Present dissertation aims to achieve three related objectives. First, it is aimed at investigating the theoretical view of Reicher and Hopkins (2001) that some people called &lsquo / identity entrepreneurs&rsquo / actively try to re-define the limits and the contents of the social categories. For this purpose social political milieu of Northern Cyprus is chosen as it is intended to achieve the ingroup members&rsquo / support by portraying national/ethnic identity constructions of National Unity Party, which acknowledges supporting the independence of Turkish Republic of North Cyprus and the Republican Turkish Party, which acknowledges supporting the unification of Cyprus. In accordance with the first objective, the official documents of two parties were analyzed by Structural Analysis of Group Arguments (SAGA) technique. The results confirm that the definitions of Northern Cypriots, the Cyprus Problem, the solutions of the problem, and collective threats and interests were constructed by these parties in the service of their own political projects. Second study purposes to explore the identity constructions of lay Northern Cypriots in order to investigate the relationship between political and lay constructions. By the second objective 19 Turkish Cypriots who were not involved in politics actively (classified as anti and pro-integrationists iv based on their votes at the Referenda of Annan Plan) were interviewed. The results indicate that the lay Northern Cypriots narrated three identities when defining themselves as &lsquo / Turkish&rsquo / , &lsquo / Turkish Cypriots&rsquo / and &lsquo / Cypriots&rsquo / , each of which implicated different constructions of the Cyprus problem, its possible solutions, and perceptions of collective threats and interests. All the constructions were made in accordance with their identity definitions and their votes at the referenda. The analysis also shows that the political and lay constructions are convergent at a great extent. Lastly, present work aims at investigating the relationship between national/ethnic identities and collective projects, quantitatively. Regarding the third objective a questionnaire study was conducted in North Cyprus, with 206 participants. The data confirmed the model, which proposed that social identities (Turkish, Turkish Cypriots and Cypriots) influenced attitudes towards unification through perceived collective interests and threats.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de donner une représentation du fonctionnement de la communication dans les discussions à visée philosophique (enregistrées à l’école primaire et au collège). Plus particulièrement, il s’agit d’étudier la dimension intersubjective de la communication et de la construction du sens au sein de ces pratiques ainsi que la façon dont l’interaction se co-construit. Selon nous, la reconnaissance de l’importance de l’interlocuteur dans l’énonciation est indispensable pour saisir la véritable nature de la communication. Ainsi, en partant d’une approche interactionniste et socio-constructiviste, la construction du sens est envisagée comme un processus dynamique et comme une action commune aux locuteur et interlocuteur(s). Les bénéfices des pratiques philosophiques avec les enfants sont reconnus. L’analyse des interactions menée sur corpus montre que la discussion à visée philosophique est un terrain propice à la construction collective du discours, du sens et de la conceptualisation. Nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes de cette construction collective réalisée par les enfants et au rôle de l’animateur dans cette construction. Nous étudions particulièrement les phénomènes de reprise et un phénomène linguistique figurant parmi les processus d’orientation de l’attention permettant de guider l’interprétation et la compréhension des interlocuteurs : la dislocation à gauche du sujet. L’observation des données permet de contribuer à définir les fonctions pragmatiques de ces phénomènes ainsi que les différents buts communicatifs associés à leur emploi par les enfants et par l’animateur lors des discussions à visée philosophique / This thesis investigates meaning construction during philosophical discussions that took place at both a French first and middle school. More precisely, it studies the intersubjective dimension of communication and the construction of meaning in these practices. At the same time, it examines the ways in which the interaction is co-constructed. We believe that recognising the interlocutor’s importance in the utterance act is essential in order to understand the true nature of the communication. Employing interactionist and socio-constructivist approaches, the construction of meaning is considered as a dynamic process and as a joint action between the speaker and interlocutor(s).The benefits of conducting philosophical discussions of this type with children have previously been recognised in the literature. The analysis of interactional corpora shows that philosophical discussion is a favourable environment for the collective construction of speech, meaning and conceptualization. This doctoral study considers the mechanisms of this collective construction conducted by children and the role of the facilitator within this process. In this way, the thesis examines different phenomena like the repetition/reformulation and the left-dislocation of the subject. This linguistic phenomenon forms part of the attention orientation process and guides collective interpretation and understanding. Data analysis allows the thesis to contribute to define the pragmatic functions of the studied phenomena and the different communication purposes associated with their use by children and by the facilitator during philosophical discussions.

Les TPE sont des acteurs importants du dynamisme économique français. Chaque année, des milliers d’entre elles sont transmises. Ce phénomène n’est pas nouveau, mais l’évolution démographique des dirigeants de TPE françaises tend à en faire une préoccupation de premier plan pour les décideurs politiques et économiques. La majorité d’entre elles et, pour une part croissante, sont reprises par des repreneurs personnes physiques externes sans aucun lien avec l’entreprise. Le développement de ce type de transmission n’est pas sans poser de problèmes. La méconnaissance de l’entreprise, de son environnement par le repreneur accentue les difficultés déjà grandes de la reprise (Deschamps et Paturel, 2009). L’arrivée dans l’entreprise d’un repreneur externe est souvent vécue par les salariés comme une interruption, un changement organisationnel majeur pouvant mettre en péril la poursuite de l’activité. Le fait que l’entreprise soit saine au moment du rachat interfère sur la manière dont le changement est appréhendé par les salariés. Ce dernier pouvant être interprété comme une menace, la possibilité de perdre une situation antérieure jugée satisfaisante. Les spécificités caractérisant la TPE rendent l’événement particulièrement intense sur le plan émotionnel et relationnel. La présente étude s’attache à explorer l’entrée en fonction du repreneur, dernière étape du processus repreneurial, à travers les interactions entre acteurs. Basés sur une étude de cas multiples (10 cas analysés, 31 entretiens), les résultats mettent en évidence un processus dénommé reconstruction collective de sens post-reprise. Ils montrent également l’existence de plusieurs facteurs individuels, organisationnels et contextuels exerçant une influence notable sur le processus. / TPE are playing an important role in the French economic dynamism. Each year, thousands of them are transmitted. This phenomenon is not new, but the demographic evolution of French TPE leadership tends to create a major concern for political and economic decision makers. The majority of them and, for a growing share ours times by external individuals buyers with no connection to the company. The development of this type of transmission is not coming without its problems. Ignorance of the company, its environment by the buyer increases the already great difficulties of the recovery (Deschamps and Paturel, 2009). The arrival in the company of an external buyer is often experienced by employees as an interruption, a major organizational change that could jeopardize the continuation of the activity. The fact that the company is healthy at redemption interfere with the way the change is apprehended by the employees. This can be interpreted as a threat, the possibility of losing a satisfactory situation before. The specificities characterizing the TPE make the event particularly intense emotional and relational. This study aims to explore the inauguration of the buyer, the last step repreneurial process, through interaction between actors. Based on a multiple case study (10 cases analyzed, 31 interviews), the results show a process called collective reconstruction of post-recovery direction. They also show the existence of a number of individual, organizational and contextual factors with significant influence on the process.