Cette thèse étudie le rapport des élites du monde politique, économique et intellectuel à leur patrimoine en Ecosse. A la fin du XVIIe siècle, après la Restauration de 1660, la situation économique de l’Ecosse est encore morose et le contexte politique incertain. Pourtant un renouveau intellectuel s’exprime ouvrant la voie aux Lumières écossaises du XVIIIe siècle. Il transforme les Arts, domaine où les aristocrates vont jouer un rôle décisif. Non seulement ces derniers sont ouverts aux idées nouvelles du continent dont ils ont pu apprécier les richesses grâce au Grand Tour et aux échanges commerciaux mais ils disposent aussi des moyens financiers et politiques de réaliser des projets ambitieux. Tandis que l’investissement artistique demeure l’apanage de la seule aristocratie jusqu’au début du XVIIIe siècle, de nouveaux mécènes issus de la gentry, des professions juridiques et commerciales prennent une part croissante aux innovations au cours du siècle. La terre et le domaine étant une source majeure de reconnaissance sociale, cette étude saisit le sens de l’investissement entrepris par les différents propriétaires terriens écossais. Les récits de voyageurs, les mémoires, les correspondances, les journaux intimes, les inventaires des demeures, les plans d’architectes et les représentations visuelles révèlent la créativité d’hommes de talent –architectes, artisans et artistes– en architecture et en décoration intérieure. Cette thèse expose la richesse d’une rencontre avec la Hollande, la France et l’Italie et rend compte d’une complexité, à savoir préserver le patrimoine familial et national, source d’immense fierté, et œuvrer au progrès auquel de nombreux Ecossais n’ont de cesse de vouloir contribuer. / This thesis analyses the connection between the elites belonging to the political, economic and intellectual world and their cultural heritage in Scotland. At the end of the 17th century, most specifically after the Restoration of 1660, the economy of Scotland was still sluggish whilst its political situation remained unsettled. However, an intellectual revival took place and paved the way for the 18th century Scottish enlightenment. It transformed the Arts, a field in which the aristocrats took a leading role. Not only were they open to the new ideas of the continent –the treasures of which they had been able to appreciate thanks to the Grand Tour and through trade– but they also had the financial and political means to carry out ambitious projects. Whereas artistic investment remained the aristocrats’ prerogative until the beginning of the 18th century, new patrons belonging to the gentry and to the legal and trading professions emerged and fostered innovations throughout the century. Since land property and estate were considered to be a major source of social recognition, this thesis explores the meaning and impact of various Scottish landowners’ investment. Travel books, memoirs, private correspondence, diaries, house inventories, architects’ plans and visual representations reveal the creativity with which some gifted men –architects as well as artists and artisans– carried out original projects in architecture and interior decoration. This thesis lays stress on Scotland’s rewarding encounter with Holland, France and Italy and shows a certain complexity expressing itself in the need to preserve the national heritage –source of immense pride– and the desire –shared by many Scots– to take part in progress.

Mass humanitarian atrocities – many of them perpetrated by governments against their own people – continue to wreak havoc across Africa. These crises demand decisive action by the African Union (AU), the intergovernmental organisation that presides over peace and security on the continent. Since its formation, the AU has established a set of norms and institutions that reflect the principles of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P), and by its own declaration, has shifted its approach away from the notion of ‘non-interference’ (as espoused by its predecessor, the Organisation of African Unity) to a new position of ‘non-indifference’. However, despite its rhetorical commitment to the implementation of R2P, the AU’s handling of the 2010 Côte d’Ivoire crisis was so weak that the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) authorised an intervention led by France. The incapacity of the AU to resolve the conflict raised questions about the organisation’s rhetoric of ‘African solutions to African problems’. This study analyses the AU’s handling of the Côte d’Ivoire crisis, and thereby implicitly investigates the organisation’s challenges in operationalizing the R2P in Africa. The methodology of an extensive literature survey is employed to gather evidence of conceptual and institutional deficiencies within the AU, and possible coordination problems between the AU, ECOWAS and the UNSC in their management of African conflicts. The purpose of the study is thus to contribute to the wider intellectual discourse on R2P operationalization, and specifically aimed at strengthening the AU’s ability to implement its own peace and security agenda. / Mini-dissertation (MSecurity Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Political Sciences / Unrestricted

La Corse Alpine offre une section complète du prisme orogénique alpin où la plupart des équivalents des unités décrites dans les Alpes Occidentales peuvent être trouvés sur une section de 40 km. Les minéraux d'haute pression sont exceptionnellement bien préservés, particulièrement la lawsonite, offrant un accès unique à la compréhension de zones de subduction. La Corse alpine est formée par une pile complexe d’unités métamorphiques d'origine continentale et océanique. Ces unités ont été interprétées soit comme des mélanges tectoniques complexes formés pendant la subduction alpine, soit comme les parties plus continues de lithosphère continentale et-ou océanique. Les rares estimations de condition PT sur des larges régions de la chaîne résultent en plusieurs incertitudes dans l'identification des limites séparant les unités qui ont subi des évolutions tectono-métamorphiques différentes et, par conséquent, dans la définition d'une architecture complète de la chaîne. Les données de terrain, structurelles et métamorphiques obtenues dans cette étude aux différentes échelles suggèrent que la chaîne de la Corse alpine est caractérisée par une forte conservation de structures pré-alpin, de la micro-échelle à l'échelle de la chaîne, malgré la déformation intense associée avec le métamorphisme, qui a localement donné les conditions du facies éclogitique et lawsonite. En détail, seulement neuf domaines tectono-métamorphiques homogènes ont été identifiés. Ces terrains peuvent être attribué aux domaines paléogéographiques différents qui ont subi des évolutions tectono-métamorphiques différentes. Malgré ça, les données géochronologiques fournies pendant cette étude indiquent que la Corse alpine résulte d'une évolution complexe, étant caractérisée par la signature claire tant de la tectonique alpine Eocène, à 35 Ma, que de la tectonique apennine, à 25 Ma. Les résultats fournis dans cette thèse contribuent non seulement à la compréhension des processus de subduction et de formation de montagnes, mais donnent aussi des contraintes importantes pour déchiffrer les systèmes Tethys-Alpes et Alpes-Apennine. / Alpine Corsica offers a complete section through the Alpine orogenic wedge where most equivalent of the units described in the Western Alps may be found over a 40 km section. High-pressure mineral assemblages are exceptionally well preserved, especially lawsonite, offering a unique access to the understanding of deeply subducted terranes.Alpine Corsica consists of a complex stack of variably metamorphosed units of continental and Tethys-derived material. These units have been interpreted either as complex tectonic mixing formed during the Alpine subduction, or as more continuous portions of continental and/or oceanic lithosphere. The lack of detailed PT estimates over wide regions of the belt results in several uncertainties in identifying the boundaries separating units that experienced different tectono-metamorphic evolutions and, consequently, in the definition of an exhaustive architecture of the belt.Field, structural and metamorphic data collected in this study at different scales suggest that the Alpine Corsica belt is characterized by a high preservation of pre-Alpine sctructures, from the micro-scale up the scale of the belt, despite the intense deformation essociated with metamorphism, which locally reached lawsonite-eclogite metamorphism. In particular, only nine homogeneous tectono-metamorphic domains have been identified. These terranes can be referred to different paleogeographic domains that experienced different tectono-metamorphic evolutions.Despite that, geochronological data provided during this study indicate that Alpine Corsica results fro a complex polyphase evolution, being characterized by clear signature of both Alpine tectonics, at around 35 Ma, and Apennine tectonics, at around 25 Ma.Results provided in this paper contribute not only to the understanding of processes of subduction and mountain building, but also give important constraints for deciphering the Tethys-Alps and Alps-Apennine systems.

Comprendre comment s’initie une subduction au niveau d’une marge passive est un problème géodynamique majeur, mais il reste très débattu en raison des forces nécessaires pour provoquer la flexion de la plaque plongeante, et dépasser la résistance frictionnelle de la lithosphère pour localiser cette subduction. Formant la bordure sud de la Méditerranée Occidentale, la marge algérienne subit des conditions aux limites en compression en raison de la convergence Afrique-Eurasie à un taux de moins de 1 cm/an. Ce contexte favorise l’inversion de cette marge nord-africaine et possiblement le début d’une subduction. En effet, des données géophysiques récentes acquises dans le bassin algérien (campagnes de MARADJA, 2003, 2005 (MARge Active d’el Djazaïr) et SPIRAL 2009 (Sismique Profonde et Investigations Régionales en ALgérie) ont montré des indices de déformation compressive récente. Nous avons utilisé les profils SPIRAL afin de calculer l’état isostatique de la lithosphère au voisinage de la limite océan-continent. Ceci nous a permis d'imager un Moho trop profond dans le domaine océanique, et plus superficiel dans le domaine continental, de part et d'autre d'une limite située vers le pied de pente de cette marge, donc un déséquilibre isostatique général de la marge. Nos résultats indiquent que la marge algérienne montre les mêmes anomalies isostatiques qu’au niveau d'une marge active, avec une zone de découplage océan/continent située en pied de marge. Ces anomalies peuvent être interprétées par un mécanisme de flexure des deux lithosphères en présence, que l’on peut simuler ensuite par une modélisation en éléments finis d’une plaque mince élastique. / Understanding how subduction initiates at a passive margin is a major geodynamic question, which remains debatted because of the forces necessary to overcome bending and frictional resistance of the lithosphere and initiate this subduction. Along the southern shore of the Western Mediterranean Sea, the Algerian margin undergoes ~NS compression due to the African-Eurasian convergence at a rate of less than ~ 1 cm / year. This setting causes tectonic inversion of this North African passive margin and possibly incipient subduction. Indeed, recent geophysical marine data acquired in the Algerian Basin (MARADJA, 2003, 2005MARge Active d’el Djazaïr) and SPIRAL 2009 (Deep Seismic and Regional Investigations in Algeria campaigns) showed evidence of recent compressive deformation. We used SPIRAL wide-angle seismic profiles to determine the state of isostatic equilibrium at the vicinity of the continent-ocean boundary. This allowed us to image a too deep Moho in the oceanic part, and a too shallow one in the continental domain, with a boundary between both domains located at the margin toe. These results indicate that the Algerian margin display the same isostatic anomalies as an active margin. This isostatic disiquilibrium may be simulated by the flexural bending of two lithospheric plates that can be modelled by a finite element procedure. This modeling shows larger vertical deflection in the central part of the study area (6-7 km) compared to the earsternmost and westernmost profiles (3 km).

<p align="justify">62 ostraca grecs (documents écrits sur tessons de céramique), conservés depuis 1910 à la Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg (France), sont ici édités pour la première fois. Il s'agit essentiellement de reçus d'impôts, qui proviennent de Thèbes (Haute-Egypte) et datent du Haut-Empire romain, en particulier du IIe s. apr. J.-C. La présentation met en évidence un phénomène bien connu en papyrologie, mais qui n'avait guère été exploité pour ce type de textes: les contribuables, en conservant ces documents pour un éventuel contrôle, se constituaient de modestes archives privées. Celles-ci ont parfois été retrouvées telles quelles, puis dispersées sur la marché des antiquités: il convient donc, autant que possible, de les reconstituer dans la publication, de sorte que 27 ostraca conservés dans d'autres collections (Royal Ontario Museum; Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana; Sorbonne) mais apparentés aux nouveaux documents de Strasbourg, sont republiés ici.</p> <p align="justify">Les dossiers ainsi réunis permettent diverses recherches sur le système de taxation complexe mis en place à l'époque romaine (impôts capitaires, fonciers et autres) et sur l'organisation de la perception et ses variations dans le temps et, surtout, selon les sites. Ils éclairent également la topographie de Thèbes, du point de vue administratif, à cette époque. Une petite moitié des textes publiés ici, dont plusieurs sont bilingues, constituent les archives d'une famille de prêtres, dont un stoliste d'Apollon (Montou) et Asklèpios (Imhotep); ils apportent ainsi un témoignage important sur le milieu où se maintint le plus longtemps l'usage du démotique: à Thèbes comme ailleurs en Egypte, il apparaît qu'il s'agit du clergé.</p>

Este trabalho é resultado de uma pesquisa realizada sobre a produção contemporânea de ciências sociais feita pelos intelectuais africanos, tendo como universo de estudo e ponto de partida a agência do Conselho para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais em África CODESRIA uma instituição de caráter pan-africano fundada em 1973 com sede em Dakar, no Senegal. A tese parte da compreensão das motivações de fundação do CODESRIA e de seu modo de organização para em seguida refletir sobre as condições sociais de produção desse conhecimento, com enfoque especial na publicação, distribuição e acesso a essa produção. A observação realizada na 14ª Assembleia Geral do CODESRIA, evento de caráter científico e também administrativo, no qual são eleitos o seu corpo dirigente, é exposta neste trabalho. Os saberes endógenos do continente africano são alvo das reflexões dos cientistas sociais do continente, na busca pela construção de um paradigma africano nas ciências sociais. A tese discute essas reflexões e as possibilidades de construção de um conhecimento novo e/ou próprio do continente africano, tendo como base os pressupostos e métodos acadêmicos ocidentais. Neste campo, o confronto com o imaginário redutor construído pelo Ocidente sobre o continente africano é irrecusável. Examina-se, ainda, o modo como as cientistas sociais africanas desenvolvem o seu trabalho acrescentando novas perspectivas para as teorias feministas. O paradigma do desenvolvimento é outro tema crucial nas discussões dos cientistas sociais africanos e é abordado neste trabalho, a partir de um olhar sobre as controvérsias existentes entre o modo de produção capitalista e o que é próprio das formações sociais africanas. Este trabalho apresenta também uma discussão sobre a obra e os temas relacionados a dois autores em especial. O primeiro deles é Archie Mafeje, antropólogo negro sul-africano que foi nome importante nos debates desenvolvidos no CODESRIA até sua morte, em 1997. Mafeje realiza uma dura crítica à antropologia e seus pressupostos colonialistas, através do que ele denominou de ideologia do tribalismo. Examina-se como a antropologia beneficiou-se como disciplina dos conhecimentos adquiridos no continente africano, e acrescentam-se novos olhares para pensar a questão da identidade social e da etnicidade no continente africano. Por fim, aborda-se a produção e a trajetória de Achille Mbembe, cientista político dos Camarões que é um dos nomes contemporâneos de maior repercussão entre os cientistas sociais africanos. Achille Mbembe foi secretário executivo do CODESRIA, um posto crucial no direcionamento da instituição, e sua passagem pelo Conselho suscitou controvérsias de caráter administrativo, mas especialmente de posições teóricas, com parte considerável da comunidade de cientistas sociais que compõem o CODESRIA. / This work is the result of a survey on contemporary production of social sciences made by African intellectuals, with the universe study and its starting point at the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa CODESRIA a pan-African institution founded in 1973 with headquarters in Dakar, Senegal. The thesis starts at the understanding of the founding motivations CODESRIA and its organization in order to then reflect on the social conditions of production of knowledge, with a special focus on publishing, distribution and access to this production. The observation made in the 14th CODESRIA General Assembly scientific event and also administrative, which are elected its governing body, is exposed in this work. Endogenous knowledge of the African continent are targeted by the reflections of social scientists of the continent, in the search for the construction of an African paradigm in the social sciences. The thesis discusses these reflections and the possibilities for building new knowledge and/or own the African continent, based on the Western academic assumptions and methods. In this field, the confrontation with the imaginary gear built by the West on Africa is undeniable. It examines also how African women social scientists develop their work adding new perspectives for feminist theories. The paradigm of development is another crucial issue in discussions of African social scientists and is covered in this work, from a look at the controversies between the capitalist mode of production and what is own of African social formations. This paper also presents a discussion of the work and issues related to two authors in particular. The first is Archie Mafeje, black South African anthropologist who was an important name in the debates developed in CODESRIA until his death in 1997. Mafeje performs a tough critique of anthropology and its colonialist assumptions, through what he called tribalism ideology. Examines how anthropology benefited as a discipline of knowledge acquired in Africa, and adds up new perspectives to think about the issue of social identity and ethnicity in Africa. Finally, deals with the production and the path of Achille Mbembe, a political scientist from Cameroon that is one of the contemporary names greater impact among African social scientists. Achille Mbembe was Executive Secretary of CODESRIA, a crucial post in the direction of the institution, and its passage through the Council raised administrative character of controversy, but especially of theoretical positions, with considerable part of the community social scientists that make up the CODESRIA.

La colonisation puis l’indépendance induisent la nécessité d’une connaissance approfondie de l’Afrique dans toute sa diversité, géographique, historique, démographique, ethnique, religieuse et politique. Où en est l’Afrique d’aujourd’hui en matière de liberté économique et politique et de bonne gouvernance ? L’indépendance n’a pas été donnée au peuple mais confiée aux adversaires de l’indépendance et maintenue entre leurs mains presque pendant 50 ans. Le pouvoir, qui en est la manifestation concrète, la souveraineté qui en est le symbole ont été détournés et confiés à des personnes choisies par la puissance coloniale. Le colonisateur a pu continuer à gérer, par personnes interposées, le sort des populations qu’il dominait. Pour que le continent africain parvienne au décollage qui l’affranchirait de la dépendance, il lui faudrait fournir un effort immense en concentrant ses forces intellectuelles, spirituelles, morales, matérielles, scientifiques surtout en développant la recherche, car les modèles ne peuvent être copiés mais construits et adaptés différemment selon les sociétés et mis en place par des acteurs innovants, nationaux, locaux et par des États dits «pépiniéristes » pour entraîner les jeunes à se développer grâce à des systèmes de formation, de financement, d’organisations, d’associations, constitutives d’écosystèmes et d’interdépendances au sein de territoires africains. La révolution numérique, les technologies de l’information et de la communication modifient la donne en Afrique comme dans le reste du monde. La montée en puissance de la société civile dans l’affirmation du pouvoir des peuples est notoire. / Colonization then independence require a deep knowledge of Africa in all its geographic, historical, demographic, ethnic, religious and political diversity. Where does Africa stand today as regards economic and political freedom and good governance? Independence has not been given to the people but was rather entrusted to the independence opponents and was maintained in their hands for almost 50 years. Power which is the independence’s concrete expression and sovereignty its symbol have been diverted and given to individuals chosen by the colonial power. Hence, through an intermediary, the colonizer was still in fact managing people’s fate. In order to free itself from dependence, Africa shall supply a tremendous effort by gathering its intellectual, spiritual, moral, material and scientific strengths. Since models cannot be copied, Africa-in order to achieve its goal-will have to build its own patterns from scratch and tailor them to suit various societies. Such models shall be implemented by national and local innovative stakeholders as well as States so-called “nurseryman”. By doing so, the youth will develop themselves through training, funding, organizational and association systems altogether constituent of ecosystem and mutual dependence within African territories. Digital revolution, information technologies and communication have been a game-changer both in Africa and in the rest of the world. Civil society rise in power by the assertion of people’s power is now manifest.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sartori_dvb_me_botfm.pdf: 798212 bytes, checksum: 1e163ee316520ce8224fddb60879f42b (MD5) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a função e a reprodutibilidade da avaliação subjetiva do assoalho pélvico, utilizando a palpação vaginal digital, em mulheres continentes de diferentes faixas etárias. Foram estudadas prospectivamente 150 mulheres multíparas, saudáveis, sem disfunções urinárias, distribuídas em quatro grupos, G1 (n=37) mulheres na faixa etária de 30 a 40 anos, G2 (n=39) na faixa de 41 a 50 anos, G3 (n=39) na faixa de 51 a 60 anos e G4 (n=35) acima de 60 anos. Os dados demográficos, como idade, número de partos, índice de massa corpórea (IMC), atividade física e sexual, foram obtidos por questionário. A avaliação subjetiva dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP) foi feita por palpação digital da vagina nas porções anterior e posterior por três examinadores. Foi utilizada a classificação descrita por Amaro e col, 2003, foi garantido sigilo entre os examinadores. A média de idade foi de 35, 45, 54 e 66 anos em G1, G2, G3 e G4 respectivamente. 69,3% das mulheres tinham atividade sexual e 40,7% atividade física regular. O IMC foi classificado como normal no G1 e pré-obeso no G2, G3 e G4, sendo significativamente menor no G1 em relação ao G4 (p<0,05). O número de partos vaginais foi menor no G2 em relação ao G4 (p<0,05), e de cesáreas foi menor no G4 em relação aos grupos G2 e G3. Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os graus de contração muscular e entre a porção anterior e posterior do AP (p>0,05). A concordância plena da palpação digital na porção anterior foi de 44,7% e na posterior 55,3%, não houve diferença estatística significativa. Houve concordância entre os diferentes examinadores do método subjetivo de palpação digital do AP na porção anterior e posterior do AP independente da faixa etária garantindo a reprodutibilidade do método. / The aim of this study is to assess the function and the reproductibility of subjective evaluation of pelvic floor muscle (PMF) using the digital vaginal palpation in continent women from different age ranges. 150 healthy multipararous women were studied with no urinary dysfunction, distributed in four different groups: G1 (n=31) from 30 to 40 years; G2 (n=39) from 41 to 50 years; G3 (n= 39) from 51 to 60 years; and G4 (n=35) over 60 years. The demographic data, such as age, number of deliveries, body mass index ( BMI ), physical and sexual activity, were all obtained using a questionnaire. The subjective assessments of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM ) were performed by three different examiners using transvaginal digital palpation (TDP) in the anterior and posterior areas. It was used tha classification as described by Amaro et al, 2003, the secret amongst the examiners was granted. The ages were in average 35, 45, 54 and 66 years old in G1, G2, G3 and G4 respectively. 69,3% of the women had sexual activity and 40,7% had regular physical activities. The BMI was classified was significantly lower in G1 in comparasion to G4 (p<0,05). The number of natural deliveries was lower in G2 in comparasion to G4 ( p<0,05), and the number of caesarian was lower in G4 in comparasion to groups G2 and G3. There was no statistical difference between the subjective evaluation of PMF, neither the anterior and posterior area Threre was 44,7% agreement among the different examiners using TDP in the anterior and of 55,3%in the posterior, there was no statistical difference. There was an agreement among the different examiners in the subjective evaluation of PMF using TDP in the anterior and posterior area independent of the age range, demonstrating the reproducibility of this method.

Thesis (M. A. (History)) --University of the North, 2000 / Refer to document

Late Holocene climate variability includes the Little Ice Age (LIA, 450-150 BP) and the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, 1100-700 BP) that are characterized by contrasting hydrologic and thermal regimes. The degree of interaction between the North American continent and the ocean during these two abrupt climate events is not well known. Marine sedimentary records from basins proximal to major rivers integrate climate signals across large spatial scales and can provide a coherent, high-resolution assessment of the oceanic and continental responses to changing climate and hydrologic conditions. The Pigmy Basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico is ideally situated to record inputs from the Mississippi River and to relate these inputs to changing hydrologic conditions over North America during the LIA and MWP. Hydrologic variability recorded over the North America continent is directly dependent on the moisture balance (E/P) over the sub-tropical Gulf of Mexico (a major source of moisture to the North America continent). Warm, moist air masses from the south interact with cold/dry air masses from the north over the North American continent to produce storm fronts. Increased evaporation over the Gulf of Mexico leads to enhanced precipitation over the North American continent, due to the intensification of atmospheric circulation, which influences meridional moisture flux from the Gulf of Mexico to the North American continent. This study focuses on the sedimentary record spanning the last 1400 years and utilizes a multi-proxy approach incorporating organic and inorganic geochemical analyses to define intervals of varying continental inputs and to assess changes in the moisture balance (E-P) within the Gulf of Mexico.