ix, 152 leaves : photos, graphs, tables, map. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Entomology, 1980

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Media for the selective recovery of the mosquito pathogens Bacillus sphaericus 1593 and B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis were developed. Streptomycin at 100 µg/ml and 500 µg/ml in NY agar (nutrient agar with 0.05% yeast extract) successfully selected for B. sphaericus, and allowed counts equivalent to those obtained on the nutrient medium NY without antibiotics. The medium containing 100 µg/ml of streptomycin (NYST) was used to recover B. sphaericus 1593 from a mixed microbial population in pond water. Sodium chloride, penicillin G, and pH adjustment of the medium were found to be unsatisfactory selective agents. Two selective media for the recovery of B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis gave counts equivalent to those obtained on the nonselective NY medium. One medium contained 100 µg/ml of polymyxin with 1.0 µg/ml chloramphenicol (NYPC), and the other contained 500 µg/ml of polymyxin alone. The use of the higher level of polymyxin with chloramphenicol reduced the number of viable B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. NYPC was used to recover B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis from a mixed microbial population in pond water. The selective media reduced the number of pond water microorganisms on plates by 90 to 99%. A heat treatment of 50ºC for 10 minutes also reduced pond water microbiota by approximately one log. The use of heat treatment plus either NYST or NYPC reduced the pond water microbiota further. The heat treatment had little effect on sediment microbiota. A selective-differential medium for B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis was developed for use when heat treatment of samples would be undesirable. This medium, PEMBAC, permitted the observation of peptone deamination and hydrolysis of lecithin, which are characteristic of B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis. The medium contained 50 µg/ml of polymyxin and 1.0 µg/ml chloramphenicol as selective agents. The parasporal crystals of B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis are the site of the mosquito larval toxin. Because the crystals are not viable, another method for their enumeration was examined. Antisera to whole crystals and to solubilized crystal antigens were prepared in rabbits for use in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Because of the small size and irregular shape of the parasporal crystals of B. thuringiensis serovar. israelensis, the crystals were difficult to distinguish from other small fluorescing particles. The antisera prepared precipitated several antigens in solubilized crystals, but did not adsorb to the majority of the antigens in whole crystals. / Master of Science

Licenciatavhandling Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Licenciatavhandling Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-01T15:40:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Jose Goncalves dos Santos Junior.pdf: 559829 bytes, checksum: ef023fd54c27d2757f1cfcc6eb367bf7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T15:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hugo Jose Goncalves dos Santos Junior.pdf: 559829 bytes, checksum: ef023fd54c27d2757f1cfcc6eb367bf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The combined use of the entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner with other arthropod natural enemies is an approach to improve the management of insect pests. Among the natural enemies, the egg parasitoid Trichogramma (Westwood) is recognized by its efficacy against various pest species in different agroecosystems, and can be used combined with B. thuringiensis. However, although B. thuringiensis exhibit several advantages, studies are required to ascertain about its selectivity for beneficial insects. The selection of isolates of B. thuringiensis is a way to assess the virulence to target insect pests, and the discovery of new toxins with higher entomopathogenic activity. Populations of Trichogramma should also be selected to avoid failure of its use, since this parasitoid has large variation regarding host preference and environmental conditions. Thus, this study selected isolates of B. thuringiensis (Bt) and populations of Trichogramma spp. to control of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The selection methodology identified the Bt isolates Bt 23 and Bt 26 as promissory to control of H.zea. Among populations of Trichogramma evaluated there was variability in relation to the parameters analyzed and the thermal conditions, and the population of T. atopovirilia (Tatp1) exhibited the best performance at 25°C, and the populations Tp13 and Tp16 of T. pretiosum in thethermal conditions of 18 and 30ºC respectively. Based on these results, the populations Tatp1 of T. atopovirilia and Tp13 and Tp16 of T. pretiosum have potential as biological control agent against H. zea as well as the isolates Bt 23 and Bt 26 of B. thuringiensis. / A utilização conjunta de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner com outros inimigos naturais é uma forma de incrementar o manejo de insetos-praga. Entre estes agentes, Trichogramma (Westwood) é reconhecido pela sua viabilidade e eficiência e, pode ser utilizado conjuntamente com B. thuringiensis. Porém, apesar de B. thuringiensis apresentar inúmeras vantagens, são necessários estudos que possibilitem comprovar sua seletividade a insetos benéficos. A seleção de isolados de B. thuringiensis é uma forma de avaliar a virulência a insetos-praga, além de possibilitar a descoberta de novas toxinas com maior atividade entomopatogênica. Populações de Trichogramma também devem ser selecionadas para evitar o insucesso da sua utilização, pois estes parasitóides apresentam grande variação, seja no comportamento de procura, preferência hospedeira e até mesmo às condições ambientais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar isolados de B. thuringiensis (B.t) e populações de Trichogramma spp. visando o controle de Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Os resultados apresentaram variabilidade emrelação à virulência dos isolados de B.t a H. zea, sendo que alguns não apresentaram índices satisfatórios de virulência, porém afetaram o desenvolvimento de H. zea. Foram identificados isolados promissores no controle de H. zea, a exemplo do B.t 23 e B.t 26. Entre as populações deTrichogramma avaliadas verificou-se variabilidade em relação aos parâmetros analisados e as condições térmicas, sendo que a população de T. atopovirilia (Tatp1) foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho a 25ºC e, as populações Tp13 e Tp16 de T. pretiosum nas condições térmicas de 18 e 30ºC respectivamente. Em virtude dos resultados encontrados, as populações de T. atopovirilia (Tatp1) e de T. pretiosum (Tp13 e Tp16) apresentam potencial para serem utilizadas em programas de controle biológico de H. zea.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 449808 bytes, checksum: a759d20b59c41266f90168c34f9b5399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-22 / Agropalma - Cia. Refinadora da Amazônia / The African palm or oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plant of African origin and considered the major industrialized activity in humid areas, similar in Amazon area. The expansion of oil palm, especially in northern region of Brazil, has presented more phytosanitary problems, including the caterpillars defoliating Brassolis sophorae L. Opsiphanes invirae Hübner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and borers-of-strain Eupalamides cyparissias cyparissias (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), weeds and more frequent in the State of Pará. This study aimed to evaluate the potential Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in pupae of O. invirae, B. sophorae and E. cyparissias cyparissias under laboratory conditions. This research was conducted in the laboratory of Plant Complex Agropalma in Thailand city, southeast of Pará State in a room temperature of 25 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity of 70 ± 10% and photophase of 12 hours. The potential of parasitism and progeny production of T. diatraeae in pupae of three species of lepidopteran pests on the cultivation of oil palm, showed that this parasitoid was parasite and progeny produced in pupae of defoliating B. sophorae and O. invirae. The second study was evaluated the reproductive features of T. diatraeae in defoliating species of oil palm (B. sophorae and O. invirae). Results showing that the rate of parasitism and progeny emergence of T. diatraeae pupae was similar in both species. The life cycle of T. diatraeae was lower in pupae of O. invirae (21.50 ± 0.42 days) than in B. sophorae (27.60 ± 1.80 days), but the amount of progeny (669.00 ± 89.62) and dead immature (217.13 ± 58.18) were higher in B. sophorae than in O. invirae (447.83 ± 51.52 and 13.50 ± 5.23), respectively. The sex ratio, longevity of females and males of T. diatraeae were similar in both species were tested. In the third study, the influence of T. diatraeae female age with 12-24, 24- 48, 48-72 and 72 to 96 hours of life was assessed in the reproductive performance of parasitoids in pupae of B. sophorae. Female ages did not affect on parasitism rate of T. diatraeae in B. sophorae pupae, but the emergence of progeny was higher in pupae parasitized by females with 48 to 72 and 72 to 96 hours (70 and 60%) than those parasitized by females between 12 and 24 and 24 to 48 hours old with 20 and 20 %, respectively. The age of T. diatraeae affected on fecundity, the number of dead immature and sex ratio of offspring in pupae of B. sophorae. However, the age of females did not affect on the life cycle of the progeny of T. diatraeae with range from 20.0 ± 1.0 days and 23.0 ± 0.0 days, respectively. Different densities did not affect on parasitism of female T. diatraeae, but the rate of emergence and progeny were higher at 30:1 and 20:1 female/host immature parasitoid and the numbers of deaths were lower in density (1:1, 10:1, 20:1 and 30:1 females/host). The period from egg to adult offspring of T. diatraeae was similar at the different densities of females of this parasitoid. The sex ratio of offspring emerged was the lower density with 10:1 female/host. Females and males of T. diatraeae emerged from the pupae parasitized of B. sophorae were larger (body length) at densities of 20:1 and 30:1 and the head capsules of females were higher at 30:1, 20:1 and 40:1 female/host, with similar values in males. Trichospilus diatraeae was parasite and produced progeny in pupae of B. sophorae and O. invirae, but pupae of B. sophorae were more suitable for producing larger number of offspring of this parasitoid. The best period of reproductive females of T. diatraeae parasitoid in pupae of B. sophorae was between 48 to 96 hours of life at a density of 20 or 30 females/host that provides the highest rates of parasitism, emergence and larger individuals of this parasitoid. The parasitoid T. diatraeae has been good potential to control lepidopteran defoliator pests of oil palm. / O dendezeiro ou palma africana (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) é uma planta de origem africana e considerada a principal atividade agroindustrial em regiões tropicais úmidas, semelhantes às da Amazônia. A expansão da dendeicultura, em especial na região Norte do Brasil, tem apresentado mais problemas fitossanitários, incluindo as lagartas desfolhadoras Brassolis sophorae L., Opsiphanes invirae Hübner (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) e a broqueadora-da-estirpe Eupalamides cyparissias cyparissias (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Castniidae), mais daninhas e freqüentes no Estado do Pará. Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) em pupas de O. invirae, B. sophorae e E. cyparissias cyparissias em laboratório. Esta pesquisa foi realizada no laboratório de Fitossanidade do Complexo Agropalma no município de Tailândia, sudeste do Estado do Pará em sala climatizada à temperatura de 25 ± 2 ºC, umidade relativa de 70 ± 10 % e fotofase de 12 horas. O potencial de parasitismo e produção de descendentes de T. diatraeae em pupas de três espécies de lepidópteros daninhos ao cultivo do dendezeiro, mostrou que esse parasitóide parasita e produz progênie, em pupas das desfolhadoras B. sophorae e O. invirae. O segundo estudo avaliou os aspectos reprodutivos de T. diatraeae nas espécies desfolhadoras do dendê (B. sophorae e O. invirae) mostrando que a taxa de parasitismo e emergência da progênie de T. diatraeae foi semelhante em pupas de ambas as espécies. O ciclo de vida de T. diatraeae foi menor em pupas de O. invirae (21,50 ± 0,42 dias) que nas de B. sophorae (27,60 ± 1,80 dias), mas a quantidade de progênie (669,00 ± 89,62) e imaturos mortos 217,13 ± 58,18 foi maior em B. sophorae que em O. invirae (447,83 ± 51,52 e 13,50 ± 5,23), respectivamente. A razão sexual, longevidade de fêmeas e machos de T. diatraeae emergidos foram semelhantes em ambas as espécies dos lepidópteros-praga. No terceiro estudo, a influência da idade de fêmeas de T. diatraeae com 12 a 24, 24 a 48, 48 a 72 e 72 a 96 horas de vida foi avaliada, no desempenho reprodutivo desse parasitóide em pupas de B. sophorae. A idade de fêmeas não afetou a taxa de parasitismo de T. diatraeae em pupas de B. sophorae, porém a emergência da progênie foi maior em pupas parasitadas por fêmeas com 48 a 72 e 72 a 96 horas (70 e 60%) em relação aquelas parasitadas por fêmeas com 12 a 24 e 24 a 48 horas de idade (20 e 20%), respectivamente. A idade de T. diatraeae afetou, também, a fecundidade, o número de imaturos mortos e a razão sexual da progênie em pupas de B. sophorae. No entanto, a idade de fêmeas não afetou o ciclo de vida da progênie de T. diatraeae que variou de 20,0 ± 1,0 dias a 23,0 ± 0,0 dias, respectivamente. As diferentes densidades não afetaram o parasitismo de fêmeas de T. diatraeae, mas a taxa de emergência e a progênie foram maiores nas densidades de 30:1 e 20:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro e a quantidade de imaturos mortos foram menores nas densidades (1:1, 10:1, 20:1 e 30:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro). O período de ovo a adulto da progênie de T. diatraeae foi semelhante nas diferentes densidades de fêmeas desse parasitóide. A razão sexual da progênie emergida foi menor na densidade de 10:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro. Fêmeas e machos de T. diatraeae, emergidos de pupas de B. sophorae parasitadas foram maiores (comprimento do corpo) nas densidades de 20:1 e 30:1 e as cápsulas cefálicas de fêmeas foram maiores nas densidades de 30:1, 20:1 e 40:1 fêmeas/hospedeiro, com valores semelhantes em machos. Portanto, Trichospilus diatraeae parasita e produz progênie em pupas de B. sophorae e O. invirae, mas aquelas pupas de B. sophorae são mais adequadas por produzir maior número de descendentes desse parasitóide. O melhor período reprodutivo de fêmeas de T. diatraeae parasitando pupas de B. sophorae foi entre 48 a 96 horas de vida na com densidade de 20 ou 30 fêmeas/hospedeiro que proporciona maiores taxas de parasitismo, emergência e maior tamanho de indivíduos desse parasitóide. O parasitóide T. diatraeae apresenta potencial para controlar lepidópteros desfolhadores do dendê.