Thesis (Ph. D.)--Freie Universität, Berlin, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 276-290).

Les Républiques soeurs, sont les républiques créées, aux Pays-Bas, en Italie, et en Suisse, pendant la Révolution, grâce à l'intervention militaire française et dont la constitution s'inspire fortement de celle du Directoire. Parmi ces dix constitutions datées de 1796 à 1799, certaines ont été simplement octroyées par la France, d'autres ont été adoptées plus librement. A ce moment où les puissances européennes font face à l'expansion de la Grande nation, celle-ci veut être entourée de républiques faites à son image, alliées, et même dociles, afin de se constituer un glacis protecteur. Ces constitutions sont donc établies grâce à la force des armes françaises, mais elles sont censées réaliser la liberté des peuples révolutionnés. Ces derniers, libérés d'une tutelle étrangère, ou d'un système inégalitaire, doivent connaître une émancipation à travers l'idéal républicain exprimé dans les constitutions. Or, la Constitution de l'an III, qui leur a servi de modèle, est elle-même la traduction d'un dilemme. Les Thermidoriens veulent clore l'épisode jacobin, tout en maintenant les acquis républicains. Les Républiques soeurs sont ainsi souvent décrites comme le lieu des expérimentations constitutionnelles qui ne peuvent être menées en France. Il s'agit donc, à travers une analyse constitutionnelle, de comparer les traductions de l'idéal républicain dans ces textes, et d'en montrer les différences par rapport au modèle français de 1795, afin de mesurer leur possibilité d'adaptation. Cette recherche des originalités des Constitutions des Républiques soeurs devant l'apport de l'idéal républicain, nécessite de passer par les thèmes qui constituent cet idéal, à savoir ceux de l'égalité, des droits, des libertés, de la garantie des droits, de la citoyenneté, de la souveraineté, de la représentation, et de la séparation des pouvoirs. / The Sister Republics were created in Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands through military intervention, during the French Revolution, and their constitutions are very much alike that of the Directoire. Of these ten Constitutions, adopted between 1796 and 1799, some were simply granted by France while others were passed on a more autonomous basis.At a time when the European powers were unable to contain the expansion of the Great nation, the latter wanted to surround itself with Republics built in its image, allied, even docile so as to surround itself in a protective glacis. These Constitutions were, thus, set up thanks to the French army's action, although they were meant to enforce the freedom of these revolutionized peoples. Freed from foreign dominion or from a non-equalitarian regime, they would experience emancipation through the republican ideal expressed in their constitutions. However, the Constitution de l'an III, upon which they were designed, was itself the expression of a dilemma. Thermidorians wanted to put an end to the Jacobin episode, while maintaining the gains of the republican regime. The Sister Republics are, hence, often described as the place of the constitutional experiments which could not be done in France. It is then question, through constitutional analysis, to compare the various translations of the republican ideal found in those texts, and to show the differences between them and the French model of 1795, so as to find out how adaptable they are. This investigation into the originality of the Constitutions of the Sister Republics in front of the republican ideal, will deal with the themes which are constitutive of this idea : equality, rights, liberties, protection of rights, citizenship, sovereignty, political representation and separation of powers.

L’objet de ce mémoire est de démontrer que les lois de l’Alberta et de la Colombie-Britannique rendant la tenue d’un référendum obligatoire avant l’adoption d’une modification constitutionnelle par une province ne contreviennent pas aux procédures formelles de modification prévues à la Constitution. Le référendum est compatible avec la partie V de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 et avec les exigences du fédéralisme et de la démocratie parlementaire. En plus d’être conforme à la partie V de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982, les lois exigeant un référendum avant l’adoption d’une résolution modifiant la Constitution ont l’avantage de démocratiser l’exercice du pouvoir constituant. Toutefois, de par la manière dont le référendum constitutionnel a été légalement introduit, celui-ci ajoute une dose considérable de rigidité au processus de modification constitutionnelle en venant y ajouter une étape supplémentaire à satisfaire. / The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that statutes of Alberta and British Columbia requiring the holding of an obligatory referendum before the adoption of a constitutional amendment by a province do not contravene to formal procedures designed by the Constitution. The referendum is consistent with part V of the 1982 Constitutional Act and with requirements of federalism and parliamentary democracy. In addition to be consistent with part V of the 1982 Constitutional Act, statutes requiring a referendum before the adoption of a resolution modifying the Constitution have the benefit to democratize the exercice of the constituent power. However, by the manner in which the constitutional referendum had been legally introduced, this one adds a serious amount of rigidity to the constitutional amending procedure by adding one more step to fulfil.

Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para o conhecimento de dimensões pouco estudadas do processo político estadual, especialmente a política constitucional nos estados brasileiros. Propomos estudar então o processo de emendamento às Constituições Estaduais. Para tanto levantamos os textos das Constituições Estaduais promulgadas após 1989 e suas emendas aprovadas entre 1989 e 2014. A partir dos dados levantados desenvolvemos uma análise descritiva das Constituições e das Emendas aprovadas com o objetivo de identificar padrões e características do constitucionalismo estadual. Além da análise descritiva também comparamos três unidades de medida de extensão constitucional, a quantidade de artigos, de palavras e de dispositivos. Nas análises descritivas encontramos variabilidade tanto na extensão Constitucional quanto no tamanho do emendamento. A fim de identificar fenômenos associados à variabilidade no emendamento desenvolvemos uma análise simplificada em que optamos por modelos estáticos e bivariados. Dentre os testes efetuados destacamos três resultados. A constitucionalização de políticas públicas parece afetar significativamente o emendamento de forma que parte do processo legislativo utiliza a alteração constitucional para avançar a agenda. A maior fragmentação do sistema político leva a aprovação de emendas mais extensas. E finalmente que parte do emendamento às Constituições Estaduais é explicado pelas alterações efetuadas à Constituição Federal. / Our main purpose in this masters thesis is advancing the research on Brazilians state politics not yet adequately studied, mainly the state constitutional policy. Therefore, we intend an analysis on the amendment process of state Constitutions. Our first step was gathering the state Constitutions and their amendments between 1989 and 2014 and performing an exploratory descriptive analysis. Along with the descriptive analysis, we perform comparisons amongst three methods of measuring constitutional length, the number of articles, number of words and number of constitutional provisions. As a result of the exploratory analysis, we found considerable variability on state constitutional and amendment length. In order to identify possible phenomena related to amendment variability we perform a simplified analysis based on static and bivariate models. Amongst the performed tests, three results are noteworthy. The amount of public policies on Constitutional texts seem to increase the amendment. Higher party system fragmentation correlates with lengthier approved amends. Lastly, the state constitutional change shows an echo of the Federal Constitutional amendments.

This thesis is an evaluation of the campaign to pass a Judicial Amendment to the Indiana Constitution. The study first explores constitutional revision throughout the United States and then focuses on Indiana. The study traces the origins of the Amendment as well as its content. Next the organization of the Judicial Amendment campaign is traced, as well as the role of various participating groups in advocacy and education. In addition the thesis statistically explores the success or failure of many campaign activities, including the effect of interest groups and urbanization on voting patterns.

Thesis (P.H.D.)--University of North Carolina, 1927. / Without thesis note. Bibliography: p. [305]-324.

Thesis (P.H.D.)--University of North Carolina, 1927. / Without thesis note. Bibliography: p. [305]-324.

Th.--Droit--Paris 2, 1985.

The subject of this thesis is international studies, specifically a study of constitutional frameworks in Africa in the second half of the 20th century, focussing on a statistical correlation between constitutional frameworks, party systems, electoral systems and the Index of Democracy. The struggle to consolidate new democracies - especially those in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia - has given rise to a wide-ranging debate about the hard choices concerning democratic political institutions and political markets. According to Stepan and Skach " this literature has produced provocative hypotheses about the effects of institutions on democracy" (Stepan and Skach, 1993 : 1). It forms part of the' new institutionalism I literature in comparative politics that'holds as a premise that political democracy depends not only on economic and social conditions but also on the design of political institutions (Koelble, 1995 : 231-243). " One fundamental political-institutional question that has only received serious scholarly attention concerns the impact of different constitutional frameworks on democratic consolidation. Although the topic has been increasingly debated and discussed, little systematic cross-regional evidence [especially for our field of research: Africa] has been brought to bear on it " (Stepan and Skach, 1993 : 1-2). So far, only the book"on regime transitions in Africa written by Bratton and Van De Walle seeks to fill this empirical gap (Bratton and Van De Walle, 1997, preface xiii). In this thesis, we paid particular attention to the dichotomy between (pure) parliamentarism and (pure) presidentialism. Each type has fundamental characteristics, and for the purposes of classification these characteristics are necessary and sufficient. It was not our purpose to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of parliamentarism and presidentialism. Our intention was to report and analyse different sources of data, and we based our case exclusively on statistic correlatiohs between regime type and the record of democratic success and failure. We collected a data set about constitutional frameworks (matrix1), democracy indices (matrix2), party systems (matrix3) and election systems (matrix4). The basis for matrix 1 was the constitutions of the African countries (over time) and relevant literature. The basis for matrix 2 was the annual Freedom House ratings made by Raymond D. Gastil and others. The basis for matrix 3 and 4 was relevant literature. Once these matrices had been composed, we compared them and calculated statistic correlations. This long-dyration model allowed us to estimate whether African constitutional frameworks, party systems and electoral systems exhibit positive or negative correlation with the index of democracy.

Esta dissertação pretende contribuir para o conhecimento de dimensões pouco estudadas do processo político estadual, especialmente a política constitucional nos estados brasileiros. Propomos estudar então o processo de emendamento às Constituições Estaduais. Para tanto levantamos os textos das Constituições Estaduais promulgadas após 1989 e suas emendas aprovadas entre 1989 e 2014. A partir dos dados levantados desenvolvemos uma análise descritiva das Constituições e das Emendas aprovadas com o objetivo de identificar padrões e características do constitucionalismo estadual. Além da análise descritiva também comparamos três unidades de medida de extensão constitucional, a quantidade de artigos, de palavras e de dispositivos. Nas análises descritivas encontramos variabilidade tanto na extensão Constitucional quanto no tamanho do emendamento. A fim de identificar fenômenos associados à variabilidade no emendamento desenvolvemos uma análise simplificada em que optamos por modelos estáticos e bivariados. Dentre os testes efetuados destacamos três resultados. A constitucionalização de políticas públicas parece afetar significativamente o emendamento de forma que parte do processo legislativo utiliza a alteração constitucional para avançar a agenda. A maior fragmentação do sistema político leva a aprovação de emendas mais extensas. E finalmente que parte do emendamento às Constituições Estaduais é explicado pelas alterações efetuadas à Constituição Federal. / Our main purpose in this masters thesis is advancing the research on Brazilians state politics not yet adequately studied, mainly the state constitutional policy. Therefore, we intend an analysis on the amendment process of state Constitutions. Our first step was gathering the state Constitutions and their amendments between 1989 and 2014 and performing an exploratory descriptive analysis. Along with the descriptive analysis, we perform comparisons amongst three methods of measuring constitutional length, the number of articles, number of words and number of constitutional provisions. As a result of the exploratory analysis, we found considerable variability on state constitutional and amendment length. In order to identify possible phenomena related to amendment variability we perform a simplified analysis based on static and bivariate models. Amongst the performed tests, three results are noteworthy. The amount of public policies on Constitutional texts seem to increase the amendment. Higher party system fragmentation correlates with lengthier approved amends. Lastly, the state constitutional change shows an echo of the Federal Constitutional amendments.