A produção de materiais cerâmicos para construção, notadamente tijolos, telhas, tubos e manilhas, confeccionados a partir de argila, na cidade de São Paulo no período da Primeira República é o tema desse trabalho. O consumo desses materiais cresceu consideravelmente nos anos finais do século XIX não obstante seu emprego nas edificações da capital paulista fosse presente anteriormente em consequência do aumento no número de construções na Primeira República. Entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX, a fabricação de cerâmica para a realização das construções passou a ser efetuada por diversas olarias instaladas no território da cidade, organizadas em estabelecimentos dos mais diversos portes. As semelhanças referentes à matéria prima e às tecnologias da produção (levando-se em consideração as alterações dessas ao longo das décadas) condicionaram a categorização e a especialização dos estabelecimentos. O aumento no número de fabricantes foi acompanhado, ainda, de investigações para o melhoramento do material produzido, almejado através das pesquisas e experiências científicas realizadas pelos engenheiros no Gabinete de Resistência de Materiais da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo a partir de 1899 denominado, a partir de 1926, Laboratório de Ensaio de Materiais. Os avanços técnicos alcançados em São Paulo em relação ao conhecimento da matéria prima utilizada na fabricação da cerâmica e às características dos produtos são também apresentados no trabalho. A história da administração da cidade nesse período é norteadora do presente trabalho, pois suas normativas legais geraram registros os quais são utilizados para apresentar as olarias paulistanas, tanto quantitativamente como qualitativamente sobretudo através dos impostos gerados pela realização de atividades econômicas dentro do território do município. Discute-se a produção material do espaço urbano, conformado pela indústria de materiais cerâmicos de construção e o condicionamento desta à demanda e às normativas desse mesmo território e sua administração. Dessa forma, a apresentação das características da produção cerâmica entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX aprofunda o conhecimento sobre a história da construção em São Paulo no mesmo período, pois esta está imbricada diretamente àquela, além de ampliar o entendimento histórico sobre os processos e as possibilidades de instalação, funcionamento e produção das olarias paulistanas. / The production of ceramic building materials, especially bricks, tiles, pipes and flanges, made from clay, in the city of São Paulo during the period of the First Republic is the main theme of this work. The consumption of these materials has grown considerably in the late nineteenth century - Regardless of their employment in the state capital buildings prior to that - due the increase in number of buildings during the First Republic. Between the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, the manufacture of ceramics for the construction of buildings began to be performed by several brickyards located within the citys territory, organized in manufacturers of all sizes. The similarities regarding raw materials and production technologies (taking into account these changes over the decades) conditioned the categorization and specialization of manufacturers. The increase in number of manufacturers was also accompanied by investigations for the improvement of the material produced, through targeted research and scientific experiments carried out by engineers in the Gabinete de Resistência de Materiais da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo from 1899 - called, from 1926, Laboratório de Ensaio de Materiais. The technical advances achieved in São Paulo regarding the knowledge of raw material used in the manufacture of ceramics and characteristics of the products are also presented in this work. The history of the city administration in this period guides the present work, for its legal normative generated records which are used to present the brickyards of São Paulo, both quantitatively and qualitatively - mainly through taxes generated by economic activities within the city\'s territory. It discusses the material production of urban space, formed by the ceramic building materials industry and it\'s conditioning to the demand and regulations of that territory and its administration. Thus, the presentation of the characteristics of ceramic production between the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century deepens our understanding of the history of construction in São Paulo in the same period, for it is embedded directly to that, in addition to expanding the historical understanding of the processes and possibilities of installing, operating and production of the São Paulo brickyards.

No description available.

This thesis covers the status of the Jewish law in the messianic era as it was anticipated in Jewish texts from the biblical period until the seventeenth century. Although the predominant perspective is the law's perpetuity, a future idealized version was particularized in each age and stylized by various groups. The view of the law's continuity was challenged by streams of thought and ambiguities in the texts that allowed for changes and cessations in the law in messianic times. Concrete messianic movements, such as that of the New Testament in the first century and the Sabbatean movement of the seventeenth century, brought some of these underlying currents to the forefront with their reinterpretations of the law and their antinomian behaviour.

The purpose of this study was to explore the societal and technological influences on the modernization and design of the kitchen space between the years of 1890 and 1940. The development of the kitchen space is an important reflection of the conditions in which women worked and of women's role in the family. Examining the physical transformation of the kitchen space is the principal foundation on which to build a fundamental understanding of women's changing role in the home. The influences of advancing technology in home appliances and the advice of Home Economists were examined and weighed against each other as to their impact on the kitchen space. Transformation of the kitchen space began with the organization of tasks into work centers by Home Economists. Equipment and appliances were grouped together according to the task, such as cooking. Organization of work in the kitchen resulted in three distinct work areas centered around the sink, stove, and refrigerator. These principles of work organization were established by the end of the 1930's. It is at this time that advancements in appliance technology truly began to impact on the kitchen space. Affordability and acceptance of electricity as a "fuel" for kitchen appliances in the 1930's made electric stoves and refrigerators more appealing to the average household. Electric and gas appliances used "cooler" fuels which emitted less heat on the exterior. This property allowed these appliances to be built into cabinetry without danger of fire, a principle that had prevented the extensive use of built-in cabinetry prior to the 1930's. / Department of Architecture

A produção de materiais cerâmicos para construção, notadamente tijolos, telhas, tubos e manilhas, confeccionados a partir de argila, na cidade de São Paulo no período da Primeira República é o tema desse trabalho. O consumo desses materiais cresceu consideravelmente nos anos finais do século XIX não obstante seu emprego nas edificações da capital paulista fosse presente anteriormente em consequência do aumento no número de construções na Primeira República. Entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX, a fabricação de cerâmica para a realização das construções passou a ser efetuada por diversas olarias instaladas no território da cidade, organizadas em estabelecimentos dos mais diversos portes. As semelhanças referentes à matéria prima e às tecnologias da produção (levando-se em consideração as alterações dessas ao longo das décadas) condicionaram a categorização e a especialização dos estabelecimentos. O aumento no número de fabricantes foi acompanhado, ainda, de investigações para o melhoramento do material produzido, almejado através das pesquisas e experiências científicas realizadas pelos engenheiros no Gabinete de Resistência de Materiais da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo a partir de 1899 denominado, a partir de 1926, Laboratório de Ensaio de Materiais. Os avanços técnicos alcançados em São Paulo em relação ao conhecimento da matéria prima utilizada na fabricação da cerâmica e às características dos produtos são também apresentados no trabalho. A história da administração da cidade nesse período é norteadora do presente trabalho, pois suas normativas legais geraram registros os quais são utilizados para apresentar as olarias paulistanas, tanto quantitativamente como qualitativamente sobretudo através dos impostos gerados pela realização de atividades econômicas dentro do território do município. Discute-se a produção material do espaço urbano, conformado pela indústria de materiais cerâmicos de construção e o condicionamento desta à demanda e às normativas desse mesmo território e sua administração. Dessa forma, a apresentação das características da produção cerâmica entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX aprofunda o conhecimento sobre a história da construção em São Paulo no mesmo período, pois esta está imbricada diretamente àquela, além de ampliar o entendimento histórico sobre os processos e as possibilidades de instalação, funcionamento e produção das olarias paulistanas. / The production of ceramic building materials, especially bricks, tiles, pipes and flanges, made from clay, in the city of São Paulo during the period of the First Republic is the main theme of this work. The consumption of these materials has grown considerably in the late nineteenth century - Regardless of their employment in the state capital buildings prior to that - due the increase in number of buildings during the First Republic. Between the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, the manufacture of ceramics for the construction of buildings began to be performed by several brickyards located within the citys territory, organized in manufacturers of all sizes. The similarities regarding raw materials and production technologies (taking into account these changes over the decades) conditioned the categorization and specialization of manufacturers. The increase in number of manufacturers was also accompanied by investigations for the improvement of the material produced, through targeted research and scientific experiments carried out by engineers in the Gabinete de Resistência de Materiais da Escola Politécnica de São Paulo from 1899 - called, from 1926, Laboratório de Ensaio de Materiais. The technical advances achieved in São Paulo regarding the knowledge of raw material used in the manufacture of ceramics and characteristics of the products are also presented in this work. The history of the city administration in this period guides the present work, for its legal normative generated records which are used to present the brickyards of São Paulo, both quantitatively and qualitatively - mainly through taxes generated by economic activities within the city\'s territory. It discusses the material production of urban space, formed by the ceramic building materials industry and it\'s conditioning to the demand and regulations of that territory and its administration. Thus, the presentation of the characteristics of ceramic production between the late nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century deepens our understanding of the history of construction in São Paulo in the same period, for it is embedded directly to that, in addition to expanding the historical understanding of the processes and possibilities of installing, operating and production of the São Paulo brickyards.

No description available.

No description available.

In 1897 John Sibbald, Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland, stated that ‘the construction of an asylum is a more interesting subject of study for the general reader than might be supposed.’ This thesis traces the development of the public asylum in Scotland from 1781 to 1930. By placing the institution in its wider social context it provides more than a historical account, exploring how the buildings functioned as well as giving an architectural analysis based on date, plan and style. Here the architecture represents more, and provides a physical expression of successive stages of public philanthropy and legislative changes during what was arguably one of the most rapidly evolving stages of history. At a time when few medical treatments were available, public asylum buildings created truly therapeutic environments, which allowed the mentally ill to live in relative peace and security. The thesis explores how public asylums in Scotland introduced the segregation or ‘classification’ of patients into separate needs-based groups under a system known as Moral Treatment. It focuses particularly on the evolving plan forms of these institutions from the earliest radial, prison-like structures to their development into self-sustaining village-style colonies and shows how the plan reflects new attitudes to treatment. While many have disappeared, the surviving Victorian and Edwardian mega-structures lie as haunting reminders of a largely forgotten era in Scottish psychiatry. Only a few of the original buildings are still in use today as specialist units, out-patient centres, and administrative offices for Scotland’s Health Boards. Others have been redeveloped as universities or luxury housing schemes, making use of the good-quality buildings and landscaping. Whatever their current use, public asylums stand today as an outward sign of the awakening of the Scottish people to the plight of the mentally ill in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Windows are a significant feature of building construction that have largely escaped notice in terms of their design and fabrication in America from the time of European colonization to the mid-nineteenth century. This thesis tells the story of the glass, woodworking, and hardware technologies that transformed windows from hand-crafted to mass-produced building components. It also explores the stylistic, social, and economic factors that underlie the development and usage of windows in America. / Department of Architecture

L'objectif principal de ce travail est de contribuer à une définition d'une lecture architecturale des archives du bâtiment. Nous nous proposons d'étudier un fonds archivistique relatif à des constructions rurales du XVIe s. et de chercher à comprendre comment la création du nouveau port du Havre a impacté sur le long terme le monde de la construction dans la région. Notre intention est d'être au plus près du monde de la construction courante pour la période analysée, ce qui nous permettra de poser le problème de la nature réelle d'une supposée frontière entre chantier « savant » et chantier « vernaculaire » qui s'avère parfois difficile à déterminer. Si la quasi intégralité des bâtiments étudiés ont disparu aujourd'hui, l'abondance des documents d'archives permet de les étudier suivant deux aspects : l'un repose sur une lecture économique des documents anciens permettant de retracer le fonctionnement des chantiers courants, la provenance des matériaux, les prix pratiqués et plus généralement le fonctionnement de l'artisanat local. Cette étude révèle les évolutions conduisant à l'apparition de maitres d'œuvres sur ces petites opérations par le biais des travaux d'entretien sur les fontaines et ouvrages hydrauliques puis l'expertise de maisons de ville et enfin sur les travaux lourds de réhabilitation de bâtiments menaçant ruine. L'autre prend en compte une lecture technique et constructive des documents du fonds d'archives. Par l'analyse du positionnement de chaque ouvrage décrit il devient alors possible de restituer l'organisation générale du bâtiment complet et ses mutations progressives au cours des siècles. Deux sites seront plus particulièrement détaillés mais compte tenu de leurs différences de fonction et d'échelle, ils démontrent que la méthode d'analyse constructive est généralisable à l'ensemble des bâtiments du territoire étudié voire même au-delà / The main aim of this study consists of trying to define how to read architecturally the building archives. We can study the archives concerning the rural buildings in the XVI century and try to understand how the creation of the Havre new harbour impacted in the long term, the process of all the buildings around .In studying this period we intend to stay nearest to the common buildings so we can ask if a border between the vernacular architecture and the learned one exists really. In fact this border is very difficult to establish. Most of these old constructions have disappeared nowadays but referring to so many archives collection we can study them in following two points of view. The first one will be the economical aspect. In using the antique documents we find out how the common builders yards functioned, where materials came from and at what prices. In fact we discover the local workshops and how that led to the emergence of supervisors in the maintenance of fountains and hydraulic constructions, then for expertise of the town houses and important renovations of the oldest constructions facing ruin. The second one will be the technical understanding of the archives collection .The position of each building is described, so it's possible to discover the complete organisation of the construction process and its long term developments .Two sites will be precisely analysed but the difference of function and size show that this method of constructive analyse can be applied to all local constructions and farther afield