This dissertation examines the conventions used to frame and represent sweatshops in and to the U.S. Employing qualitative research methods this dissertation examines U.S. anti-sweatshop discourse, analyzing how the sweatshop and the sweatshop worker are made into exceptional objects of inquiry, and considers what kinds of truths and subjects are garnered from them. This dissertation argues that U.S. anti-sweatshop discourse frames sweatshops as an inherently foreign problem, and that this framing contributes to U.S. exceptionalism and savior ideology. This framing positions U.S. subjects as the primary agents of change whose relation to sweatshops is crucial to their eradication, and renders causal blame upon the racialized poor within the U.S. I argue that this framing undergirds the proliferation of new ethical markets that reproduce dislocation, dispossession, and displacement within U.S. borders via retail gentrification. Ultimately, this dissertation asks what truths are made possible through a mobilizing discourse whose foundational premise is contingent on the imagery of the sweatshop and the sweatshop worker.

A relação entre preço e posicionamento de produto nas prateleiras de varejo ainda tem espaço para descobertas na literatura de marketing. O objetivo central dessa dissertação foi identificar o efeito do posicionamento de produtos levando em consideração o seu preço e a escolha do consumidor; mais especificamente o efeito positivo do posicionamento lógico de preços (i.e produtos posicionados do menor ao maior preço nas prateleiras) na escolha final, facilidade de escolha e número de unidades vendidas. Dois estudos foram feitos em busca de resultados, o primeiro sendo um experimento online, no qual escolha e facilidade de escolha foram estudadas a partir do posicionamento de preço. O segundo estudo foi um experimento de campo, no qual unidades vendidas foram verificadas através do posicionamento de preço. Os resultados encontrados em ambos os estudos indicam que o posicionamento de produtos a partir de uma ordem lógica de preço afeta a escolha do consumidor, embora não através da facilidade de escolha, e, mais ainda, afeta positivamente a quantidade de produtos vendidos. Contudo, verificou-se que o posicionamento a partir de preço não tem como consequência a facilidade de escolha. / The relationship between price and product positioning on retail shelves still has room for breakthroughs in marketing literature. The main goal of this dissertation was to identify the effect of product placement, taking into account its price, and consumer choice; more specifically, the positive effect of product placement by a logical positioning of prices (i.e. products positioned from the lowest to the highest price on the shelves) on the final choice, choice easiness and overall number of units sold. Two studies were conducted to search for these results, the first one as an online experiment, which studied choice and choice easiness from price positioning. In this first study was found that there is a positive relation between logical price arrangement (i.e. positioning products from the cheapest to the most expensive one) and consumer choice. However, price positioning does not significantly affect the ease of choice. The second study was a field experiment, in which the overall number of units sold was verified through price positioning. The results found in both studies indicate that the positioning of products from a logical price order affects consumer choice, though not through easiness of choice and, moreover, positively affects the quantity of products sold. Yet, it has been found that considering primily price to choose a shelf position does not have as consequence easiness of choice.

SAMMANFATTNING                                                                                       Titel: Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, som del av företagens varumärke – Påverkar CSR kundernas val vid butik? Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Emmelie Ahlin och Sandra Skog Handledare: Agneta Sundström Datum: 2013 – Maj Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva och analysera hur företag arbetar med CSR som del av varumärket och hur det inverkar på konsumenter vid val av butik. Metod: Studien har tillämpat kvantitativ metod och som stöd för datainsamling har en enkätundersökning genomförts. Data som samlats in har bearbetas och presenteras i arbetet med hjälp av cirkel- och stapeldiagram. Vi har utgått från kvalitativ metod genom att genomföra två e-mail intervjuer med Coop och ICA. Sekundär data har samlats in genom Internet och företagens hemsida. För att få teoretiskt stöd i analysen har vi använt vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker. Resultatet har analyserats genom att sammanställa och koda insamlat material. Resultat & slutsats: Resultatet visar att företagen i studien presenterar sig som mycket ansvarsfulla på respektive hemsida. Intervjuerna visar att båda företagen, som representeras av Coop och ICA, anser att de lägger ner mycket arbete inom CSR. De har ett nära samarbete med olika organisationer samt har miljömärka produkter som konsumenterna genom köp kan bidra till en bättre miljö och ett bättre samhälle. Från analysen framgår att företagen arbetar på ett liknande sätt när det gäller CSR. Skillnaden är att Coop arbetar mer med kommunikationen i relation till kunderna än vad ICA gör. När det gäller konsumenterna anser de att Coop är mer ansvarstagande än ICA. En slutsats är att kunderna anser att CSR är viktigt men att när de kommer till faktiska val väljer de utifrån andra kriterier.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det vi ser som intressant att forska vidare om är hur konsumenter prioriterar och väljer butiker i andra branscher. Ett annat förslag är att studera hur företagen i vår studie kan påverka konsumenterna att göra mer ansvarsfulla val. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens bidrag är att vi kunnat visa att majoriteten av konsumenterna anser det viktigt att den butik de handlar i tar ett socialt och miljömässigt ansvar för de produkter de säljer. Vi har sett att de trots att de säger att det är viktigt med socialt och miljömässigt ansvarstagande så har det låg betydelse när de väljer butik. Konsumenterna säger att det är viktigt med socialt och miljömässigt ansvar men att när de sedan ska välja själva så är det närhet som är det viktigaste. / ABSTRACT Title: Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, as part of the corporate brand – Affects CSR costumers´choice at the store? Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Emmelie Ahlin & Sandra Skog Supervisor: Agneta Sundström Date: 2013 – May Aim: The aim is to describe and analyze how companies work with CSR as part of the brand and how it affects consumers when choosing store. Method: The study applied quantitative methodology and supporting data collection is survey carried out. The data collected is processed and presented in the report by the use of pie charts and bar charts. We have also used qualitative method by carrying out two e-mail interviews with Coop and ICA. Secondary data was collected through the Internet and from corporate websites. To obtain theoretical support, we have used scientific articles and books. The results were analyzed by compiling and encoding the material that we collected.  esult & Conclusions: The results show that companies in the study present itself as very responsible on the website. The interviews show that both companies, represented by Coop and ICA, that they put a lot of work in CSR. They work closely with various organizations and the environmental label products as consumers through to purchase can contribute to a better environment and a better society. From analysis shows that firms operating in a similar way when it comes to CSR. The difference is that Coop is working more with communication in relation to customers than what ICA does. With regard to consumers, they believe that Coop is more responsible than ICA. One conclusion is that customers believe that CSR is important but when they get to the actual choices they choose based on other criteria.  Suggestions for future research: What we see as interesting to further research is how consumers prioritize and select retailers in other industries. Another proposal is to study how the companies in our study may influence consumers to make more responsible choices. Contribution of the thesis: The study grant is that we have been able to show that the majority of consumers believe it is important that the store they shop in taking social and environmental responsibility for the products they sell. We have seen that even though they say that it is essential to social and environmental responsibility, it has low importance when choosing store. Consumers say it's important to social and environmental responsibility, but then when they choose themselves, it's proximity to the most important thing.

In 1881, an Ontario-based group known as the Temperance Colonization Society began looking towards the Canadian West with a speculative eye. Interested in acquiring tracts of land from the Canadian Government, the Temperance Colonization Society hoped to one day establish a new colony free from the temptations of alcohol and the troubles associated with older colonies. By 1884, a settlement was established along the south shore of the South Saskatchewan River. This was the beginning of Saskatoon.<p> As Saskatoon grew from a small settlement founded on temperance ideals to a recognized municipal corporation, the meaning of the material culture associated with this transition also changed. Two archaeological sites pertaining to this transition, the Marr Residence at 326 11th Street East (FaNp-5) and the 11th Street Privy site (FaNp-31), currently comprise the only excavated privy assemblages in the city and hold rich potential for shedding light on urban consumption behaviour at the turn of the 20th century. This study will analyze the archaeological assemblages recovered from these excavations under the scope of consumer behaviour. By orienting the essence of this study towards an archaeology of consumerism, information regarding the dimensions of everyday life in the Saskatoon area at the turn of the 20th Century can be ascertained.

In 1881, an Ontario-based group known as the Temperance Colonization Society began looking towards the Canadian West with a speculative eye. Interested in acquiring tracts of land from the Canadian Government, the Temperance Colonization Society hoped to one day establish a new colony free from the temptations of alcohol and the troubles associated with older colonies. By 1884, a settlement was established along the south shore of the South Saskatchewan River. This was the beginning of Saskatoon.<p> As Saskatoon grew from a small settlement founded on temperance ideals to a recognized municipal corporation, the meaning of the material culture associated with this transition also changed. Two archaeological sites pertaining to this transition, the Marr Residence at 326 11th Street East (FaNp-5) and the 11th Street Privy site (FaNp-31), currently comprise the only excavated privy assemblages in the city and hold rich potential for shedding light on urban consumption behaviour at the turn of the 20th century. This study will analyze the archaeological assemblages recovered from these excavations under the scope of consumer behaviour. By orienting the essence of this study towards an archaeology of consumerism, information regarding the dimensions of everyday life in the Saskatoon area at the turn of the 20th Century can be ascertained.

This thesis is a theoretical and empirical examination of the developmentof bioethanol markets since 2005 when sustainability regulations forbiofuels were introduced globally. The experiences of Brazil and Sweden,and the influence of European regulations on the development ofbioethanol markets receive special attention. The work is based onprimary and secondary data sources gathered between 2009 and 2014,including interviews, field research, data from public and private sources,as well as an extensive literature review. The thesis uses case examples ofcountries that have adopted bioethanol as a transport fuel, such as Braziland Sweden.The research is structured using a bottom-up approach, and addressesthree specific angles of the complex issue of how bioethanol marketshave developed under sustainability requirements.The first part introduces an economic sustainability view of ethanol. Thecharacteristics of bioethanol fuel are presented together with conceptsand a theoretical framework for analysing biofuel sustainability. Policytools are also discussed, particularly those used to introduce fuel ethanolin the transport sector. The discussion is centred on the competitionbetween ethanol and gasoline, considering the hypothesis that consumersare sensitive to prices and tend to choose fuels based on their cost-perenergyunit. The analysis is supported by the case examples of Brazil andSweden, with special focus on the delicate balance between fueleconomies of bioethanol and gasoline systems in the face of differentways oil products are priced in those countries. Findings show thatdrivers tend to choose between bioethanol (E85/E100) or gasoline (E5-E25) depending on the relative prices between the two fuels. Theresearch results suggest that different pricing strategies for bioethanoland gasoline affect how consumers perceive the attractiveness of eachfuel. The examples of E100 in Brazil and E85 in Sweden provide insightson the elastic consumer behaviour that new markets may experience,serving to guide strategies in different contexts.The second part of this work bridges experiences in national contextswith the recent trend for biofuel sustainability regulation in internationalmarkets. Based on the hypothesis that the ethanol industry is responsiveto sustainability regulations, an examination of the development of theiiBrazilian bioethanol industry is carried out. This provides a comparisonframework drawing patterns between the industry's reaction to nationalregulations (past) and international regulations (recent). For this purpose,a comparison between the European sustainability requirements forethanol and the industry’s status quo is explored. Findings show that theEU sustainability criteria for biofuels are likely to have three effects onthe bioethanol industry: (i) compliance through incrementalimprovements in sustainability practices and certification; (ii) riskdiversification by engaging in multi-output production models; and (iii)market leakage towards less-regulated markets.The third part of the thesis brings together the first two parts. Itexamines how in a fuel competition context, the incorporation of costsrelated to sustainability certification can change the attractiveness ofhigh-bioethanol blends for consumers. The model of sustainabilityadopted by major international markets is based on regulations enforcedby mandatory certification. As biofuel market share increased, producerswere faced with costs for sustainability certification in order to obtainmarket access. While it was expected that ‘sustainably’ produced biofuelswould be rewarded with higher prices in the EU, this work found thatprice premiums for ethanol have in general been very small or inexistent,with certified fuels becoming the new norm in the market. New costsbrought into the market through sustainability certification can make itdifficult to balance between national policies heavily reliant on consumerchoice between fuels (and associated price-elasticities), and thedeployment of high blends of ethanol, such as E100 and E85.By analysing the three aspects (consumer behaviour and marketdynamics for ethanol in Brazil and Sweden, the introduction ofsustainability criteria for biofuels, and the implications of sustainabilityfor consumer choice between fuels) this work seeks to increaseunderstanding of the highly complex issue of biofuel market formationin the face of sustainability requirements. The key finding is thatsustainability certification has a cost, which needs to be orchestrated withother sectors of the economy to achieve the desired objectives. Thisthesis suggests that crucial areas of economic and environmentalsustainability have been often dealt with separately in biofuelpolicymaking, which has created weaknesses that deserve attention infuture policy efforts in order to improve biofuel systems. / <p>QC 20150401</p>

Whereas people are typically thought to be better off with more choices, large sets may lead to "choice paralysis". This thesis explores the processes underlying the choice from multiple alternatives in different settings. First, we propose that satisfaction is an inverted U-shaped function of the number of alternatives. This proposition is derived theoretically by considering the benefits and costs of different numbers of alternatives, and validated empirically. Second, we investigate the computational processes used to make choices from multiple alternatives under extreme time pressure using an eye-tracking technique. We find that choices are well-described by a sequential search model, in which people randomly fixate on items, measure their values, and choose the best item seen. Third, we study the neural bases of choice from multiple alternatives using fMRI. The results demonstrate that brain activity is modulated by the number of choice items and by the subjective choice experience of people. / Comúnmente, se piensa que es mejor para la gente tener más alternativas de elección. Sin embargo, grandes conjuntos pueden llevar a una "parálisis de elección". Esta tesis explora los procesos que guían la elección entre múltiples alternativas. Primero, proponemos teóricamente que la satisfacción, en función del número de alternativas (considerando los beneficios y costes de este) adopta una forma de U-invertida. Luego, lo comprobamos empíricamente. Segundo, investigamos los procesos utilizados para elegir entre múltiples alternativas, bajo extrema presión de tiempo, utilizando "eye-tracking". Encontramos que las elecciones son bien descritas por un modelo de búsqueda secuencial en el que la gente se fija en los artículos, mide sus valores y escoge el mejor visto. Tercero, estudiamos los fundamentos neuronales de elección de múltiples alternativas usando fMRI. Los resultados muestran que la actividad cerebral es modulada por el número de productos a elegir y por la experiencia subjetiva de elección.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal investigar o papel da co-produção como antecedente do controle percebido e a influência deste na satisfação. Informação e escolha de reembolso também são investigadas como potenciais antecedentes do controle percebido, uma vez que co-produção, informação e escolha são consideradas, respectivamente, formas de controle comportamental, cognitivo e de decisão. O controle comportamental refere-se a uma influência direta do indivíduo no ambiente. O controle cognitivo refere-se à interpretação de um indivíduo sobre um evento e tem o ganho de informação como um subtipo de controle. O controle de decisão representa a oportunidade de escolher entre diferentes tipos de ação. Esses três tipos de controle são considerados capazes de aumentar a percepção de controle dos consumidores. Acredita-se que o aumento de controle percebido, por sua vez, é capaz de elevar os níveis de satisfação dos consumidores. Sugere-se ainda que a auto-eficácia e o desejo por controle poderiam influenciar a relação entre controle percebido e satisfação, implicando em maiores níveis de satisfação quando consumidores apresentam maiores níveis de auto-eficácia e de desejo por controle. Dois estudos experimentais de desenho fatorial e intersujeitos foram conduzidos para testar as hipóteses formuladas no capítulo de fundamentação teórica. O primeiro estudo contou com a participação de 97 estudantes de uma universidade brasileira, manipulando co-produção e informação na oferta de uma viagem de férias, enquanto que o segundo contou com 90 estudantes de uma universidade francesa, manipulando co-produção e escolha de reembolso na oferta de uma escrivaninha. A análise dos resultados mostra que co-produção, informação e escolha de reembolso influenciam positivamente a percepção de controle e que esta, por sua vez, afeta de maneira positiva a satisfação. Os estudos não apresentaram suporte para as hipóteses envolvendo moderação da auto-eficácia e do desejo por controle na relação entre controle percebido e satisfação. Esses resultados possuem implicações gerenciais e acadêmicas que são discutidas no capítulo de considerações finais, abrindo espaço para futuras pesquisas sobre o tema. / The main purpose of this research is to investigate the role of co-production as an antecedent of perceived control and the latter’s influence on satisfaction. Information and refund choice are also investigated as potential antecedents of perceived control since coproduction, information, and choice are considered as behavioral, cognitive and decisional control, respectively. Behavioral control refers to an individual’s response which may directly influence the environment. Cognitive control refers to an individual’s interpretation of an event and it presents information gain as a control subtype. Decisional control represents the opportunity to choose among different courses of action. It is considered that these three types of control may enhance consumers’ perception of control. The increase in perceived control, in turn, is capable of raising consumers’ satisfaction levels. Moreover, self-efficacy and desire for control could influence the relationship between perceived control and satisfaction, such that higher levels of satisfaction when consumers exhibit higher levels of self-efficacy and desire of control. Two experimental studies with factorial between subject design were conducted in order to test the hypotheses formulated in the theoretical background chapter. The first study had the participation of 97 students from a Brazilian university, manipulating co-production and information on a vacation travel’s offer, while the second study had the participation of 90 students from a French university, manipulating co-production and refund choice in the offer of a writing desk. Results show that co-production, information, and refund choice positively affect the perception of control, which, in turn, positively affects satisfaction. The studies do not support the hypotheses related to the moderation roles of selfefficacy and desire for control on perceived control and satisfaction relationship. In the last chapter, we discuss managerial and academic implications, making room for future research on the theme.

A relação entre preço e posicionamento de produto nas prateleiras de varejo ainda tem espaço para descobertas na literatura de marketing. O objetivo central dessa dissertação foi identificar o efeito do posicionamento de produtos levando em consideração o seu preço e a escolha do consumidor; mais especificamente o efeito positivo do posicionamento lógico de preços (i.e produtos posicionados do menor ao maior preço nas prateleiras) na escolha final, facilidade de escolha e número de unidades vendidas. Dois estudos foram feitos em busca de resultados, o primeiro sendo um experimento online, no qual escolha e facilidade de escolha foram estudadas a partir do posicionamento de preço. O segundo estudo foi um experimento de campo, no qual unidades vendidas foram verificadas através do posicionamento de preço. Os resultados encontrados em ambos os estudos indicam que o posicionamento de produtos a partir de uma ordem lógica de preço afeta a escolha do consumidor, embora não através da facilidade de escolha, e, mais ainda, afeta positivamente a quantidade de produtos vendidos. Contudo, verificou-se que o posicionamento a partir de preço não tem como consequência a facilidade de escolha. / The relationship between price and product positioning on retail shelves still has room for breakthroughs in marketing literature. The main goal of this dissertation was to identify the effect of product placement, taking into account its price, and consumer choice; more specifically, the positive effect of product placement by a logical positioning of prices (i.e. products positioned from the lowest to the highest price on the shelves) on the final choice, choice easiness and overall number of units sold. Two studies were conducted to search for these results, the first one as an online experiment, which studied choice and choice easiness from price positioning. In this first study was found that there is a positive relation between logical price arrangement (i.e. positioning products from the cheapest to the most expensive one) and consumer choice. However, price positioning does not significantly affect the ease of choice. The second study was a field experiment, in which the overall number of units sold was verified through price positioning. The results found in both studies indicate that the positioning of products from a logical price order affects consumer choice, though not through easiness of choice and, moreover, positively affects the quantity of products sold. Yet, it has been found that considering primily price to choose a shelf position does not have as consequence easiness of choice.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal investigar o papel da co-produção como antecedente do controle percebido e a influência deste na satisfação. Informação e escolha de reembolso também são investigadas como potenciais antecedentes do controle percebido, uma vez que co-produção, informação e escolha são consideradas, respectivamente, formas de controle comportamental, cognitivo e de decisão. O controle comportamental refere-se a uma influência direta do indivíduo no ambiente. O controle cognitivo refere-se à interpretação de um indivíduo sobre um evento e tem o ganho de informação como um subtipo de controle. O controle de decisão representa a oportunidade de escolher entre diferentes tipos de ação. Esses três tipos de controle são considerados capazes de aumentar a percepção de controle dos consumidores. Acredita-se que o aumento de controle percebido, por sua vez, é capaz de elevar os níveis de satisfação dos consumidores. Sugere-se ainda que a auto-eficácia e o desejo por controle poderiam influenciar a relação entre controle percebido e satisfação, implicando em maiores níveis de satisfação quando consumidores apresentam maiores níveis de auto-eficácia e de desejo por controle. Dois estudos experimentais de desenho fatorial e intersujeitos foram conduzidos para testar as hipóteses formuladas no capítulo de fundamentação teórica. O primeiro estudo contou com a participação de 97 estudantes de uma universidade brasileira, manipulando co-produção e informação na oferta de uma viagem de férias, enquanto que o segundo contou com 90 estudantes de uma universidade francesa, manipulando co-produção e escolha de reembolso na oferta de uma escrivaninha. A análise dos resultados mostra que co-produção, informação e escolha de reembolso influenciam positivamente a percepção de controle e que esta, por sua vez, afeta de maneira positiva a satisfação. Os estudos não apresentaram suporte para as hipóteses envolvendo moderação da auto-eficácia e do desejo por controle na relação entre controle percebido e satisfação. Esses resultados possuem implicações gerenciais e acadêmicas que são discutidas no capítulo de considerações finais, abrindo espaço para futuras pesquisas sobre o tema. / The main purpose of this research is to investigate the role of co-production as an antecedent of perceived control and the latter’s influence on satisfaction. Information and refund choice are also investigated as potential antecedents of perceived control since coproduction, information, and choice are considered as behavioral, cognitive and decisional control, respectively. Behavioral control refers to an individual’s response which may directly influence the environment. Cognitive control refers to an individual’s interpretation of an event and it presents information gain as a control subtype. Decisional control represents the opportunity to choose among different courses of action. It is considered that these three types of control may enhance consumers’ perception of control. The increase in perceived control, in turn, is capable of raising consumers’ satisfaction levels. Moreover, self-efficacy and desire for control could influence the relationship between perceived control and satisfaction, such that higher levels of satisfaction when consumers exhibit higher levels of self-efficacy and desire of control. Two experimental studies with factorial between subject design were conducted in order to test the hypotheses formulated in the theoretical background chapter. The first study had the participation of 97 students from a Brazilian university, manipulating co-production and information on a vacation travel’s offer, while the second study had the participation of 90 students from a French university, manipulating co-production and refund choice in the offer of a writing desk. Results show that co-production, information, and refund choice positively affect the perception of control, which, in turn, positively affects satisfaction. The studies do not support the hypotheses related to the moderation roles of selfefficacy and desire for control on perceived control and satisfaction relationship. In the last chapter, we discuss managerial and academic implications, making room for future research on the theme.