations presented significance level of p<0.01. The correlation between CES-D x CES-D2 (r = .622) also presented significance level of p<0.01. Correlations between cultural consonance and depression were observed in both time periods. When cultural consonance in the domains of lifestyle, social support and family life was considered, higher scores on each measure were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, when national characteristics domain was considered, the results obtained were the opposite, indicating that the higher the cultural consonance in this domains is, the higher the depression values will be. Controlling results by stressful life events, an effect of the cultural consonance on depression was observed in the following cultural domains: lifestyle (r = -.355), family life (r = -.308) and national characteristics (r = .250), with significance levels for lifestyle and family life of p<0.01 and for national characteristics of p<0.05. A cultural consonance general factor was calculated and its correlation with depression, controlled by stressful life events, verified (r = -.267), with significance level of p<0.05. These results suggest cultural consonance as an independent variable associated to depression in community (r2 = .071), which could explain from 5% to 10% of this distribution. The cultural consonance theoretical and empirical model seems to be a useful alternative for studies developed in the community in the agenda of studies involving culture and depression.

Recent research has suggested that music may enhance or reduce cognitive interference, depending on whether it is tonally consonant or dissonant. Tonal consonance is often described as being pleasant and agreeable, while tonal dissonance is often described as being unpleasant and harsh. However, the exact cognitive mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. We hypothesize that tonal dissonance may increase cognitive interference through its effects on attentional cueing. We predict that (a) consonant musical chords are attentionally demanding, but (b) dissonant musical chords are more attentionally demanding than consonant musical chords. Using a Posner cueing task, a standard measure of attention capture, we measured the differential effects of consonant chords, dissonant chords, and no music on attentional cueing. Musical chords were presented binaurally at the same time as a visual cue which correctly predicted the spatial location of a subsequent target in 80% of trials. As in previous studies, valid cues led to faster response times (RTs) compared to invalid cues; however, contrary to our predictions, both consonant and dissonant music chords produced faster RTs compared to the no music condition. Although inconsistent with our hypotheses, these results support previous research on cross-modal cueing, which suggests that non-predictive auditory cues enhance the effectiveness of visual cues. Our study further demonstrates that this effect is not influenced by auditory qualities such as tonal consonance and dissonance, suggesting that previously reported cognitive interference effects for tonal dissonance may depend on high-level changes in mood and arousal.

This dissertation examined the relationship between food security status and cultural congruence and indicators of child growth and development in a rural mountain town in Costa Rica. Results show that children from food secure households are significantly shorter and shorter-legged than their food insecure counterparts. It is theorized that these findings correspond to low quality diets associated with increasing commodification of food systems in rural Costa Rica. Identity-based mechanisms are discussed as potential factors contributing to the increasing commodification of life through the encroachment of the global market economy.

A influência da cultura como variável independente associada a processos de sofrimento fisiológico e psicológico tem sido apontada com freqüência na literatura. Os principais problemas desse tipo de estudo referem-se a questões de ordem conceitual e metodológica. O conceito de consonância cultural tem sido proposto como alternativa a esses problemas. Consonância cultural se refere ao grau em que cada indivíduo aproxima seu próprio comportamento ou suas crenças e pensamentos do protótipo de crenças e comportamentos codificados em modelos culturais compartilhados. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as correlações entre consonância cultural e depressão, avaliadas em dois períodos de tempo distintos, com intervalo de dois anos entre a primeira e a segunda aplicação. Foram examinados em um primeiro momento, 271 sujeitos, distribuídos entre quatro bairros estratificados sócio-economicamente de uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo. Todos os sujeitos foram novamente convidados a participar da pesquisa dois anos após a primeira aplicação, e 210 concordaram, perfazendo este o total de sujeitos da segunda amostra, o que equivale a 77,5% de participação no estudo de seguimento. Escalas de consonância cultural de quatro domínios culturais foram aplicadas nos dois períodos de tempo, estilo de vida (CCEV, CCEV2), suporte social (CCSS, CCSS2), vida familiar (CCVF, CCVF2) e características nacionais (CCCN, CCCN2), além de uma escala de depressão, também aplicada nos dois períodos (CES-D, CES-D2). Com o intuito de controlar os efeitos de consonância cultural sobre depressão foi incluído no seguimento uma medida de eventos vitais. Os resultados obtidos por intermédio da análise de correlação de Pearson demonstraram correlações entre todas as escalas de consonância cultural CCEV x CCEV2 (r = ,815), CCSS x CCSS2 (r = ,569), CCVF x CCVF2 (r = ,647), CCCN x CCCN2 (r = ,604), todas estas correlações apresentaram um nível de significância de p<0,01. A correlação entre CES-D x CES-D2 (r = ,622) apresentou um nível de significância de p<0,01. Encontramos correlações entre consonância cultural e depressão nos dois períodos de tempo. Quando considerados os domínios culturais de estilo de vida, suporte social e vida familiar, a direção nos apontou para o entendimento de que quanto maior a consonância cultural nestes domínios, menores os valores para depressão. Em outro sentido, quando o domínio cultural estudado foi o de características nacionais, os resultados apontam para outra direção, indicando que quanto maiores forem os valores de consonância cultural neste domínio, maior será também os valores para depressão. Controlando os resultados por eventos vitais importantes observou-se um efeito de consonância cultural sobre depressão nos domínios culturais de estilo de vida (r = -,355), vida familiar (r = -,308) e características nacionais (r = ,250), com níveis de significância para estilo de vida e vida familiar de p<0,01 e para características nacionais de p<0,05. Um fator geral de consonância cultural foi calculado e sua correlação com depressão, controlando por eventos vitais, verificada (r = -,267) com nível de significância de p<0,05. Estes resultados sugerem a consonância cultural como uma variável independente associada à depressão na comunidade (r2 = ,071), podendo explicar entre 5% e 10% desta distribuição. O modelo teórico e empírico de consonância cultural se apresenta como alternativa profícua para estudos na comunidade e se insere de forma importante na agenda de estudos sobre a relação entre cultura e depressão. / The influence of culture on physiological and psychological outcomes has been discussed frequently in the research literature. This type of study confronts serious conceptual and methodological problems. The concept and measurement of cultural consonance has been proposed as a solution for these problems. Cultural consonance refers to the degree to which each individual approximates, in his own behavior or beliefs the prototypes for belief and behavior codified in shared cultural models. The objective of this work was to analyze correlations between cultural consonance and depression evaluated in two distinct time periods with an interval of two years between the first and second applications. Initially, the study evaluated 271 subjects distributed into four socio-economically stratified districts of a city from the inland of the state of São Paulo. Two years after the first application, all subjects were once again invited to participate in the research and 210 agreed, composing the total subjects of the second sample, which is equivalent to 77.5% of participation rate in the follow-up study. Cultural consonance scales assessing four cultural domains were applied in both time periods, lifestyles (CCEV, CCEV2), social support (CCSS, CCSS2), family life (CCVF, CCVF2) and national characteristics (CCCN, CCCN2), as well as a depression scale, also applied in both periods (CES-D, CES-D2). Stressful life events, a known correlate of depression, was also included in the study. The aim of including this variable was to assess the correlation of cultural consonance with depression, controlling for a known effect on depression. The results obtained by means of the Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated correlations in all cultural consonance scales CCEV x CCEV2 (r = .815), CCSS x CCSS2 (r = .569), CCVF x CCVF2 (r = .647), CCCN x CCCN2 (r = .604), and all correlations presented significance level of p<0.01. The correlation between CES-D x CES-D2 (r = .622) also presented significance level of p<0.01. Correlations between cultural consonance and depression were observed in both time periods. When cultural consonance in the domains of lifestyle, social support and family life was considered, higher scores on each measure were associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. On the other hand, when national characteristics domain was considered, the results obtained were the opposite, indicating that the higher the cultural consonance in this domains is, the higher the depression values will be. Controlling results by stressful life events, an effect of the cultural consonance on depression was observed in the following cultural domains: lifestyle (r = -.355), family life (r = -.308) and national characteristics (r = .250), with significance levels for lifestyle and family life of p<0.01 and for national characteristics of p<0.05. A cultural consonance general factor was calculated and its correlation with depression, controlled by stressful life events, verified (r = -.267), with significance level of p<0.05. These results suggest cultural consonance as an independent variable associated to depression in community (r2 = .071), which could explain from 5% to 10% of this distribution. The cultural consonance theoretical and empirical model seems to be a useful alternative for studies developed in the community in the agenda of studies involving culture and depression.

This study aims to investigate the conflicting relation between climate attitude and climate behavior in young adult people in Sweden. The purpose of the study is to understand more about consonance management which is a recent trend in dissonance theory. Consonance management contributes to an understanding of why these young people routinely hold contradictory opinions and discordant views. This should, according to dissonance theory, result in experiences of dissonance. Dissonance theory suggests that to reduce or eliminate dissonance, people need to change or reinforce their opinions, which does not happen in this case. Totally five young people participated in this qualitative interview study. The participants talked about their consumption behavior and their experiences about continuously acting against their attitudes about the climate. The data material is analyzed from a consonance management perspective with help of Giddens Self Identity Theory. The resultand analysis show that the participants consumption behavior is closely related to their identity. The participants however experience a dissonance when they act against their attitude, but their personal identity is more valued and are therefore resulting in greater meaningfulness in their everyday life. The conclusion is that continuing to consume is the better option because the maintenance of an identity presupposes a certain consumption behavior. This study contributes to an increased understanding of why these young people routinely hold contradictory opinions instead of changing their attitudes. This case suggests that the consonance perspective is more useful than the dissonance perspective.

A influência da cultura na adaptação individual tem sido uma questão de considerável importância na psicologia, antropologia e em outras ciências sociais; no entanto, dificuldades teóricas e metodológicas têm limitado a possibilidade de investigar diretamente esses processos. A investigação de modelos da vida familiar faz-se importante devido ao papel estrutural da família na sociedade brasileira e sua relação com a saúde mental e desenvolvimento dos indivíduos. Na antropologia cognitiva, modelos culturais servem como uma função diretiva para o comportamento, construindo processos de significação para os indivíduos. O conceito de consenso cultural refere-se ao modo em que os modelos culturais são compartilhados e valorados pelos indivíduos. Enquanto que o conceito de consonância cultural foi proposto para descrever o grau com que o indivíduo, em seu próprio comportamento ou percepção, se aproxima do modelo cultural compartilhado. O presente estudo propôs-se a identificar a presença de modelos culturais na vida familiar, a existência de um consenso cultural acerca desses modelos e analisar a consonância cultural da população urbana estudada em Ribeirão Preto. Este trabalho integrou o Projeto “Cultura e Adaptação Individual" (CADI) e analisou parte dos dados relacionados à vida familiar. Participaram desta pesquisa 295 habitantes de Ribeirão Preto, com idades entre 18 a 67 anos. No método foram empregados técnicas cognitivas (lista livre, agrupamento livre e entrevista de consenso cultural), grupo focal e a Escala de Consonância Cultural da Vida Familiar desenvolvida pela equipe do projeto CADI. Os dados foram analisados utilizando modelos estatísticos apropriados e a análise temática de conteúdo. Nos resultados verificou-se que há um único modelo de vida familiar sendo compartilhado, há um bom compartilhamento desse modelo e uma valorização de elementos afetivos em detrimento de uma dimensão relacionada à estrutura familiar. O modelo cultural da vida familiar foi composto por elementos positivos e negativos aos vínculos familiares. Os elementos positivos puderam ser relacionados à estrutura familiar e ao funcionamento afetivo e qualidade das relações familiares. Os elementos negativos puderam ser distribuídos em um “continuum de poder prejudicial aos vínculos familiares e aos indivíduos". Sendo que “vício", “violência" e “irresponsabilidade" foram os elementos relacionados como potencialmente mais destrutivos aos vínculos familiares e às funções protetivas que a família poderia desempenhar. A configuração familiar vem sendo afetada por transformações sociais, relacionadas principalmente à evolução tecnológica, ao desejo por um novo estilo estilo de vida e a entrada da mulher no mercado de trabalho. A consonância cultural da vida familiar não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os quatro bairros estudados o que demonstra que os sujeitos se percebem vivendo a vida familiar independentemente das diferenças sócio-econômicas. O método empregado mostrouse adequado para a investigação dos objetivos do projeto. Espera-se que este trabalho possa contribuir para um melhor entendimento da família no Brasil e assim auxiliar na adequação e efinição de políticas públicas em nossa sociedade. / The influence of culture on individual adaptation has been a question of considerable importance in Psycology, in Anthropology and other social sciences; however, theoretical and methodological difficulties have limited the ability of researchers to directly investigate these processes. The investigation of familiar life models is important due to the structural role of a family in the Brazilian society and its relation with mental health and the development of individuals. In cognitive Anthropology, cultural models construct meaning for individuals and serve as a directive function for individual behavior. The term cultural consensus has been defined as the way cultural models are shared and rated by individuals. Whereas the concept of cultural consonance has been proposed to describe the degree to which an individual, in their own behavior or belief, approximate shared cultural model in some domain. The present work has been proposed to identify the presence of cultural models in familiar life, the existence of a cultural consensus related to these models and analyze the cultural consonance of the urban population studied in Ribeirão Preto. This work integrated the project “Culture and Individual Adaptation" (CADI- in Portuguese) and analyzed part of the data related to familiar life. Two hundred and ninety-five inhabitants from Ribeirão Preto, between 18 and 67 years old, participated in this research. In the methodology, cognitive techniques were used (free list, pile sort and cultural consensus interview), focal group and the Cultural Consonance Scale of Familiar Life developed by the team of the CADI project. The data was analized using appropriate statistical models and the thematic analysis of contents. In the results, it was observed that there is a single model of familiar life being shared, there is a good division of this model and a valorization of affective elements instead of a dimension related to familiar structure. The cultural model of the familiar life was composed by positive and negative elements in terms of family bonds. The positive elements could be related to familiar structure and the affective functioning and the quality of family relations. The negative elements could be divided into a “continuum of power which is harmful to family bonds and individuals", while “addiction", “violence" and “irresponsibility" were the elements reported as potentially more harmful to family bonds and the protective functions that a family could perform. The familiar configuration has been affected by social changes, due mainly to technological evolution, the desire of a new life style and the growing role of women in the working market. The cultural consonance of familiar life has not shown significant differences among the four neighborhoods studied, a fact that shows that individuals are aware of familiar life no matter the social and economical differences. The methodology applied has proved to be appropriate for the investigation of the goals of the project. This work is expected to contribute to a better understanding of families in Brazil and then, help to fit and define the public politics in our society.

The human stress response has been shaped by natural selection to manage acute environmental challenges. While short-term activation of this response is imperative for survival, its chronic stimulation can lead to negative health consequences due to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its end product, the glucocorticoid cortisol. In fact, chronic psychosocial stress has been identified as an important pathway through which lifestyle alterations associated with market integration (MI; the degree of production for and consumption from a market-based economy) impact traditionally-living societies experiencing rapid cultural changes. Few studies, however, have systematically examined the relationships between MI and HPA axis activity. Moreover, limited research has examined how factors associated with MI influence children's perceptions of the shifting cultural milieu. The primary goal of this dissertation was to illuminate the dynamic features of the human stress response among the indigenous Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador with four objectives: 1) To examine HPA axis activity among the Shuar to address fundamental questions about the basic biological mechanisms of the human stress response; 2) To examine individual differences in HPA axis activity as shaped by age, sex, and body mass index (BMI); 3) To evaluate how factors associated with MI influence the HPA axis activity of Shuar children and adolescents; and 4) To utilize a conceptual model (cultural consonance) to better understand how Shuar youth perceive changes in the sociocultural environment. Results suggested that age was positively associated with cortisol levels, while age and sex moderated the relationship between BMI and the decline in cortisol across the day. Factors associated with MI did not directly affect the cortisol patterns of Shuar children and adolescents; however, age, sex, and BMI moderated these relationships. For example, Shuar youth experiencing greater exposure to MI displayed age-related increases in waking cortisol levels. Finally, Shuar children and adolescents with less exposure to MI demonstrated more incongruity with their locally-defined model of lifestyle success due to limited access to items identified as important for “a good life”. These studies illustrate the complexity of the human stress response in the context of culture change. This dissertation includes unpublished, co-authored materials. / 10000-01-01