The world’s population alongside the general consumption and use of natural resources hasgrown immensely during the past decade. The construction sector is today one of the industriesthat has the highest impact on the environment. Therefore, the current linear economy has to bemoved towards a circular economy which aims for material- and resource efficiency. The concept of reverse logistics for reuse of construction material and the need for collaboration hasbeen identified as key areas for transitioning to a circular economy and thus has a decisive rolein reducing the construction waste. However, due to the construction industry beingfragmented, a lack of collaboration amongst real estate developers and other market actors hasbeen identified as a barrier for successfully implementing the reuse of construction materials.Furthermore, the real estate developer is seen as a key actor to utilise the potential of the reuseof construction materials by creating incentives and collaborations with other actors involved. The aim of this paper was therefore to investigate different actor’s perspectives in the realestate- and construction sector regarding reuse of construction materials and what the keybarriers and incentives are for them to implement it. Furthermore, by gaining an understandingof each actor's perspective the aim was to create a framework model for how a real estatedeveloper can achieve a strategic collaboration with different actors to make the process ofreusing construction materials in tenant adaptation projects more efficient. This was achievedby interviewing key actors within the real estate- and construction industry in order to get anoverall perspective on their views. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to obtain anunderstanding of the tenants view on having reused construction materials in their facilities. The results indicated that the main barriers were; a lack of incentives, lack of logistics &recovery facilities, an established procedure for quality assuring the material & warranty issuesas well as the tenants’ perception of it. Furthermore, the results show that the real estatedeveloper can create different types of incentives for the tenants and involved actors in order tofacilitate the implementation of material reuse and an established collaboration. Lastly, aframework model was presented to demonstrate how a real estate developer can collaboratewith different actors in order to get a deeper understanding of the dynamics of a potentialcollaboration. / Världens befolkning har i samband med den generella konsumtionen samt vår användning av naturresurserna ökat avsevärt det senaste decenniet. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn är idag en av de industrier som har störst påverkan på vår miljö. Därav behövs en skiftning från den linjäraekonomin till en cirkulär ekonomi som grundar sig i material- och resurseffektivisering.Konceptet omvänd logistik för ett ökat återbruk av byggmaterial och behovet av samarbete har identifierats som viktiga verktyg för skiftet mot en cirkulär ekonomi och därmed en minimeringav byggavfall. Då byggbranschen idag är fragmenterad har bristen på samarbete mellan fastighetsägare och andra aktörer identifierats som en utmaning för att implementera återbrukav byggmaterial med framgång. Vidare ses fastighetsägare som en huvudaktör som kan utnyttja potentialen som finns kring återbruk av byggmaterial genom att skapa incitament ochsamarbeten med andra involverade aktörer. Därför var syftet med denna rapport att utreda olika aktörers perspektiv på återbruk avbyggmaterial inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn samt vad de främsta barriärer och incitament ärför att de ska implementera det. Vidare, genom att få en förståelse för samtliga aktörersperspektiv var målet att skapa en modell för hur fastighetsägarna kan uppnå ett strategiskt samarbete med olika aktörer för att effektivisera processen av återbruk av byggmaterial vid enhyresgästsanpassning. Detta uppnåddes genom att intervjua huvudaktörer inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn. Vidare gjordes en enkät för att erhålla en förståelse för hyresgästerna syn på att ha återbrukatbyggmaterial i deras lokaler.

Ett effektivt informationsflöde är väsentligt för att skapa möjligheter till väl fungerande transportkoordination. Utmaningen i byggbranschen är att det finns flera aktörer som behöver ta del av informationen. Systemen som används i dagsläget har sällan möjlighet att dela information med varandra. Den bristande informationsdelningen har lett till en fragmenterad försörjningskedja vilket påverkar projektens produktion negativt.   Tidigare studier har tydliggjort behovet av digitala verktyg för styrning av försörjningskedjan inom byggprojekt. Andra studier har identifierat problem vid implementation av nya rutiner och digitala verktyg i byggbranschen. Därmed finns det ett behov av att undersöka hur företag framgångsrikt kan implementera digitala verktyg för att underlätta informationsdelning och transportkoordination.  Målet med studien har varit att definiera transportkoordinationssystem, samt analysera och undersöka vilka strategier byggherrar kan tillämpa för en effektiv implementering i byggsektorn. Syftet är att identifiera de bakomliggande hinder som begränsar företagen att använda systemen. Utifrån begränsningar och lösningar görs rekommendation för vilka strategier som bör användas.   Studien har utförts som en flerfallsstudie på större husbyggnationsprojekt i Sverige och Norge. I fallstudien ingick sju projekt, där samtliga använt sig av ett transportkoordinationssystem under produktion. Transportkoordinationssystemet har använts i olika utsträckning i varje projekt, beroende på hur logistiklösningen var utformad. Datainsamling genomfördes med semi-strukturerad intervjustudie där minst en representant från vart projekt medverkade. Utöver respondenterna från byggprojekten inkluderades även intervjuer med två konkurrerande mjukvaruutvecklare.   En analys av effekten av logistiklösningen i de olika projekten, och framför allt transportkoordinationssystemets påverkan har genomförts. Det har varit av stor vikt att särskilja det digitala verktygets påverkan från den generella logistiklösningens påverkan. Från respondenterna har det framkommit tydligt att olika strategier vid implementation har haft varierande mottagande i produktionen.   Studien har identifierat tre nyckelfaktorer som ligger till grund för strategier vid implementationen av digitala verktyg:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Kravställning - Förutsättningarna för projektet måste framgå tydligt i ett tidigt skede. Om beställaren sätter krav på huvudentreprenören blir implementationen smidigare, då under-leverantörer och -entreprenörer måste anpassa sig för att vinna kontrakten.  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Integration - Då det förekommer många aktörer på projekten behöver man ha möjlighet att integrera systemet med redan befintliga.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Incitament - För att främja användningen kan man med fördel använda bonussystem, som gynnar aktörerna som använder systemet. Allt fler aktörer kommer därmed få positiva erfarenheter av systemet vilket kan underlätta en bredare implementation.   Tidigare studier har beskrivit att byggherrarna inte tidigare fokuserat på bygglogistik. Studien har bekräftat att det i viss mån fortfarande är så, då logistiklösningar främst utformas vid större projekt. Från respondenterna har det framkommit att mindre projekt inom samma byggkoncern inte har samma resurser eller fokus på bygglogistik. Samtidigt kan de större projekten fungera som pilotprojekt, och ligga till grund för en bredare implementation. / An effective flow of information is essential to create opportunities for well-functioning construction logistics. One of the challenges in the construction industry is the number of stakeholders who need access to the information. The systems currently in use often lack the ability to share information with each other. This lack of information sharing has led to a fragmented supply chain, which negatively impacts projects performance.   Previous studies have highlighted the need for digital tools to coordinate the construction logistics in projects. Other studies have identified problems with implementing new procedures and digital tools in the construction sector. Therefore, there is a need to investigate how companies can successfully implement digital tools to facilitate information sharing and transport coordination.   The aim of the study has been to define transport coordination systems. Furthermore, analyze and investigate the strategies that can be applied for effective implementation in the construction sector. The purpose is to identify the underlying obstacles that limit companies from using these systems and provide recommendations for strategies to overcome these limitations.   The study was conducted as a multiple case study on large construction projects in Sweden and Norway. Seven projects were included in the case study, all of which utilized a transport coordination system during production. The extent of use of the system varied in each project depending on the logistics solution. The data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with at least one representative from each project participating. In addition to the respondents from the construction projects, interviews were also conducted with two competing software developers.   An analysis of the impact of the logistics solution in different projects was conducted, which focused on the impact the transport coordination system had. It has been crucial to distinguish the impact of the digital system from the general logistics solution. Respondents have clearly indicated that different strategies have had varied acceptance in production.   The study has identified three key factors underlying strategies for implementing digital tools:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Requirement specification – The project’s requirements must be clearly stated at an early stage. If the client sets requirements for the main contractor, the implementation becomes smoother as subcontractors and suppliers must adapt to win the contracts.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1">Integration – Since there are many stakeholders involved in projects, there is a need to be able to integrate the system with existing ones.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="6" data-aria-level="1">Incentives – To promote usage, a bonus system can be beneficial, favoring actors who use the system correctly. As more actors have a positive experience with the system, it can facilitate broader implementation.   Previous studies have described how developers have not previously focused on construction logistics. The study confirmed that to some extent this is still the case, as logistics solutions are primarily designed for larger projects. Respondents have indicated that smaller projects within the same company do not have the same resources or focus on construction logistics. Hopefully larger projects can serve as pilot projects and form the basis for broader implementation.

The doctoral research revolves around a comparative study of timber modern methods of construction for low-rise, residential buildings in Scotland. The building techniques studied involve both timber-frame panel construction (open-panel and closed-panel systems and structural insulated panels) and massive-timber construction (cross-laminated and nail-laminated timber panels). A non-timber technique is also included in the study: more traditional, load-bearing masonry (blockwork). These different building techniques have been analysed from two complementary aspects: environmental impacts and thermal performance. The environmental study is based on the life-cycle assessment methodology and embraces various aspects: environmental impacts (e.g., climate change, acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion, etc.), consumption of energy (renewable and non-renewable resources) and production of waste (from non-hazardous to radioactive). The assessment takes a cradle-to-gate approach and, in its structure and method, is informed by the current recommendations of the international standards in the field (i.e., ISO 14040 series). Various environmental trade-offs between construction methods have been identified. In terms of global-warming potential (excluding biogenic carbon sequestration), results suggest that timber-frame buildings show a better performance than masonry buildings; this is particularly true for the open-panel system, which emits about 10% less carbon than the masonry counterpart. Massive-timber buildings tend to cause more carbon emissions than masonry ones. In terms of consumption of non-renewable primary energy, timber buildings do not generally show significant advantages with respect to blockwork-based masonry. In particular, structural-insulated panel systems tend to show very high energy requirements. Timber-based buildings show a tendency to cause increased acidification, eutrophication and creation of low ozone than their masonry counterpart. The level of offsite fabrication that is employed for the erection of the buildings plays an important role in the magnitude of most environmental impacts, which show an average decrease between 5% and 10% when some of the operations are shifted from the construction site to the factory. v The thermal study investigates the performance of the building envelope, and, in particular, of external walls, by means of tests whereby the thermal behaviour of a sample of walls (of full-size section) has been observed and measured over time. On the outside, the walls were exposed to real, natural weather variations throughout the summer. The study especially focuses on the time-dependent response of three different walling systems (which results from their individual cross-sectional arrangements of building components and the associated combination of heat-storage capacity and thermal resistance): a timber-framed wall, a cross-laminated-timber wall and a masonry wall. Thus, the main goal of the study was to characterise the thermal-inertia parameters of these walls. This type of thermal behaviour is related to the repercussions of global climate change at UK level, especially in terms of increase in solar irradiance and temperature, which requires an adaptation of the building-envelope such that it can perform well both during wintertime and summertime, by providing maximum indoor comfort with minimum economic and environmental costs from the construction and operation of buildings. The timber-framed wall possesses the greatest capacity to slow down the propagation of temperature waves from the outer surface to the inner surface (time lag), whereas the masonry wall performs best with respect to reducing the amplitude of temperature oscillation on the inner surface (decrement factor). The cross-laminated-timber wall exhibits intermediate values of both time lag and decrement factor, relative to the other two walls. Both the thermal and life-cycle assessment of the construction alternatives aim at assisting the design and decision-making process in the residential field and at suggesting areas that need to be addressed and improved, towards a coherent evolution of the building techniques included in this study and a step forward in the realisation of sustainable, low-rise dwellings.

This work deals with construction material research office building with eighteen floors to the street Šumavská 35 in Brno with ground plan dimensions of about 25 x 25 m. The structure consists of a reinforced concrete substructure and floors of steel frame. The scope of the survey will determine the quality of concrete in vertical supporting columns at level 1. PP structures using cores and subsequent laboratory testing. Another task will be to verify the status of moorings steel perimeter columns to the building of reinforced concrete pillars at the boundary of 1st basement and 1st floor.

Este trabajo está dedicado al estudio de la arquitectura doméstica de los yacimientos del valle del Habur (Siria), durante el periodo que va desde el Neolítico hasta el segundo milenio a.C. Basándonos en la información de los registros arqueológicos de los asentamientos hemos podido observar en la arquitectura de las construcciones domésticas un empleo sistemático del ladrillo “crudo”, así como una gran homogeneidad en la forma, dimensiones y distribución espacial de las casas, durante todo el período estudiado. Nos encontramos con pequeñas construcciones rectangulares en su gran mayoría, con tres o cuatro habitaciones, más una habitación central que sirve para organizar la circulación interior. La entrada a las casas es estrecha, y se encuentran en su interior hornos, hogares, estructuras de almacenaje y bancos adosados a la pared, lo que nos indica una doble utilización del espacio, como vivienda y lugar de trabajo. El análisis de los datos de que disponemos sugiere una uniformidad arquitectónica en este periodo en el que se sitúa el origen de la sedentarización y el urbanismo. / The aim of this thesis is to the study the domestic architecture of the sites located in the Khabur Valley (Syria), during the period between the Neolithic and the second millennium b.C. According to the information found in the archaeological reports of the sites, we can observe a systematic use of the mud brick in the architecture of the domestic constructions, as well as a great homogeneity in the shape, dimensions and spatial distribution of the houses, during the whole period considered. We find mostly small rectangular constructions, with three or four rooms, plus a central room used to organize the internal circulation. The entrance to the houses is narrow, and inside we find ovens, fireplaces and associated structures, which indicates a double use of the interior space, as a house and a work place. The analysis of the data suggests an architectonic uniformity during this period when the origin of the sedentarization and urbanism took place.

The aim of this work is the processing of the technological project for the ,,Skladová hala v Měříně“, which addresses the preparation and organization of construction. Construction technology the project involves the processing of time plans, economic evaluation, design of pumping sources for construction, working procedures, construction site equipment, and design of major machines and mechanisms. Further, it is processed a detailed technological regulation and inspection and test plan for a prefabricated reinforced concrete skeleton. All technological procedures are processed with regard to work safety and environment.