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In this thesis, I characterise the Roman republican diaspora in the western Mediterranean, on the basis of the various activities which prompted the migration of individuals from Italy. The intention of my discussion is to examine the connection between republican imperialism and the generally obscure individuals who were the actual participants in empire. This is partly a response to Brunt's Italian Manpower, in so far as Brunt's minimalist calculation of the population of the diaspora discouraged subsequent research on the subject. To accomplish this, I have relied principally on the available literary references as the foundation of a thematic analysis of the diaspora, considering migration of those in the military or associated with it, as well as those involved in various categories of commercial activity. The settlement of former soldiers was frequently connected with the re-organisation of overseas communities by Roman generals. Commercial activity was examined with reference to a general model for trade in the late republic, which emphasises the role of agents acting on behalf of wealthier individuals in Italy. I also considered more general characteristics of the diaspora. Firstly, I have proposed a maximum population for the diaspora at the end of the republic of 170,000. Secondly, I have proposed that communities of the diaspora were organising themselves into conventus by the 70s BC. Finally, I have suggested that the social and economic networks of the diaspora can be modelled in terms of a network of bilateral connections between communities, though with particularly strong connections to Rome.

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El estudio de los niveles y composición del material particulado atmosférico (PM) medido simultáneamente en diferentes ambientes a escala regional se llevó a cabo en la cuenca del Mediterráneo Occidental con el fin de entender las fuentes y patrones de transformación y transporte de aerosoles en esta zona. Para esto, la medida de niveles y caracterización química de PM10, PM2.5 y PM1 se llevó a cabo en tres estaciones de monitoreo: Montsec (MSC, fondo continental, 1570 msnm), Montseny (MSY, fondo regional, 720 msnm) y Barcelona (BCN, fondo urbano, 68 msnm). Además, se midieron niveles de número de partículas (N) y carbono negro (BC) en BCN. Durante el invierno, la frecuente estabilidad atmosférica induce el estancamiento de masas de aire produciendo importantes episodios de contaminación en BCN. Sin embargo, MSY y, más frecuentemente MSC, quedan aislados de la contaminación regional. En determinados escenarios, el desarrollo de la capa límite y las brisas resultan en el transporte de masas de aire contaminadas a zonas rurales, aumentando notablemente los niveles de PM en función de la altitud y la distancia a las zonas fuente. Durante el verano, la circulación de brisas favorece la dispersión, mezcla y envejecimiento de contaminantes a escala regional y la reducción de las diferencias entre BCN, MSY y MSC. Se midieron niveles similares de algunos componentes (materia orgánica, sulfato) a escala regional. Los niveles de materia mineral aumentan en verano por una resuspensión favorecida y una mayor frecuencia de intrusiones africanas, más significativamente en el MSC, dado su impacto en altura. La mayor contribución al PM10 en BCN se debe principalmente al tráfico (50% del PM10), resultante de las emisiones del tráfico primarias, nitrato y aerosoles secundarios envejecidos. La materia mineral se origina por resuspensión del polvo de carretera por vehículos pero también resuspensión por viento y obras. La contribución regional en BCN (25%) es principalmente materia mineral, nitrato y sulfato amónico. La variabilidad horaria de los diferentes parámetros de medida de aerosoles en BCN (N, BC, PM10, PM2.5 y PM1) está muy marcada por emisiones de tráfico y meteorología (especialmente brisas). Sin embargo, algunos parámetros no se rigen solamente por emisiones directas del tráfico, como PM2.5-10 (resuspensión) y N (emisiones de partículas ultrafinas y procesos de nucleación fotoquímica). La influencia de las emisiones del tráfico en los niveles de partículas finas en BCN se refleja en los niveles anuales de PM1, que aumentan de 2003 a 2007 relacionados con un aumento progresivo del tráfico y la flota diesel en BCN. Sin embargo se observó una tendencia decreciente en las fracciones gruesas en BCN y MSY, que se atribuye a la meteorología y a cambios en emisiones industriales. El estudio simultáneo de diferentes parámetros ha mostrado que el control de PM1 (modos de nucleación y acumulación) y/o BC (procesos de combustión), y PM10, (combustión y aerosoles generados mecánicamente) puede ser una estrategia mejor que la combinación de PM2.5 y PM10 como estándares de medida de calidad del aire. La medida en paralelo de aerosoles en fondos urbano, regional y continental ha sido una estrategia útil para entender la fenomenología de aerosoles en la cuenca del Mediterráneo Occidental. Las emisiones urbanas e industriales tienen un impacto considerable en los niveles y composición de PM en zonas rurales situadas a diferentes alturas, tanto en verano, con una importante recirculación y mezcla de masas de aire a escala regional, como en invierno, con transporte de contaminantes activado por brisas. El gran impacto de la contaminación urbana a escala regional demuestra la importancia de aplicar estrategias de reducción de emisiones de tráfico urbano, a fin de mejorar la calidad del aire no sólo a nivel local, sino también a escala regional. / A detailed study of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) levels and composition measured simultaneously in different environments at a regional scale was performed in the Western Mediterranean Basin in order to understand the sources, transformation and transport of tropospheric aerosols in this area. In this direction, the monitoring of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 levels and chemical characterization was carried out at three monitoring stations: Montsec (MSC, continental background, 1570 m.a.s.l.), Montseny (MSY, regional background, 720 m.a.s.l.) and Barcelona (BCN, urban background, 68 m.a.s.l.). In addition, number concentration (N) and black carbon (BC) levels were monitored at BCN. During winter, the frequent anticyclonic atmospheric stability induces the stagnation of air masses that produce important pollution episodes at BCN. However, atmospheric decoupling leaves MSY and, more frequently MSC, isolated from regional pollution during several days. In specific scenarios, the growth of the boundary layer and development of mountain breezes, activated by solar radiation, result in the transport of polluted air masses accumulated in the valley to the rural sites, increasing markedly PM levels at a different rate depending on the altitude and distance to the source areas. During summer, intense breeze circulations and atmospheric mixing favour the dispersion, recirculation and ageing of pollutants at a regional scale, reducing the differences between the urban and the rural sites. Similar levels of some components (organic matter or sulphate) were measured at a regional scale. Mineral matter levels increase during the summer, because of a favoured dust resuspension and higher frequency of African dust outbreaks, more significantly at MSC given the impact of African dust at higher altitudes. The major contribution to PM10 in BCN was mainly related to road traffic (50% of PM10), resulting from primary traffic emissions, secondary nitrate and aged secondary aerosols. Anthropogenic dust may originate from road dust resuspension by vehicles, but also wind resuspension and construction/demolition works. The regional contribution at the urban site (25%) was mainly mineral dust, ammonium sulphate and nitrate. The hourly variability of aerosol measurement parameters (N, BC, PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) at BCN is very influenced by road traffic emissions and meteorology (especially breezes). However, some parameters are not only governed by traffic exhaust emissions, as PM2.5-10 (dust resuspension processes) and N (direct ultrafine particle emissions but also photochemical nucleation processes). The influence of road traffic emissions on the levels of fine PM at BCN is reflected in PM1 mean annual levels, showing an increasing trend from 2003 to 2007 and correlation with the progressive rise in road traffic flow and diesel fleet in BCN. However a decreasing trend was observed for the coarser fractions at BCN and MSY, attributed to meteorology and changes in industrial emissions. The simultaneous study of different parameters showed that the monitoring of PM1 (nucleation and accumulation modes) and/or BC (combustion processes), and PM10 (combustion and mechanically-generated aerosols) may be a better strategy than the combination of PM2.5 and PM10 measurements as air quality standards. The parallel monitoring of aerosols at urban, regional and continental backgrounds was a useful strategy in order to understand the phenomenology of aerosols in the WMB. Urban and industrial emissions have a considerable impact in PM levels and composition in rural areas at different altitudes, both in summer, with important atmospheric recirculation and mixing of air masses at a regional scale, and winter, with breeze-activated transport of stagnated urban pollutants. The high contribution of urban emissions and the transport of air masses at a regional scale demonstrate the importance of applying emission abatement strategies for urban road traffic, in order to improve air quality not only at a local, but also at a regional scale.

The Numidian Flysch Formation is a regionally extensive series of deep marine sandstones and mudstones which crop out in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, and southern mainland Italy. The formation is dated as Oligocene to mid Miocene and represents an approximately linear series of submarine fans characterised by a quartz rich petrofacies. Their unique regional extent is nearly twice the length of the Angolan margin although issues surrounding provenance and basin context have hampered understanding. The Numidian Flysch Formation was deposited into the Maghrebian Flysch Basin (MFB) which was a foreland basin remnant of the neo-Tethys ocean in the western portion of the present day Mediterranean Basin. The basin was bordered to the north by an active margin which consisted of a southward verging accretionary prism, underlain by European crustal blocks which rode above northwards subducting oceanic crust. To the south, the African margin formed a passive-margin to the basin.The huge amount of geophysical and outcrop data which is becoming increasingly available suggests that submarine slope systems are more complex than previously thought, including topographically complex slopes, a wide variety of density flow types, and flow transformations. This thesis aims to review the sedimentology of the Numidian Flysch Formation in Sicily and Tunisia in light of these developments. Constraining the provenance and basin context of the formation is therefore of paramount importance, and this is also addressed.Commonly used evidence for the provenance of Numidian Flysch sandstones include its quartz rich petrology, an Eburnian and Pan-African age detrital zircon suite, its structural position within the foreland fold and thrust belt, and complex palaeocurrent orientations. when reviewd in their entirety and placed in context of other basin successions, the Numidian Flysch is constrained to a depositional location in the south of the basin, with polycyclic sediment sourced from African basement. The Numidian Flysch Formation is therefore a 'passive margin' sequence as opposed to a flysch sensu stricto. The timing of Numidian Flysch deposition is also coincidental with uplift of the Atlas chain in North Africa, during a period of significantly wetter conditions. A switch from carbonate to clastic deposition results from these conditions, and the Numidian Flysch Formation is considered an offshore extension of this regional sedimentation.Characterisation of outcrops in Sicily and Tunisia shows remarkably similar lithofacies and depositional elements. Sinuous upper slope channel complexes are entrenched within slope deposits to a depth of 100 m and occur within channel systems up to 5.7 km in width. They are filled predominantly with massive ungraded sandstones interpreted to aggrade through quasi-steady turbidity currents, interbedded with normally graded turbidites. Channel elements are subseismic in scale, are nested within complexes and show sinuosity. Coupled with lateral offset stacking, this strongly affects the architecture and facies heterogeneity of channel complexes. When compared to globally reviewed data, the thickness of channel elements as shown through their frequency distribution also suggests a fundamental control upon the degree of slope incision which is as yet unconstrained.In lower slope settings, channel complexes stack aggradationally with a width of over 1000 m. They are also predominantly filled with massive sandstones in fining upwards cycles, and show heterogeneous margins and large scale slumping. In central Sicily, large channel complexes are overlain by a stacked lobe complex, in turn overlain by a channel lobe transition zone. This progression coupled with palaeocurrent variability suggests intraslope deformation strongly impacts transiting flows through changes in flow capacity. Salt tectonics, present in Algeria and Tunisia is a possible forcing mechanism.Taken in context, the sections in Sicily record a proximal to distal palaeogeographic trend which is reconstructed towards the north/northeast once well constrained tectonic rotations are taken into account. Given regional similarities, controls upon slope architecture are interpreted to be similar throughout the basin, and deposits in Sicily therefore provide a good analogue for the remainder of the basin. These results therefore allow for a better constrained fan architecture, along with the allogenic controls upon them. Given the continental extent of this formation, the Numidian Flysch Formation provides a unique opportunity to study controls upon fan architecture once provenance and intraslope topography is factored in.

Através da catalogação e comparação de estruturas habitacionais encontradas em escavações nas antigas apoikiai focéias do Mediterrâneo Ocidental - Massália, a atual Marselha, no sul da França; Empórias, na atual região da Catalunha, na Espanha; e Eleia, hoje um parque arqueológico na região da Campânia, na Itália - este trabalho busca averiguar a existência de um modelo foceu (ou exclusivamente grego) de organização do espaço doméstico, e sua relação com as referidas póleis, contribuindo para sua expansão e desenvolvimento. Além disso, procuramos evidenciar a importância vital do estudo do espaço privado para maior entendimento da vida cotidiana dos povos antigos, assim como de seus gostos pessoais, e como isso refletia na identidade coletiva grega, neste caso em específico. / Through the cataloging and comparison of housing structures found in excavations in the ancient Phocaean apoikiai of the Western Mediterranean - Massalia, present-day Marseilles in southern France; Empúries, in the present Catalonia, Spain; and Elea, an archaeological park in the Campania region of Italy, nowadays - this work seeks to look for the existence of a Phocaean (or exclusively Greek) model of organization of the domestic space, and its relation with the mentioned poleis, as well as its contribution to the expansion and development of those cities. In addition, we sought to highlight the vital importance of the study of private space for a better understanding of the daily life of ancient peoples, as well as their personal tastes, and how this reflected in a Greek collective identity, in this particular case.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 260 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: The study of prehistoric trade and exchange networks in the Western Mediterranean is directly linked to the identification and location of commodities available to Neolithic communities in that region. One of these commodities is a volcanic glass commonly known as obsidian. This investigation focused on the procurement, processing, and distribution of obsidian from the island of Pantelleria, situated between the southwestern coast of Sicily in the Straits of Sicily and the northeastern coast of Africa near Cape Bon, Tunisia. Previous studies indicate that there are several chemically different source areas on the island. Research involved the identification of primary obsidian deposits and the collection of samples from primary and/or secondary sources. / ABSTRACT: The position of each collection point was recorded using GPS coordinates, photographs, and physical descriptions, including accessibility and geological matrix. Additional information regarding the size, frequency, and grade (i.e. quality for tool production) was also noted. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Les substances naturelles utilisées pour leur propriété adhésive et hydrophobe sont rarement considérés pour les périodes pré- et protohistoriques en Méditerranée nord-occidentale. Pourtant, ces matériaux sont porteurs d’informations techniques, économiques, sociales et environnementales des sociétés du passé.Des marqueurs de l’exploitation du milieu végétal et animal sous forme de produits bruts (résines, cire d’abeille, graisses, bitume) ou transformés (brai de bouleau, goudron de pin, mélanges de substances) ont été identifiés par les techniques de l’archéologie biomoléculaire.Une approche expérimentale a permis de mieux comprendre des segments des chaînes opératoires de fabrication du brai de bouleau et a contribué à la distinction de différents systèmes de production Néolithique sur la base de critères moléculaires.Afin d’évaluer les stratégies d’acquisition des matières premières végétales nous avons intégré dans une approche spatiale un modèle actualiste de végétation couplé aux données archéobotaniques.Les résultats obtenus montrent l’utilisation prépondérante du brai de bouleau au Néolithique. Selon les aires chrono-culturelles, il semble issu de différents systèmes de production et a parfois été transféré. Le bitume, en revanche, semble uniquement exploité localement. Une diversification des substances (cire d’abeille ou résines de Pinaceae), suggérant des modes d’exploitation différents, est plus perceptible au Chasséen où une intensification de l’usage de ces matériaux semble se dessiner.À l’âge du Fer, le goudron de pin est majoritairement exploité en Méditerranée. Le brai de bouleau est uniquement identifié au sein des sociétés protohistoriques corses. / Natural substances and transformed organic products used for their adhesive and hydrophobic properties are rarely considered for the pre- and protohistorical periods in the North Western Mediterranean. These materials can however provide technological, economic, social and environmental information about ancient societies.A biomolecular approach was applied to answer questions related to the different types of natural substances exploited by ancient communities. Plant and animal products were identified as raw materials (resins, beeswax, fats or bitumen), or as processed (birch bar tar, pine tar, and mixtures).Experimental work allowed a better understanding of the chaîne opératoire required for the production of birch bark tar. Results showed that it is possible to distinguish between the different manufacturing processes based on molecular criteria.To investigate procurement strategies of plant raw materials, archaeobotanical data was integrated using a spatial approach.The analysis carried out has shown that Birch bark tar was found to be the major product utilised during the Neolithic, its method of production varying depending on the chrono-cultural area. This resource was also sometime transferred. Bitumen, on the other hand, was exploited only when locally available. A diversification of materials (beeswax and Pinaceae resins), suggesting different methods of procurement and processing, was mostly apparent for the Chassey culture, where there appears to be intensification in the use.During the Iron Age, pine tar is the major product in the Mediterranean area. Birch bark tar was only identified in Corsican protohistorical societies.

Através da catalogação e comparação de estruturas habitacionais encontradas em escavações nas antigas apoikiai focéias do Mediterrâneo Ocidental - Massália, a atual Marselha, no sul da França; Empórias, na atual região da Catalunha, na Espanha; e Eleia, hoje um parque arqueológico na região da Campânia, na Itália - este trabalho busca averiguar a existência de um modelo foceu (ou exclusivamente grego) de organização do espaço doméstico, e sua relação com as referidas póleis, contribuindo para sua expansão e desenvolvimento. Além disso, procuramos evidenciar a importância vital do estudo do espaço privado para maior entendimento da vida cotidiana dos povos antigos, assim como de seus gostos pessoais, e como isso refletia na identidade coletiva grega, neste caso em específico. / Through the cataloging and comparison of housing structures found in excavations in the ancient Phocaean apoikiai of the Western Mediterranean - Massalia, present-day Marseilles in southern France; Empúries, in the present Catalonia, Spain; and Elea, an archaeological park in the Campania region of Italy, nowadays - this work seeks to look for the existence of a Phocaean (or exclusively Greek) model of organization of the domestic space, and its relation with the mentioned poleis, as well as its contribution to the expansion and development of those cities. In addition, we sought to highlight the vital importance of the study of private space for a better understanding of the daily life of ancient peoples, as well as their personal tastes, and how this reflected in a Greek collective identity, in this particular case.