Le principe de consultation est un concept qui se veut novateur parce qu’il est entendu ici de façon extensive désignant aussi bien les consultations décisionnelles que les consultations propositionnelles. En raison de sa portée universelle, il fait l’objet de la présente étude pour tenter d’ouvrir des pistes de solutions à la crise de la représentation tout en réclamant l’adaptation de la norme juridique aux réalités historico-sociales de chaque pays. D’où l’adoption d’une approche comparative avec notamment l’exemple de la France et du Sénégal. Les consultations décisionnelles renvoient à l’élection et au référendum. L’élection parait indispensable dans son objectif d’établissement de la démocratie représentative mais déficient dans son effet générateur de la concentration du pouvoir entre les mains de l’Exécutif. Cette concentration est susceptible d’aboutir à l’adoption de décisions publiques entachées d’inefficacité et d’illégitimité. Quant au référendum, il parait nécessaire dans son objectif de rationalisation du système représentatif mais redouté dans ses effets néfastes sur les droits et libertés des individus et sur la séparation des pouvoirs. Les consultations propositionnelles sont destinées à remédier à la crise d’efficacité et de légitimité de la décision publique en exigeant une obligation de consultation technique, juridique et publique avec l’utilisation des méthodes institutionnelles et électroniques. Toutefois, pour rationaliser le système représentatif sans porter atteinte à son existence, l’obligation de prise en compte des avis en serait un élément complémentaire qui devrait, néanmoins, pouvoir être supplantée par l’obligation de motivation sauf en période de circonstances exceptionnelles. Par conséquent, tel qu’il est étudié ici à la lumière du droit public comparé, le principe de consultation, a permis de comprendre que dans le processus d’adoption des décisions publiques majeures, ni l’autorité publique ni l’expert et encore moins le public ne semblent inspirer la confiance absolue. Il serait alors nécessaire d’établir une juste collaboration entre ces différents acteurs afin que la norme juridique ne souffre de contestation majeure susceptible de mettre en péril les relations entre gouvernants et gouvernés et, par voie de conséquence, les libertés et droits individuels et politiques. / The principle of consultation is a concept that claims to be innovative because it is understood here in a wide view referring not only to decision-making consultations but also to propositional ones. On account of its universal scope, it is the subject of this study. The idea is to attempt to ponder on likely solutions to the representation crisis while insisting on the adoption of the legal norm to the social and historical realities of every country. This explains the adoption of a comparative approach of the topic which includes the example of France and Senegal. Decision-making consultations are related to the election and referendum. The election appears to be compulsory in its target to set up representative democracy but is defective in its effect generating the concentration of the power in the hands of the executive. This concentration is likely to lead to the adoption of illegitimate and inefficient public decisions. As for the referendum, it seems necessary in its aim to rationalise the representative system. But the referendum is redoubted in its harmful effects on individuals’ rights and liberties and on the separation of powers. Propositional consultations are supposed to solve the legitimate and efficient crisis of public decisions in requiring a public, legal and technical obligation of consultation with the use of electronic and institutional methods. However, to rationalise the representative system, without breaking its existence, the obligation of taking into account point of views would be an additional element which should be, nevertheless, superseded by the obligation to motivate except for the period of exceptional circumstances. Consequently, as studied in the light of this compared public law, the principle of consultation enables us to understand that as far as the adoption process of major public decisions is concerned, either the public authority or the expert even less the public seem to inspire absolute confidence. So, it would be necessary to establish a fair collaboration between those different actors so that the legal norm could not suffer from major questioning likely to imperil the relation between rulers and citizens, and as a result, imperil as well civil liberties, and political and individual rights.

Utilizing a research technique involving semi-structured interviews and video-recordings of doctor patient consultations within British general practice, an empirically based 'ideal type' is created. This ideal type is seen to rest upon questionable assumptions, and although actors have expectations for behaviour which are consistent with the ideal type, deeper analysis of patient expectations shows them to be aware of the inapplicability of the ideal type in certain consultations. From this perspective one would expect change to be occurring. However using the concept of frames, a detailed analysis of the interaction between doctor and patient illustrates the social constraints and power structure of the consultation as playing a significant role in the maintenance of the status quo.

No description available.

Yes / There is a marked increase in the number of General Practitioner (GP) organisations across Europe providing out of hours (OOH) emergency primary care services whereby GPs and/or Nurse Practitioners (NPs), provide telephone consultations to patients (Giesen et al., 2007a, McKinstry et al., 2009, Derkx et al., 2009). This has been an important development to manage the rising demand for health care with increasingly scarce resources (Blank et al., 2012, Purc-Stephenson and Thrasher, 2010) and also reduces unnecessary attendance at accident and emergency departments or home visits by GPs (Bunn et al., 2005, Roberts et al., 2008)... In this study we describe the characteristics of telephone consultation calls made by pregnant women to an OOH service run by a GP co-operative and also to compare and contrast the differences between the way the calls were handled by GPs and Nurse Practitioners (NPs). The NPs were qualified and registered nurses experienced in primary care or emergency care settings and none were practicing.

For a long time the citizen participation in the European Commission Online Consultations have been low and quite insignificant. This came to an abrupt change during 2018, with the consultation on Summertime arrangements bringing out over four million citizens to participate and it is now clear that the citizen impact on consultations are not something to overlook. So, who participates in the online consultations? It is assumed that biases generated through the voluntarily participation of the Online Consultations (OC) will provide discrepancies between the participants in OC:s compared to the EU population in general. The aim of the study is to examine how individual participation in OC:s differs based on the complexity of the topic and the Member State affiliation of the citizen. The study is tested based on four hypotheses predicting how possible biases might take place. The hypotheses are tested by an quantitative study of the EU online consultations published on the “Your voice in Europe” website. The results indicate that participation differs between different regions, with the eastern Member States participating to a lower degree. Furthermore, the study indicates that it exists a negative covariance between positive EU policy opinions and participation per Member State. This is believed to be caused by a difference in diversity of the sample that participates. The study also examines how the technical complexity of the consultations affects political participation among citizens. This part of the study did not generate any clear results.

Trata-se da análise de 2222 consultas de enfermagem para o binômio mãe-filho executadas por 14 enfermeiras obstetras, no ano de 1983 em um Hospital Universitário, com o propósito de verificar se os procedimentos normatizados na consulta de enfermagem estão possibilitando o levantamento de informações relativas à clientela atendida e direcionando as intervenções da enfermeira, permitindo efetiva individualização das condutas de enfermagem. Foram levantados 5024 problemas, dos quais 3548 nos recém-nascidos e 1476 nas puérperas. Quanto às condutas de enfermagem executadas, estas foram em número de 4768 e conforme o registro, assim distribuídas: 714 - cuidados executados; 3270 - orientações ministradas; 252 - encaminhamentos para nova consulta com enfermeira; 458 - encaminhamentos para consulta médica; 48 - encaminhamentos para nutricionista, e 26 - encaminhamentos para a assistente social. Não tiveram suas condutas registradas, 1485 problemas. Os tipos de problemas levantados pelas enfermeiras não variaram: a atuação das enfermeiras não se restringe às condutas estabelecidas no guia de orientação e as orientações independentes do registro dos problemas foram em número bastante significativas. A maneira como a consulta de enfermagem se desenvolveu, possibilitou a caracterização da enfermeira na sua função independente, mas utilizando a interdependência de forma coerente, científica e individualizando a clientela. / This paper reviews 2.222 nursing consultations for the mother-child binomial, carried out by 14 obsteinic-nurses in 1983, at a teaching Hospital with the objective to find out if the standardized procedures for the nursing consultations are enabling the survey of information related to the clientele assisted and if the said procedures are directing the nurse\'s interference, to the actual individualization of the nursing approach. 5024 problems have been surveyed, of which 3548 in newborns and 1476 in mothers. As to the nursing approach utilized, there were 4768 and, according to the data, they were distributed as follows: 714 - care services performed; 3270 - instructions given; 252 - references to a new nursing consultation; 458 - references to medical consultation; 48 - references to nutritionists; and 26 - references to social workers. 1485 problems did not have their related nursing approach registered. The types of problems surveyed by the nurses did not show any variation; the nurse\'s activities are not limited to the ones established in the instructions manual and the number of orientations, regardless of the registration of problems, was significant. The way in which the nursing consultation was developed characterizes the nursing approach, as an independent function using, however, the interdependent function in a consistent and scientific manner as well as the individualization of the clientele.

No description available.

Trata-se da análise de 2222 consultas de enfermagem para o binômio mãe-filho executadas por 14 enfermeiras obstetras, no ano de 1983 em um Hospital Universitário, com o propósito de verificar se os procedimentos normatizados na consulta de enfermagem estão possibilitando o levantamento de informações relativas à clientela atendida e direcionando as intervenções da enfermeira, permitindo efetiva individualização das condutas de enfermagem. Foram levantados 5024 problemas, dos quais 3548 nos recém-nascidos e 1476 nas puérperas. Quanto às condutas de enfermagem executadas, estas foram em número de 4768 e conforme o registro, assim distribuídas: 714 - cuidados executados; 3270 - orientações ministradas; 252 - encaminhamentos para nova consulta com enfermeira; 458 - encaminhamentos para consulta médica; 48 - encaminhamentos para nutricionista, e 26 - encaminhamentos para a assistente social. Não tiveram suas condutas registradas, 1485 problemas. Os tipos de problemas levantados pelas enfermeiras não variaram: a atuação das enfermeiras não se restringe às condutas estabelecidas no guia de orientação e as orientações independentes do registro dos problemas foram em número bastante significativas. A maneira como a consulta de enfermagem se desenvolveu, possibilitou a caracterização da enfermeira na sua função independente, mas utilizando a interdependência de forma coerente, científica e individualizando a clientela. / This paper reviews 2.222 nursing consultations for the mother-child binomial, carried out by 14 obsteinic-nurses in 1983, at a teaching Hospital with the objective to find out if the standardized procedures for the nursing consultations are enabling the survey of information related to the clientele assisted and if the said procedures are directing the nurse\'s interference, to the actual individualization of the nursing approach. 5024 problems have been surveyed, of which 3548 in newborns and 1476 in mothers. As to the nursing approach utilized, there were 4768 and, according to the data, they were distributed as follows: 714 - care services performed; 3270 - instructions given; 252 - references to a new nursing consultation; 458 - references to medical consultation; 48 - references to nutritionists; and 26 - references to social workers. 1485 problems did not have their related nursing approach registered. The types of problems surveyed by the nurses did not show any variation; the nurse\'s activities are not limited to the ones established in the instructions manual and the number of orientations, regardless of the registration of problems, was significant. The way in which the nursing consultation was developed characterizes the nursing approach, as an independent function using, however, the interdependent function in a consistent and scientific manner as well as the individualization of the clientele.

No description available.

No description available.