Thesis--Paris.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University. / Vita. Pub. also as Studies in history, economics and public law, edited by the Faculty of political science of Columbia University, vol. XI., no. 3, whole no. 106. Bibliographical note: p. 242-250.

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Constitutions and bills of rights have previously been argued to be non-democratic. To justify the entrenched nature of constitutions, some theorists have argued that constitutions represent a type of rational precommitment. However, this precommitment understanding of constitutions is not without its own problems. In this work, I will argue the prominent understanding of constitutional precommitment used by its proponents seems to rely upon a definition of commitment to which their arguments do not stay true. However, when I try to amend their arguments and apply a proper example of commitment, it leads to some problems with other tenets of the constitutional debate, especially the fact of constitutional entrenchment. In an attempt to determine just what it would take to save the rational precommitment understanding of constitutions, while maintaining a proper definition of commitment, I turn to metaphysical puzzles about change, persistence, and the possibility of a mereological understanding of our constitution. I conclude that 1) current debates do not have a proper conception of commitment and are thus failing to accomplish their ends, and 2) if proponents of the rational precommitment view do not buy into my analysis, then it is going to prove quite difficult to keep their account afloat once we properly define commitment. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

No / The place of Islam in constitutions invites fierce debate from scholars and politicians alike. Many of these debates assume an inherent conflict between constitutional Islam and 'secular' values of liberal democracy and human rights. Using case studies from several Muslim-majority states, this book surveys the history and role of Islam in constitutions. Tracing the origins of constitutional Islam, Dawood Ahmed and Muhammad Zubair Abbasi argue that colonial history and political bargaining were pivotal factors in determining whether a country adopted Islam, and not secularism, in its constitution. Contrary to the common contention that the constitutional incorporation of Islam is generally antithetical to human rights, Ahmed and Abbasi show not only that Islam has been popularly demanded and introduced into constitutions during periods of 'democratization' and 'modernization' but also that constitutional Islamization has frequently been accompanied by an expansion in constitutional human rights.

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Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgique / La présente thèse de doctorat porte sur la révision constitutionnelle dans les sociétés fragmentées. Elle ambitionne d’analyser et de comparer de quelle manière sont aménagées les procédures de révision constitutionnelle dans les États qui sont aux prises avec d’importants clivages linguistiques, ethniques ou religieux. Pour analyser cette problématique, nous mobilisons le cadre théorique du fédéralisme consociatif. Ce dernier est une articulation particulière du principe fédératif qui prend forme dans le respect des enseignements et des postulats du consociationalisme (ou démocratie consociative). Le fédéralisme consociatif est particulièrement pertinent pour étudier les procédures de révision constitutionnelle dans les sociétés fragmentées, puisqu’il recommande un ensemble d’arrangements institutionnels et de propositions normatives qui ont pour vocation de faciliter l’atteinte et le maintien de la stabilité politique dans un État marqué par d’importants clivages. Entre autres choses, le fédéralisme consociatif propose, comme principal postulat normatif, que les élites politiques des différents segments de la population sont plus susceptibles d’établir les consensus nécessaires à la conduite des affaires de l’État que ne l’est la population de ces mêmes groupes. Cette proposition est au cœur de notre démonstration, qui cherche à établir dans quelle mesure le rôle et l’influence des élites politiques sont un moteur de consensus lors du processus constituant, de même que de quelle manière les procédures de révision intégrant le peuple peuvent se faire en évitant d’exacerber les tensions entre les segments démotiques de la société. À partir d’une démarche comparative, nous étudions les processus constituants en place en Belgique, au Canada et en Suisse, tout en nous alimentant de certains autres systèmes. Nos résultats nous amènent à conclure qu’effectivement, la présence d’une grande coalition consociative est un important moteur de consensus, mais également que, parfois, les procédures de démocratie directe peuvent avoir pour effet d’accentuer la recherche de consensus entre élites, et donc de s’inscrire dans une dynamique consociative. Nous en venons donc à confirmer le postulat au fondement du consociationalisme, tout en le nuançant à certains égards. / This doctoral thesis focuses on constitutional change in divided societies. The aim is to analyse and compare how constitutional change processes are organized in states that are divided along linguistic, ethnic or religious lines. To analyse this problem, we mobilise the theoretical framework of consociational federalism. The latter is a particular articulation of the federal principle that takes shape in accordance with the teachings and postulates of consociationalism (or consociational democracy). Consociational federalism is particularly relevant to the study of constitutional chance processes in divided societies, since it recommends a set of institutional arrangements and normative proposals that are intended to facilitate the achievement and maintenance of political stability in states marked by important cleavages. Among other things, consociational federalism proposes, as its main normative premise, that political elites from the different segments of the population are more likely to build the consensus necessary for the conduct of state affairs than the population of those same groups. This proposition is central to our demonstration, which seeks to establish the extent to which the role and influence of political elites is a driver of consensus in the constituent process, as well as how people-inclusive constitutional change procedures can be achieved without exacerbating tensions between the demotic segments of a society. Using a comparative approach, we study the constituent processes in place in Belgium, Canada and Switzerland, while also drawing on some other systems. Our results lead us to conclude that the presence of a large consociational coalition is indeed an important driver of consensus, but also that, at times, direct democratic processes can have the effect of accentuating the search for consensus among political elites, and thus become part of a consociational dynamic. We therefore come to confirm the premise underlying consociationalism, while at the same time tempering it in certain respects

My dissertation focuses on ratification--the submission of a draft constitution to the people for their approval in an up or down vote--and has two central aims. First, it explores the mechanics, current usage, and possible effects of ratification and argues that despite its intuitive nature and ubiquity, it is in need of justification. Ratification is increasingly common and regularly included within the framing recommendations given by consultants, NGOs, transnational institutions, and the like. In addition, the procedure has significant effects: it can influence the behavior of framers, subsequently alter the contents of what they produce, is expensive to implement, and can lead to costly constitutional rejections. Despite this, both practitioners and scholars treat ratification as a given and provide no explanation or justification for its use. I argue that this is a mistake. Second, the primary aim of my dissertation is to ask what justifies the use of ratification, i.e. what reasons constitution-makers might have for implementing the procedure. Drawing from the history of ratification and the empirical and theoretical literature on constitution-making, I explore a series of possible justifications for the procedure, each of which connects to a central topic or theme in democratic theory. First, I ask whether ratification plays a role in a representative process ongoing during constitution-making, and whether the importance of fostering representation justifies its use. Second, I examine whether the need for ratification stems from its function as a moment of constituent power, an instance where the people manifest and exercise their will to make a constitution their own. Third, I explore whether ratification helps legitimize constitutions; this entails articulating a three-part theory of legitimacy corresponding to the concept's legal, moral, and sociological manifestations, and analyzing the role of ratification within this scheme. I test these potential justifications by looking at their theoretical coherence, applicability to cases of constitution-making from the 18th century to the present, and their compatibility with the actual dynamics and mechanisms of the constitution-making process. The results of my analysis are as follows. I argue that the only role ratification might play in a representative process is as an accountability mechanism, but that the possible divergence between how a voter evaluates a draft constitution and the behavior of his or her representative framer makes the procedure unable to take on this role. I find that theories of constituent power only justify ratification if the procedure is the sole moment during constitution-making in which the people take direct action on the constitution. This limits the justification to ratification procedures involving referenda, and requires that voters make a meaningful choice on the proposed constitution, i.e. they must choose whether to accept or reject a constitution on the basis of their understanding of its contents and the likely result of its rejection. However, this standard of meaningful choice, which requires a far greater level of voter informedness than ordinary instances of direct democracy, is unlikely to be met because voters cannot be expected to possess or obtain the sort of highly technical and specialized information such constitutional evaluation requires. Finally, I show that legal legitimacy collapses into sociological legitimacy when it comes to new constitutions and that ratification might produce sociological and moral legitimacy by making the contents of a constitution more likely to fall within the bounds of actual or perceived legitimacy, or by procedurally legitimating the outcome regardless of its substance. However, each of these pathways has considerable explanatory weaknesses and do not in themselves justify ratification. Thus, I ultimately conclude that there seems to be no convincing general justification available for ratification. The initially compelling arguments in favor of the procedure apply only occasionally, ignore differences between constitutional and ordinary lawmaking, contradict some of our central theories and assumptions about constitutionalism and democracy, or assume the prior existence of robust democratic norms. This does not amount to a wholesale rejection of ratification, for contextual variables might produce reasons for its implementation and I explore what these might be, but it does give reason to question the automatic application of this procedure, as well as the similar treatment of other peripheral components of constitutional and institutional design processes the merits of which are assumed rather than critically evaluated.

Inaug.-diss.--Strassburg. / Lebenslauf. Pub. in full in Historische studien. Includes bibliographical references.