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nÃo hà / O dengue permanece como importante problema de saÃde pÃblica e a principal estratÃgia de controle empregada permanece sendo o uso de larvicidas contra as formas imaturas de seu principal vetor, o mosquito Aedes aegypti. Por conta das limitaÃÃes existentes com o uso desses larvicidas à importante a busca por outras alternativas de controle. O uso de peixes larvÃfagos, como mecanismo de controle biolÃgico, tem sido incentivado e desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de oviposiÃÃo de fÃmeas gravidas de Aedes aegypti na presenÃa de peixes larvÃfagos e a possibilidade de sua utilizaÃÃo em consÃrcio com os larvicidas recomendados pelo Programa Nacional de Controle do Dengue (PNCD). Foi adaptada a fÃrmula de Kramer e Mulla (1979) para cÃlculo do Ãndice de Atividade de OviposiÃÃo (IAO), com trÃs diferentes situaÃÃes. Foram testadas trÃs espÃcies de peixe (Betta splendens, Trichogaster tricopterus e Poecilia reticulata) e trÃs diferentes larvicidas (Bti, novaluron e temefÃs). Para determinar a capacidade de repelÃncia utilizamos uma gaiola com volume de 6m3, em que foram colocados nove tambores com capacidade para 70 litros de Ãgua. Em trÃs tambores foi colocado somente Ãgua (controle), em outros trÃs um peixe e nos outros trÃs o larvicidas a ser testado. ApÃs uma semana os mosquitos postos nessa gaiola eram retirados e os ovos contados com auxÃlio de um microscÃpio entomolÃgico. Cada associaÃÃo peixe/larvicida foi repetida 5 vezes, perfazendo um total de 30 experimentos. Para avaliar a sobrevivÃncia dos peixes utilizou-se 15 caixas dâÃgua com 250 litros de Ãgua. Em 10 caixas foi colocado o peixe com o respectivo larvicida a ser testado e em outras cinco, somente o peixe (controle). Cada associaÃÃo peixe/larvicida foi repetida 4 vezes. Os peixes T. tricopterus e P. reticulata nÃo apresentaram nenhuma influÃncia na atividade de oviposiÃÃo das fÃmeas de A. aegypti, o mesmo acontecendo com os larvicida novaluron e temefÃs. Jà o peixe B. splendens apresentou repelÃncia à postura de ovos, enquanto o larvicida Bti atraiu a postura por parte das fÃmeas grÃvidas. Todos os peixes avaliados sobreviveram aos larvicidas recomendados pelo PNCD, sugerindo ser viÃvel sua utilizaÃÃo em consÃrcio, em programas integrados de controle de vetores. / Dengue remains an important public health problem and the main control strategy employed remains the use of larvicides against the immature forms its principal vector , the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Because of limitations with the use of these larvicides is important to search for other alternatives control. The use of larvivorous fish, such as biological control mechanism, has been encouraged in the world and thus the objective of this study was to evaluate the oviposition behavior of pregnant females of Aedes aegypti in the presence of larvivorous fish and usability in consortium with larvicides recommended by the Program National Control Dengue (PNCD). Was adapted formula Kramer and Mulla (1979) for calculation of Oviposition Activity Index (OAI), with three different situations. We tested three species of fish (Betta splendens , Trichogaster tricopterus and Poecilia reticulata) and three different larvicides (Bti , novaluron and temefos). To determine the repellency use a cage with a volume of 6m3, where drums were placed nine with 70 liters of water. Three barrels were placed in water only (control), one in three other fish and other three larvicides to be tested. After a week the mosquitoes put this cage eggs were removed and counted with the aid of a microscope entomological. Each association fish / larvicide was repeated 5 times for a total of 30 experiments. To evaluate the survival of fish we used 15 water tanks with 250 liters of water. In 10 cases the fish was placed with its larvicide to be tested and in five, only the fish (control). Each association fish / larvicide was repeated 4 times. Fish T. tricopterus and P. reticulata showed no influence on oviposition activity of females of A. aegypti, the same happening with the larvicide temefos and novaluron. Already the fish B. splendens showed repellency to oviposition while the larvicide Bti attracted posture on the part of pregnant females. All fish survived the evaluated recommended larvicides PNCD, suggesting feasible to use in consortium programs in integrated vector control.

No description available.

Various biological relationships between the myramid egg parasite, Anaphes ovijentatus (Crosby and Leonard), and its hosts were studied. Eggs of the four major species of Lygus that occur on crops were highly parasitized. Other mirid hosts in southern Arizona were collected from weeds in agricultural areas. Small numbers of Nabis alternatus Parshley and N. americoferus Carayon, predators of several insect pests, were parasitized in the laboratory. The membracid Spissistilus festinus (Say) was an infrequent host. Parasitism of L. hesperus was similar (82-88%) for eggs 1-6 days old at 25°C, but parasitism of 7-day-old eggs was significantly reduced (18.9%). Parasitism must occur at least 24 hours prior to host egg hatch to be successful; the period of time required for A. ovijentatus egg development. Anaphes ovijentatus developed from egg to adult in L. hesperus eggs at a constant temperature of 12.8°C and at variable regimes with means of 12.8, 10.6, and 32.8°C. An average of 26 progeny per female were produced at the variable 12.8 and 10.6°C regimes, only a few progeny were produced at a constant 12.8°C and none were produced at the variable 32.8°C regime. Lygus hesperus eggs hatched at all four temperature regimes, but nymphs survived to adulthood only at the variable regimes of 12.8 and 10.6°C. Total egg to egg periods at the variable 12.8°C was approximately 103 days for L. hesperus and about 54 days for A. ovijentatus. The majority of the L. hesperus eggs were deposited in the upper halves of cotton, alfalfa, and the crucifer Sisymbrium irio L. plants. L. hesperus deposited more eggs in alfalfa than in cotton plants, but showed no preference between alfalfa and S. irio. Anaphes ovijentatus did not demonstrate clear preferences for L. hesperus eggs in any plant species or plant section.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 368-404).

Understanding microscale biological processes as cells develop into tissues is one of the most important, yet most difficult, problems in modern biology. Cells encounter a dynamic chemical and physical environment and delineating the myriad of variables proves daunting with even the most sophisticated experiments. This dissertation focuses on the development and application of unique enabling technologies designed to sample and control biological microenvironments. By developing two approaches – one aimed at intracellular biochemistry and another for extracellular targets – based on photochemistry and optical force generation, research presented here will allow new areas of subcellular dynamics to be addressed. On the intracellular side, enzyme-immobilized polymeric microspheres or enzyme microstructures are placed into the cell cytosol via optical tweezers for sustained and localized chemical modification of the intracellular environment. This approach is complemented by the use of extracellular guidance barriers formed from photo-induced crosslinking of proteins. Through the use of minimally toxic photosensitizers and femtosecond (fs) near infrared (NIR) light, it is possible to fabricate three-dimensional protein structures in a living cell’s environment. Moreover, this work explores the ability to form protein structures with enzymatic activity as well as with high aspect-ratio features at micron resolution. Finally, the photochemical transformation of serotonin into a highly fluorescent visible photoproduct is investigated as a means to overcome problems associated with sample size in neurotransmitter detection during synaptic chemical signaling. Optimization of this multiphoton process entails understanding the mechanism by which the photoproduct is created and experiments towards this goal are presented here. Ultimately, the precision and flexibility of these technologies will allow access to new areas of the biosciences. / text

The production of Jersey Royal potatoes is an important industry for the island of Jersey. The crop is grown annually, and sometimes biannually, so there is no opportunity to practise crop rotation in order to control potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis. Control of these pests in Jersey has traditionally relied on the use of nematicides, but with increased public pressure to reduce the use of pesticides and the intention of the Government of Jersey to eventually ban them, there is a desire for an alternative methods of control to be developed. Three nematophagous fungi, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chZamydosporium, were isolated from PCN cysts taken from potato fields in Jersey. The efficacy of these fungi for the control of PCN was studied to determine their suitability for use in an integrated pest management programme. The radial growth rates of the nematophagolls fungi were reduced when grown on media amended with the fungicides Gambit and Rizolex, commonly used for the control of Rhizoctonia solani, another major pathogen of potatoes. Radial growth of V. chlamydosporium was also inhibited by Monceren and the nematicide Vydate. Growth of R. solani was inhibited by P. lilacinus at 20°C and 10°C in vitro and by V. chlamydosporium at 20°C, but the strain of V. chlamydosporiurn used did not grow at 10°c. Plectosphaerella cucumerina was a poor saprophytic competitor when grown against R. solani, P. lilacinus and V. chlamydosporium, therefore it may not be a suitable soil applied agent as it is out grown by other fungi in the soil. Paecilomyces lilacinus in a pelleted support matrix made from an alginate, gave better control of R. solani than non-formulated P. lilacinus alone. Of the different formulations of nematophagous fungi tested in pots, P. lilacinus incorporated into alginate pellets reduced the numbers of peN by the most (79.5%) and when applied in a field trial, reduced PCN population increase by approximately 60%. Plectosphaerella cucumerina, when incorporated into alginate pellets, also reduced field population increase by approximately 60%. A combination of these two formulated fungi tested in a plunge trial gave a poorer level of control than the fungi added individually. The fungi remained viable in alginate pellets for at least 18 months. The population composition of PCN in Jersey was previously unknown. Using an ELISA technique, this study has shown both PCN species are present, but the proportions were not determined. To ascertain whether the early lifting of Jersey potatoes was selectively reducing levels of one of the species of PCN, DNA was extracted from nematodes stained in situ in the roots of potatoes. The results were inconclusive and further work is required.