In the Arctic Ocean, almost 50% of the seafloor is underlain by continental shelf. However, the geology of the pre-rift continental crust that makes up the basement of the shelf is poorly constrained because it is overlain by thick Cenozoic sedimentary cover. This study explores the available data and methods for mapping the continental bedrock geology beneath the sediments. In a GIS framework, extrapolation of geological map units to the shelf edge was guided by onshore structure and offshore bathymetry. The compilation involved identification of data sources, development of a common legend for pre-rift basement geology, building attributes tables for analysis, and extrapolating geological contacts. As a first-order assessment of mineral resource potential of the continental shelf, permissive tracts for certain mineral deposit types were also identified. The analysis includes a case study of permissive geology for magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in the Taimyr Peninsula in northern Russia.

John D. Caputo and Gianni Vattimo are two of the main thinkers in continental philosophy’s return to religion. This return is accommodated by the basic theoretical framework of irony, which is predominantly an unspoken determinant upon textual meaning. In this continental sense, irony affirms and negates the subject matter that it speaks about. Adopting this framework, Caputo and Vattimo suggest that a new Christian-irony is desirable to avert a collapse back into the violence that results from metaphysics, either modern or classical, by remaining in deconstruction’s loosely held wavering between theism and atheism. The question that remains to be proven, however, is whether their ironic method of writing is not inadvertently continuing the negative effect of the Nietzschean-Heideggerian paradigm by persisting with the literary style of writing that is intrinsic to it, even while openly refuting it by their affirmative Judeo-Christian surface content.

Of the maritime boundaries yet to be delimited between Canada and the United States, the Beaufort Sea might be the more pressing one, considering its strategic location in a rapidly developing Arctic region and its vast economic potential. In accordance with the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS), maritime boundaries are to be delimited by agreement on the basis of international law as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to reach an equitable solution. When an agreement cannot be reached, parties can resort to third-party arbitration. While jurisprudence has determined that international law does not mandate a particular method of delimitation, it requires the consideration of equitable principles, also called special circumstances or factors. The notion of equity is therefore the foundation of boundary determination. But, what is equity and how is it applied? This thesis examines the various forms of equity, their origins in legal philosophy and domestic law and how they have been incorporated in international law. The main focus, however, is to analyse the differences between how international tribunals or courts have interpreted and applied equity in boundary determination and how States have applied it in negotiated agreements. While tribunals have tended to consider equitable principles as equivalent to geographical proportionality, States have considered those principles more in keeping with the notion of distributive justice and, more and more, are taking a globalised approach to boundary determination. On the basis of this analysis, this thesis evaluates the potential outcome of a third-party arbitration of the Beaufort Sea boundary dispute between Canada and the United States as well as the options for settlement negotiations between the Parties. In the Beaufort Sea area where hydrocarbon development is intrinsically linked not only to the development of the local population but also to the entire Arctic region, be it on issues related to the environment, navigation or security, the thesis concludes that a third-party adjudication would not serve the interests of the States. As delimiting boundaries nowadays is only one aspect of the management of oceans related issues, interests are best served when delimitation is understood as part of this global approach.

The Antarctic continental margin contains a diverse range of continental slope morphologies, including iceberg keel marks, gullies, channels, mass-wasting features (slides, slumps), ridges, furrows, mounds and trough mouth fans. These features vary significantly in morphology, with bedforms varying in size (width, amplitude and length), shelf incision, sinuosity, branching order, spatial density and cross-sectional shape. The processes which form these features and the environmental controls influencing their morphology are not well documented or well constrained. Understanding the processes operating on the Antarctic continental margin is essential for interpreting seafloor erosion patterns, continental margin evolution, slope instability and sediment core records from the continental slope and rise. Through quantitative analysis of multibeam bathymetric data along >2670 km of the outer shelf and upper-slope of high latitude continental margins, five distinct Antarctic gully types are identified. Gully morphology was found to vary with local slope character (slope geometry, gradient), regional factors (location of cross-shelf troughs, trough mouth fans and drainage basin size), sediment yield and ice-sheet history. Most gullies are likely formed by: (1) flows generated as a result of the release of subglacial meltwater from beneath an ice-sheet grounded to the shelf edge during glacial maxima; (2) turbidity currents initiated by intense iceberg scouring; or (3) small-scale mass-wasting. Erosion by cascading dense water overflow does not form the deeply incised and V-shaped gullies that occur over much of the Antarctic continental margin. A comparison of some Arctic and Antarctic gully morphologies shows that the Antarctic gullies have much deeper mean incision depths and greater shelf-incisions, suggesting that they either formed over significantly longer periods, or by a greater release of meltwater in the areas with greater gully incision depths. The first morphological analysis of the southern Weddell Sea outer shelf and upper slope is presented. Two large and relatively recent submarine slides occur on the Crary Fan, the first Quaternary slides to be documented on an Antarctic trough mouth fan. These slides provide evidence for recent large-scale mass-wasting events on the Antarctic continental margin. The interpretation of bedforms on the outer shelf of the southeastern Weddell Sea provide insight into the timing and extent of past ice and points to grounded ice near to the shelf edge during the Late Quaternary.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo9484_1.pdf: 2330246 bytes, checksum: 7beb88beb120690899208fbef16fe097 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A compreensão quantitativa dos fatores que definem a distribuição dos organismos é essencial para uma previsão de pesca e uma gestão eficiente dos estoques. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos potenciais das principais variáveis abióticas nos crustáceos decápodos epibentônicos na plataforma ao sul do Brasil. Foi possível testar estatisticamente (MDS, ANOSIM e SIMPER), pela primeira vez, o efeito da temperatura, salinidade, massas d água, profundidade, sedimentos, sazonalidade e interanualidade na estrutura de comunidade de crustáceos decapodos epibentônicos da plataforma continental (8-200 m) sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Totalizaram-se 298 estações de coleta em 9 cruzeiros (NOc."Atlântico Sul": Projeto Crustáceos Decápodos da Costa Rio-grandina; 1982-1984). Em cada estação tomaram-se os dados de temperatura, salinidade e profundidade, efetuando-se um arrasto com rede camaroneira de portas (malha: 13 mm) para a coleta biológica. Realizou-se análises multivariadas basedas nas 21 espécies mais frequentes. O peneídeo Artemesia longinaris (abundância: 90,8%) foi dominante, seguido por Pleoticus muelleri (4,6%), Portunus spinicarpus (1,4%) e Parapenaeus americanus (0,8%). A temperatura de fundo, no período de primavera e verão, exerce efeito significativo na estrutura de comunidade dos decápodos, na plataforma interna. Diferencia-se um grupo de decápodos de águas quentes (20-25ºC) em relação às faixas de 11-14,9ºC e 15-19,9ºC. Artemesia longinaris apresenta tendência termófila dentro de sua valência euritérmica. A salinidade de fundo, no período de outono e inverno, exerce efeito significativo na estrutura de comunidade dos decápodos, na plataforma interna. O grupo da faixa 30-34,9 diferencia-se em relação aos das faixas 11-24,9 e 25-29,9. As espécies Portunus spinicarpus e Dardanus insignis estiveram mais associadas à salinidades maiores que 30, enquanto Artemesia longinaris e Pleoticus muelleri exibiram capacidade de adaptação à salinidades menores que 30. A Pluma da Lagoa dos Patos (PLP) e a Pluma do Rio da Prata (PRP) atuam como um conjunto para a comunidade de decápodos da área. As massas d água exercem efeito significativo na estrutura de comunidade dos decápodos da plataforma interna. Os grupos da Água Central do Atlântico Sul, PLP-PRP, Água Subantártica de Plataforma e Água Subtropical de Plataforma diferem entre si. Artemesia longinaris, dentro de sua valência termohalina, exibe capacidade de adaptação à PLP. A plataforma da área diferencia-se em faixas de profundidade influenciando a estrutura de comunidade dos decápodos. A plataforma externa (100-200 m) atua como uma unidade, e difere da plataforma interna (08-65 m), considerando-a como uma unidade, e também de cada uma das suas três faixas (08-20 m; 21-35 m; 36-65 m), as quais também são distintas entre si e dispostas em paralelo à costa. Propõe-se que a segunda faixa de profundidade atue como uma transição entre a primeira e a terceira, bem como a terceira atue como uma transição entre a plataforma interna e a externa. Os sedimentos (granulometria) discriminaram grupos de Decapoda, apenas quando cada faixa de profundidade foi considerada como uma unidade, apresentando efeito na estrutura da comunidade em unidades de menor escala espacial, e indicando haver outras variáveis com maior atuação nas unidades de maior escala. A regra geral foi diferenciar grupos com ocorrência predominante em fundos arenosos em relação aos de maior fração lamosa. A sazonalidade exerce efeito significativo na estrutura de comunidade dos decápodos na plataforma externa (primaveraverão) e interna (verão-inverno). Na plataforma interna, a diferenciação dos grupos passa pela diminuição da riqueza de espécies e respectivas densidades na comunidade de decápodos de inverno, resultado de variações termohalinas restritivas no período de inverno. A variabilidade interanual exerce efeito significativo na estrutura de comunidade dos decápodos na plataforma externa e interna. As variações interanuais estão ligadas às massas d água nos respectivos períodos, tendo o ENSO como fator gerador. Dois mecanismos são propostos para explicar o efeito do fenômeno ENSO sobre a comunidade de decápodos: a) aumento das chuvas e da descarga da Lagoa dos Patos em condição El Niño, afetando os decápodos costeiros; b) o deslocamento das massas d água provocado pelas diferentes condições ENSO, afetando a comunidade de decápodos na plataforma interna e externa. Assim, este estudo contribui para elucidar as relações altamente complexas entre os organismos e seu ambiente na região

abstract: Archean oxidative weathering reactions were likely important O2 sinks that delayed the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere, as well as sources of bio-essential trace metals such as Mo to the biosphere. However, the rates of these reactions are difficult to quantify experimentally at relevantly low concentrations of O2. With newly developed O2 sensors, weathering experiments were conducted to measure the rate of sulfide oxidation at Archean levels of O2, a level three orders of magnitude lower than previous experiments. The rate laws produced, combined with weathering models, indicate that crustal sulfide oxidation by O2 was possible even in a low O2 Archean atmosphere. Given the experimental results, it is expected that crustal delivery of bio-essential trace metals (such as Mo) from sulfide weathering was active even prior to the oxygenation of Earth’s atmosphere. Mo is a key metal for biological N2 fixation and its ancient use is evidenced by N isotopes in ancient sedimentary rocks. However, it is typically thought that Mo was too low to be effectively bioavailable early in Earth’s history, given the low abundances of Mo found in ancient sediments. To reconcile these observations, a computational model was built that leverages isotopic constraints to calculate the range of seawater concentrations possible in ancient oceans. Under several scenarios, bioavailable concentrations of seawater Mo were attainable and compatible with the geologic record. These results imply that Mo may not have been limiting for early metabolisms. Titanium (Ti) isotopes were recently proposed to trace the evolution of the ancient continental crust, and have the potential to trace the distribution of other trace metals during magmatic differentiation. However, significant work remains to understand fully Ti isotope fractionation during crust formation. To calibrate this proxy, I carried out the first direct measurement of mineral-melt fractionation factors for Ti isotopes in Kilauea Iki lava lake and built a multi-variate fractionation law for Ti isotopes during magmatic differentiation. This study allows more accurate forward-modeling of isotope fractionation during crust differentiation, which can now be paired with weathering models and ocean mass balance to further reconstruct the composition of Earth’s early continental crust, atmosphere, and oceans. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2020

The problem of a method of historical analysis played an integral part in the scholarship of Ernst Cassirer, German philosopher and historian. An Essay on Man, the work for which he is best known in the United State, includes his most lucid discussion of the tasks and aims of the historian. The historian must reconstruct the past, infusing it with the immediacy of a living expression. “Rebirth of the past” gives man a better view of his potentialities, a freedom to see beyond the demands, characteristics, and contingencies of the moment. This view of history and the historian’s task was reiterated by Cassirer in several of his works on theory and was implicit in a number of his books and articles on historical topics. The following critique will focus on Cassirer’s discussion of history and on his historical method as it was demonstrated in several of his writings. Despite the criticism of Cassirer’s penchant for structure and affinity for schemata, he has had a profound influence on the general community of historians. His work in many areas was unique and he did considerable original research. He has had some influence on subsequent historians, especially with some of the specifics of his data. Even the abundance of criticisms of his works attests to the to the seriousness with which he has been viewed as a historian.

<p> The importance of snow surface albedo has been recorded by many authors. Techniques have been attempted with less than favorable results by D.E. Petzold (1977). This paper investigates the methods proposed by Petzold and offers alternative methods of albedo estimations using polar, sub-polar and continental stations as data sources. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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