No description available.

Agricultural settlement projects have been the main Jordanian strategy to settle the nomads. This study focuses on one example of this strategy, namely the Qatrana projects. The main objectives of this study are to analyze the traditional socio-economic aspects of the Qatrana people, spontaneous settlement and changes which have experienced by them, the Jordanian policy to settle the nomads, and the achievements of the Qatrana settlement projects to the planned governmental goals and the settlers' objectives. Major findings of the study are that: (1) traditional nomads in Qatrana were adaptive to their arid environment in terms of their socio-economic way of life. (2) in Qatrana, the traditional nomadic way of life is diminishing, and the number of nomads is declining because they are vulnerable to the recent forces of change. (3) Jordan's official strategy to settle the nomads has been to encourage them to settle on the basis of agricultural projects and social services provided at these projects. This strategy has been carried out within the general policy of national development. To determine the achievements of settlement projects in Jordan, interview schedules in Qatrana were conducted by the writer with 66 settlers, representing all the families in the projects and 50 households of the squatters. Results of the survey showed that the governmental goals in terms of creating a reserve fodder for the animals in the area and for sheep fattening, and alleviating pressure put on the natural range have failed. The governmental goals to settle the nomads and improve their living conditions, which coincides with the settlers' goals to settle, have succeeded in social equity terms, but not in economic efficiency terms. The majority of Qatrana nomads were settled in fixed houses, received title to the lands, enjoyed better living conditions, social services and greater income. These achievements have been of high governmental costs. It seems that settling the Jordanian nomads on the basis of livestock and range management strategy would develop the nomadic sector in Jordan with less costs than the agricultural strategy.

Most of the recent studies on the southern Jordan Bedouins portray the Bedouins as being resistant to change and development. These studies are more descriptive than analytical, focusing on romantic aspects of the Bedouin's lifestyle. In contrast, this study, based on fieldwork conducted in Wadi Rum between June-November 2004, attempts an ethnographical study that does not represent the Bedouins in a stereotypical way, neither romanticising them nor treating them as in need of development. It is based on an examination of the relationship between the socio-cultural, economic and political aspects of Bedouin society and the physical environment in which they live. The different types of settlements inhabited by Wadi Rum's Bedouin society are documented, and the contextual sources of change that shaped, and are still shaping the Bedouins' living patterns, are analyzed.

No description available.

In the context of growing poverty and sedentarization, the socio-economic status of pastoral women is an important indicator of how pastoralists in northern Kenya respond to social change. Accordingly, this study examines women's position in three communities in distinct settings of sedentarization. One is located in a semi-arid region dedicated to pastoralism and conservation, while the other two are in a moister mountain area where rain-fed and irrigation agriculture is combined with animal production. Analyses of quantitative and qualitative data, gathered from women and men during 2002--2003, indicate that women have largely responded to social change by using two strategies to secure the well-being of themselves and their children. First, despite the cultural assumption that married women are supported by their husbands, they have strengthened their relationships with natal kin, solidifying a support network to carry them through times of difficulty. Secondly, given decline in returns from subsistence pastoralism, women have seized numerous opportunities to diversify their economic pursuits in order to generate steady income. / Essentially, findings illustrate that, in addition to gaining access to various resources through their marital homes and their own efforts, the majority of women receive socio-economic support from their natal kin, especially brothers. In two communities where land is being privatized, most women have been excluded from the land registration process because of traditional and national policies. However, many fathers are awarding their daughters permanent usufruct rights to family land to ensure they do not become landless because of the death of a spouse or negligence on the part of husbands. Although this does not eliminate the discrimination many women face from being excluded from the registration process, it is a move towards the betterment of women's long-term food and financial security. / Besides contributing to domestic activities, women engage in very different forms of income-generating activities; in Archer's Post, they obtain earnings from craft sales or tourist-related services, in Parkishon/Karare they gain income from milk-marketing, while in Songa, women pursue cultivation for subsistence and market sale. It is a positive finding that most women generate steady income over which they have managed to maintain control.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette recherche couvre une période comprise entre 7000 et 5500 ans av. J.-C. et s'intéresse aux communautés de pêcheurs-chasseurs-cueilleurs sans céramique (Mésolithique récent) et avec céramique (Néolithique ancien) de Russie centrale. Au début de l'Atlantique, les groupes sans céramique présents dans la région réduisirent leur mobilité à la faveur d'un environnement riche. Ce faisant, les premières pêcheries furent construites dès 6200 ans av. J.­C., avant que la céramique n'apparaisse à son tour. Sur ces sites, l'équipement en matières dures animales est la composante majoritaire. C'est donc ce dernier que nous avons décidé d'étudier. Dans une perspective diachronique, l'analyse technologique de cet équipement nous a permis de définir les modalités du travail des matières dures animales et de mettre en évidence une exploitation clairement différenciée des os, des bois et des dents des élans à Zamostje 2. Pour ce faire nous avons eu recours, outre à une approche technologique classique, à une approche expérimentale qui participe d'une volonté de mieux caractériser les techniques d'éclatement, souvent utilisées en ces contextes. Finalement, ces résultats nous ont pern1is de mettre en évidence diverses évolutions d'ordre typologique, technique et économique, qui nous ont mené à proposer des hypothèses sur l'organisation de ces sociétés - dont une spécialisation progressive dans le domaine de la fabrication des armes en os - ainsi qu'à établir une nouvelle sériation chronologique. / This research covers the period between 7000 and 5500 cal. BC and deals with communities of non­ceramic-using (Late Mesolithic) and ceramic-using (Early Neolithic) hunter-gatherer-fishers in Central Russia. At the beginning of the Atlantic period, the non-ceramic-using groups in this area became less mobile as they took advantage of a rich environment. The first fisheries were set up during this settling process as early as 6200 BC, even before the appearance of ceramics. Hard animal material dominates among the equipment on these sites, which is why we have decided to make it the subject matter of our study. From a diachronic point of view, the technological analyses of this equipment have enabled us to define working modalities for hard animal materials and to demonstrate a clearly differentiated use of moose bones, antlers and teeth at Zamostje 2. To achieve this, we used both a classic technological approach and an experimental method aimed at better characterizing the splitting techniques that were often used in these settings. Finally, these results have enabled us to highlight various typological, technical and economical evolutions and, on this basis, to propose assumptions about the organization of the societies in question, including their progressive specialization in the making of bone weapons. We have also been able to establish a new chronological seriation. / Это исследование охватывает период между 7000 и 5500 лет до н. э. и посвящено обществам рыболовов-охотников-собирателей с керамикой (поздний мезолит) и без керамики (ранний неолит) в Центральной России. В начале Антлантикума благодаря богатой природной среде в регионе снижается подвижность групп населения без керамики. В это же время, начиная с 6200 лет до н. э., начинают возводиться первые рыболовные конструкции, вслед за которыми в свою очередь появилась керамика. На этих стоянках инвентарь из твердых животных материалов занимает главенствующее положение. Именно он стал объектом нашего изучения. В диахроническом ракурсе технологический анализ этого инвентаря позволил нам определить особенности обработки твердых животных материалов и выявить четкие различия в использовании костей, рогов и зубов лося в Замостье 2. Для этого нам пришлось обратиться, помимо классического технологического подхода, к экспериментальному методу, который помог лучше охарактеризовать техники раскалывания, часто использовавшиеся в этих контекстах. Наконец, эти результаты позволили нам выявить различные изменения типологического, технического и экономического порядка, что нам дало возможность предложить гипотезы об организации этих обществ – в том числе увеличивающаяся специализация в области производства костяного вооружения – а также установить новое хронологическое деление.

L’espace et le quotidien des personnes autochtones vivant dans les communautés au Québec – et plus largement au Canada – sont fortement marqués par la présence des chiens qui s’y promènent librement, pouvant laisser croire qu’ils sont systématiquement errants lorsqu’ils sont observés d’un point de vue extérieur. Ainsi, la cohabitation humain-chien est parfois décrite comme étant problématique et soulève des enjeux de santé et de sécurité publique pour les vétérinaires ou les médias. Bien que plusieurs recherches précédentes aient eu pour objectif de régler les « problèmes de chiens » dans les communautés autochtones, peu d’entre elles ont cherché à comprendre l’émergence de ce phénomène. Ce mémoire tente d’éclairer cet angle mort de la recherche en présentant les résultats d’un terrain ethnographique effectué dans les communautés innues d’Ekuanitshit-Mingan, sur la Côte-Nord du Québec, et – plus brièvement – de Natuashish, au Labrador, à l’été 2022. Ancrée dans une perspective anthropologique, cette étude propose une lecture différente des « problèmes de chiens » en valorisant le point de vue interne des Innus par rapport à l’émergence de ce phénomène dans leur société. En combinant les approches ethnohistorique et ethnoéthologique, cette recherche de nature ethnozoologique propose de parcourir l’histoire de ce groupe autochtone et de comprendre les continuités et les transformations des rapports entre les Innus et leurs chiens entre le nomadisme et la sédentarisation. Les conclusions de ce mémoire permettent de comprendre que les « problèmes de chiens » en contexte innu sont une conséquence indirecte de la colonisation et constituent donc un problème colonial. / The space and daily life of indigenous people living in communities in Quebec – and more broadly in Canada – are strongly marked by the presence of dogs, which roam freely, giving the impression that they are systematically strays when observed from the outside. As a result, human-dog cohabitation is sometimes described as problematic, raising public health and safety issues for veterinarians and the media. While much previous research has focused on resolving “dog problems” in aboriginal communities, little of it has sought to understand the emergence of this phenomenon. This dissertation attempts to shed light on this research blind spot by presenting the results of an ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Innu communities of Ekuanitshit-Mingan, on Quebec's Côte-Nord, and – more briefly – of Natuashish, in Labrador, during the summer of 2022. Rooted in an anthropological perspective, this study proposes a different reading of “dog problems” by valuing the Innu's own perspective on the emergence of this phenomenon in their society. By combining ethnohistorical and ethnoethological approaches, this ethnozoological research proposes to explore the history of this indigenous group and to understand the continuities and transformations in the relationship between the Innu and their dogs between nomadism and sedentarization. The conclusions of this dissertation allow us to understand that “dog problems” in the Innu context are an indirect consequence of colonization, and therefore constitute a colonial problem.

Este trabajo está dedicado al estudio de la arquitectura doméstica de los yacimientos del valle del Habur (Siria), durante el periodo que va desde el Neolítico hasta el segundo milenio a.C. Basándonos en la información de los registros arqueológicos de los asentamientos hemos podido observar en la arquitectura de las construcciones domésticas un empleo sistemático del ladrillo “crudo”, así como una gran homogeneidad en la forma, dimensiones y distribución espacial de las casas, durante todo el período estudiado. Nos encontramos con pequeñas construcciones rectangulares en su gran mayoría, con tres o cuatro habitaciones, más una habitación central que sirve para organizar la circulación interior. La entrada a las casas es estrecha, y se encuentran en su interior hornos, hogares, estructuras de almacenaje y bancos adosados a la pared, lo que nos indica una doble utilización del espacio, como vivienda y lugar de trabajo. El análisis de los datos de que disponemos sugiere una uniformidad arquitectónica en este periodo en el que se sitúa el origen de la sedentarización y el urbanismo. / The aim of this thesis is to the study the domestic architecture of the sites located in the Khabur Valley (Syria), during the period between the Neolithic and the second millennium b.C. According to the information found in the archaeological reports of the sites, we can observe a systematic use of the mud brick in the architecture of the domestic constructions, as well as a great homogeneity in the shape, dimensions and spatial distribution of the houses, during the whole period considered. We find mostly small rectangular constructions, with three or four rooms, plus a central room used to organize the internal circulation. The entrance to the houses is narrow, and inside we find ovens, fireplaces and associated structures, which indicates a double use of the interior space, as a house and a work place. The analysis of the data suggests an architectonic uniformity during this period when the origin of the sedentarization and urbanism took place.