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Aspectos da flexibilidade cognitiva e do controle inibit?rio em crian?as de escolas bil?ngues em Natal-RNMadruga, Beatriz Mendes e 13 April 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-04-13 / O bilinguismo tem sido correntemente investigado na literatura associado ? poss?veis
vantagens cognitivas. Pesquisas contempor?neas seguem encontrando vantagens
cognitivas consequentes do bilinguismo, enquanto outras n?o t?m encontrado vantagens
significativas em grupos de bil?ngues. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar
se em determinada faixa et?ria e modalidade de bilinguismo vantagens cognitivas
podem aparecer: refere-se ? inf?ncia e ao bilinguismo escolar. As fun??es investigadas
foram a flexibilidade cognitiva, atrav?s do Teste Wisconsin de Classifica??o de Cartas,
e o controle inibit?rio, este atrav?s da Tarefa Simon e Tarefa Stroop. Os grupos da
amostra analisada (36 sujeitos) foram subdivididos em: grupo less bilingual, com
crian?as com at? dois anos de educa??o bil?ngue; grupo middle bilingual, com crian?as
com 04 anos de educa??o bil?ngue; grupo more bilingual, cujas crian?as est?o h? pelo
menos cinco anos sob educa??o bil?ngue. A m?dia et?ria da amostra foi de 9,97 anos de
idade. N?o foram encontradas diferen?as significativas entre os grupos em rela??o aos
itens do WCST. J? os testes do controle inibit?rio revelaram diferen?as quantitativas em
favor do grupo com maior tempo de bilinguismo, no tempo de rea??o dos itens
congruentes e incongruentes de ambos os testes: Simon e Stroop. Os resultados n?o s?o
pass?veis de generaliza??es em virtude da amostra pequena e da aus?ncia de
signific?ncia estat?stica. Entretanto, fazem eco a outras pesquisas contempor?neas que
apresentam vantagens sutis para o grupo bil?ngue com mais tempo de exposi??o ao
bilinguismo escolar. / The relationship between bilingualism and cognitive functions has been amply
investigated. While several contemporary studies have found cognitive advantages as a
consequence of bilingualism, others have not found significant diferences between
monolingual and bilingual subjects. This study shows cognitive flexibility and
inhibitory control data from children receiving bilingual education. Thirty six children
(mean age of 9,97 years) with different amounts of time in bilingual educational
programs were divided into three groups: up to 3 years of bilingual education; 4 years; 5
or more years of bilingual education. Participants? cognitive flexibility was evaluated
using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results show little difference between
the three groups, evidencing an overall homogeneous sample. Correlational analyses
also reveal little relationship between bilingual education time and WCST scores. In
addition, participants also performed two inhibitory control tasks: the Simon Task and
The Stroop Task, which revealed quantitative diferences in reaction time for both
congruente and incongruente items, favoring the group with longer exposition to
bilingualism at school. The reduced sample size in this study does not allow
generalizations; however, results echo several other contemporary studies, which point
out to descrete cognitive advantadges associated with longer exposition to bilingualism.
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Marcadores cognitivos e pr?tica esportiva em jovens de 10 a 13 anos nos diferentes est?gios maturacionais / Markers cognitive and practice sports in young people 10 to 13 years of different maturational stagesSim?es, Thaisys Blanc dos Santos 22 February 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O desenvolvimento das capacidades cognitivas e a promo??o da sa?de s?o importantes vari?veis no crescimento e desenvolvimento biol?gico. Com isso, o neurodesenvolvimento vem sendo colocado como importante fator para melhorar o desempenho no esporte de crian?as e adolescentes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influ?ncia da pr?tica esportiva no controle inibit?rio de jovens de 10 a 13 anos em diferentes est?gios maturacionais. Foram avaliados 203 sujeitos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 10 a 13 anos. Para metodologia utilizou-se os protocolos de predi??o de idade ?ssea para avalia??o da matura??o e Teste de Stroop para avalia??o de controle inibit?rio. Os testes estat?sticos utilizados foram a an?lise multivari?vel (MANOVA) seguida do post hoc de Bonferroni. Verificou-se signific?ncia nas diferen?as entre o tempo de rea??o e erros na etapa 3 do Stroop Test entre os praticantes e n?o praticantes de esporte, observou-se que os praticantes obtiveram menores tempo de rea??o e erros comparado aos n?o praticantes de atividades esportivas. Ao observar os est?gios maturacionais os sujeitos normais e acelerados obtiveram os menores tempos e os indiv?duos no est?gio atrasado maiores tempos de rea??o. Nos erros pode-se observar que os indiv?duos no est?gio atrasado obtiveram menor quantidade de erros, os sujeitos dos est?gios normal e acelerado apresentaram mais erros. O tempo de rea??o dos n?o praticantes no est?gio atrasado s?o maiores ao compararmos com os normais que apresentaram menores tempos. Em rela??o aos erros os sujeitos no est?gio acelerado mostraram menores quantidade de erros nessa etapa. Para os indiv?duos praticantes observa-se que os indiv?duos atrasados s?o lentos para realizar a etapa, porem possuem menores quantidades de erros. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que as crian?as e adolescentes que praticam esporte apresentam maior controle inibit?rio em rela??o aos que n?o praticam atividades esportivas. Em rela??o aos resultados de tempo de rea??o nos est?gios maturacionais observou-se que os sujeitos classificados normais e acelerados conseguem ser r?pidos por?m apresentam maior quantidade de erros, j? os indiv?duos atrasados gastam mais tempo para realizar o teste por?m erram menos. / The development of cognitive skills and health promotion are important variables in the growth and biological development, therefore, neurodevelopment has been placed as an important factor to improve performance in sports of children and adolescents. The present study aimed to verify the influence of sports practice on the inhibitory control of young people aged 10 to 13 years in different maturational stages. We evaluated 203 subjects of both sexes, aged between 10 and 13 years. For the methodology, bone age prediction protocols for maturation evaluation and Stroop Test used were for the evaluation of inhibitory control. The statistical tests used were the multivariable analysis (MANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc. Significance found was in the differences between reaction time and errors in stage 3 of the Stroop Test between practitioners and non-practitioners. It was observed that practitioners obtained less reaction time and errors compared to non-practitioners. When observing the maturational stages, the normal and accelerated subjects obtained the shortest times and the individuals in the delayed stage had the greatest reaction times. In the errors it observed could be that the individuals in the delayed stage obtained smaller number of errors, the subjects of the normal and accelerated stages presented more errors. The reaction time of non-practitioners in the delayed stage is higher when compared to the normals that presented the shortest times. Regarding the errors, the subjects in the accelerated stage showed smaller number of errors in this stage. For the practicing individuals observed it is that the delayed individuals are slow to perform the step, but they have smaller amounts of errors. Thus, it concluded can be that children and adolescents who play sports have greater inhibitory control in relation to those who do not practice sports activities. Regarding the results of reaction time in the maturational stages, it observed was that the normal and accelerated subjects were able to be fast but present a greater amount of errors, since the delayed individuals spend more time to perform the test but err less.
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Efeito agudo do exerc?cio aer?bio vigoroso sobre as fun??es executivas em adolescentes / Acute effect of vigorous aerobic exercise on executive function in adolescentsBrowne, Rodrigo Alberto Vieira 12 February 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / As fun??es executivas s?o processos cognitivos determinantes
para o sucesso escolar, uma vez que executam e controlam atividades
cognitivas complexas, como racioc?nio, planejamento e resolu??es de
problemas. O desempenho das fun??es executivas desenvolve-se desde a
primeira inf?ncia ao longo da adolesc?ncia at? a idade adulta,
concomitantemente com as mudan?as neuroanat?micas, funcionais e de
perfus?o sangu?nea do c?rebro. Neste sentido, o exerc?cio f?sico tem sido
considerado um importante fator ambiental para o neurodesenvolvimento,
bem como para a promo??o da sa?de cognitiva e cerebral. Contudo, ainda
s?o escassos estudos que tenham investigado os efeitos de uma ?nica
sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bio vigoroso sobre as fun??es executivas em
adolescentes. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito agudo do exerc?cio aer?bio
vigoroso sobre as fun??es executivas em adolescentes. M?todos: Ensaio
cl?nico controlado e randomizado com delineamento cruzado, realizado
com 20 p?beres de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 10 e 16 anos, que
foram submetidos a duas sess?es de 30min: 1) sess?o exerc?cio aer?bio
realizado em intensidade entre 65 e 75% da frequ?ncia card?aca de reserva,
sendo 5min para aquecimento, 20min na intensidade alvo e 5min de volta ?
calma; e 2) sess?o controle assistindo desenho-animado pr?prio para a
idade. Previamente e ap?s as sess?es, foi aplicado o teste de Stroop
computadorizado ? Testinpacs e o teste de trilhas para avalia??o do
controle inibit?rio e flexibilidade cognitiva, respectivamente. O tempo de
rea??o (TR) e a quantidade de erros (n) do teste de Stroop foram
registrados. O tempo total (TT) e a quantidade de erros (n) do teste de
trilhas tamb?m foram registrados. Resultados: O TR da sess?o controle
n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa no teste de Stroop. Por outro lado, o
TR da sess?o exerc?cio diminuiu significativamente (p<0,01) ap?s a
interven??o. Os erros cometidos no teste de Stroop n?o sofreram diferen?as
significativas nas sess?es controle e exerc?cio. O ?TT do teste de trilhas da
sess?o exerc?cio foi significativamente (p<0,001) menor que o da sess?o
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controle. Os erros cometidos no teste de trilhas n?o sofreram diferen?as
significativas nas sess?es controle e exerc?cio. Adicionalmente, houve
associa??o significativa e positiva do ?TR do teste de Stroop da condi??o
exerc?cio com a idade cronol?gica (r= 0,635, p=0,001; r
2
= 0,404, p=0,003)
e matura??o sexual (rs= 0,580, p=0,007; r
2
= 0,408, p=0,002). De outro
modo, n?o houve associa??o do ?TR da condi??o controle com a idade
cronol?gica (r= ?0,144, p=0,273; r
2
= 0,021, p=0,545) e matura??o sexual
(rs= ?0,155, p=0,513; r
2
= 0,015, p=0,610). Conclus?o: O exerc?cio aer?bio
vigoroso parece promover melhora aguda na capacidade das fun??es
executivas em adolescentes. O efeito do exerc?cio sobre o desempenho do
controle inibit?rio foi associado ao est?gio puberal e idade cronol?gica, ou
seja, os benef?cios do exerc?cio foram mais evidentes no in?cio da
adolesc?ncia (? ?TR) e sua magnitude decresce durante o
desenvolvimento. / Executive functions are determinant cognitive processes for
student success, since they execute and control complex cognitive activities
such as reasoning, planning and solving problems. The development of the
executive functions performances begin early at childhood going through
the adolescence until adulthood, concomitant with the neuroanatomical,
functional and blood perfusion changes over the brain. In this scenario,
exercise has been considered an important environmental factor for
neurodevelopment, as well as for the promotion of cognitive and brain
health. However, there are no large scientific studies investigating the
effects of a single vigorous aerobic exercise session on executive functions
in adolescents. Objective: To verify the acute effect of vigorous aerobic
exercise on executive functions in adolescents. Methods: A randomized
controlled trial (RCT) with crossover design was used. 20 pubescent from
both sexes/gender with age between 10 and 16 years were submitted to two
sessions of 30min each: 1) The aerobic exercise session intensity was
between 65 and 75% of heart rate reserve, in which 5min for warm-up,
20min at the target intensity and 5min of cool down; and 2) control session
watching cartoons. The computerized Stroop test ? Testinpacs and trail
making test were used to evaluate the inhibitory control and cognitive
flexibility assessment respectively, before and after both experimental and
control sessions. The reaction time (RT) and number of errors (n) of Stroop
test were recorded. The total time (TT) and the number of errors (n) of the
trail making test were also recorded. Results: The control session?s RT did
not present significant differences in the Stroop test. On the other hand, the
exercise session?s RT decreased significantly (p<0.01) after the session.
The number of errors made at the Stroop test had no significant differences
in control and exercise sessions. The ?TT of trail making test of exercise
session was significantly (p<0.001) lower than the control session?s. Errors
made in trail making test did not show significant differences between
control and exercise sessions. Additionally, there was significant and
positive association among the Stroop test ?RT of exercise session with
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chronological age (r= 0.635, p=0.001; r
2
= 0.404, p=0.003) and sexual
maturation (rs= 0.580, p=0.007; r
2
= 0.408, p=0.002). Differently, there was
no association among the control session ?RT and chronological age (r= ?
0.144, p=0.273; r
2
= 0.021, p=0.545) or sexual maturation (rs= ?0.155,
p=0.513; r
2
= 0.015, p=0.610). Conclusion: Vigorous aerobic exercise
seems to improve acutely executive functions in adolescents. The effect of
exercise on inhibitory control performance was associated to pubertal stage
and chronological age. In other words, the benefits of exercise were more
evident in early adolescence (? ?RT) and its magnitude decreases along the
growing up process.
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