L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier l’impact des ressources antérieures des individus sur la compensation mnésique perçue (étude 1 et étude 2) ainsi que sur la compensation mnésique externe objective (étude 3). Afin d’opérationnaliser l’évaluation des stratégies de compensation mnésique perçues, l’étude 1 concernait la validation française et la normalisation du memory Compensation Questionnaire (F-MCQ) sur 749 personnes âgées de 18 ans à 92 ans. Afin d’adapter cet outil à différents contextes, nous avons procédé à la construction de sa version brève (BF-MCQ) ainsi qu’à sa validation sur 260 personnes âgées de 50 ans à 85 ans dans l’étude 2. Les résultats de ces deux travaux montrent une validité interne satisfaisante pour ces deux échelles, et la normalisation rend compte d’un effet de l’âge et du genre sur la perception des stratégies de compensation mnésique qu’un individu pense utiliser au quotidien. La validité externe des deux échelles met en évidence des liens entre le stress, l’efficacité mnésique et la personnalité avec les cinq stratégies de compensation mesurées par ces outils. Notre troisième étude a testé a) l’impact du trait de personnalité « Ouverture aux expériences » et des processus contrôlés dans l’utilisation d’une aide externe et dans son efficacité en situation de rappel prospectif chez 80 personnes âgées de 50 ans à 92 ans et b) le lien entre les observations comportementales des participants et leur propre perception de fonctionnement durant l’expérience. Les résultats montrent que seuls les processus contrôlés sont impliqués dans la mobilisation des stratégies externes et dans leur efficacité. Bien que les personnes âgées déclarent utiliser les aides externes quotidiennement et fréquemment dans le French Memory Compensation Questionnaire, nous n’avons pas retrouvé ce comportement de manière significative en situation. Au final, ces trois études nous permettent de considérer la compensation mnésique externe comme un processus qui dépend de l’auto-initiation des ressources cognitives, et de mettre en évidence l’impact de différents facteurs affectifs et psychosociaux dans la perception que les individus ont de leur mode compensatoire quotidien. / The general objective of this thesis was to study the impact of past resources of individuals on perceived memory compensation (Study 1 and Study 2) and on objective external memory compensation (Study 3). In order to operationalize the evaluation of perceived memory compensation strategies, Study 1 involved the French validation and normalization of the Memory Compensation Questionnaire (F-MCQ) of 749 participants aged from 18 to 92 years. In order to adapt this tool to different contexts, we created a shorter version (BF-MCQ) and conducted his validation on 260 participants aged from 50 years to 85 years in study 2. The results of these two works show a satisfactory internal validity for these two scales, and normalization reports an effect of age and gender on the perception of memory compensation strategies that an individual thinks that he use in everyday life. The external validity of these two scales showed the links between stress, self-memory efficiency and personality with the five compensation strategies measured by these tools. Our third study tested a) the impact of the personality trait "Openness" and of controlled processes on the use of external aid and on its effectiveness in prospective recall situation with 80 participants aged from 50 to 92 years and b) the link between behavioral observations of participants and their own perception of behavior during the experiment. The results show that only the controlled processes are involved in the mobilization of external strategies and in their effectiveness. Although seniors reported using external aids daily and frequently in the French Memory Compensation Questionnaire, we did not find this behavior to occur significantly in situation. In the end, these three studies allow us to consider the external memory compensation as a process that depends on self-initiation of cognitive resources, and to highlight the impact of various emotional and psycho affective factors in the perception that individuals have about their daily compensatory mode.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18987号 / 工博第4029号 / 新制||工||1620 / 31938 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 白井 泰治, 教授 松原 英一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18987号 / 工博第4029号 / 新制||工||1620(附属図書館) / 31938 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 白井 泰治, 教授 松原 英一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Orientador: Rodnei Bertazzoli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T06:46:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spitzer_Marcos_D.pdf: 1019872 bytes, checksum: 57974ac02038eb53169c99987a119811 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O método de oxidação eletroquímica foi aplicado a soluções aquosas contendo cloranfenicol (CAP) e outros compostos orgânicos. Para isso, utilizou-se um anodo de óxido condutor, comercial, tipo DSA®, de composição 70TiO2-30RuO2 e um anodo de diamante dopado com boro (DDB) tipo comercial. Cada anodo foi instalado em um reator tipo filtro-presa, em escala de bancada, para processamento de 2 a 3 L de solução em modo de batelo-reciclo. Inicialmente, nos reatores construídos foram realizados estudos voltamétricos, em modo hidrodinâmico. Sobre um catodo de aço inoxidável, antes da evolução de H2, observou-se a redução do grupo NO2 do CAP a HO-NH- a pH=5, e em potenciais anódicos, sobre o DSA®, observou-se o início reação de evolução de O2 a partir de 1 V vs. ECS e que a presença de CAP reduz as correntes de evolução de O2. Sobre o DDB, o CAP é oxidado a partir de 0,6 V resultado na passivação do anodo. A partir de 2,2 V observa-se o início da evolução de O2 sobre o DDB, resultando na eliminação do filme passivador. Em seguida, eletrólises exaustivas foram realizadas, em modo galvanostático, com ambos os anodos, dentro da região de evolução de O2. Cinéticas de pseudo-primeira ordem foram observadas dos decaimentos ds CAP sobre o DSA®, na faixa de 50 a 180 mA cm-2, e sobre o DDB, na faixa de 10 a 30 mA cm-2. Os decaimentos da demanda química de O2 (DQO) e do carbono orgânico total (COT) também apresentaram essa cinética quando as reações de oxidação sobre o DDB tornavam-se controladas pelos processos de transporte de massa. A partir de eletrólises de soluções de K2SO4 com o DDB observou-se a geração de H2O2. Os números adimensionais Sherwood (Se), Reynolds (Re) e Schmidt (Sc) foram determinados a partir de dados de transporte de massa obtidos a partir de cinéticas da degradação do CAP em função da vazão. No reator composto de DSA® observou-se um regime de fluxo laminar a baixo de Re = 2000 e um regime de fluxo turbulento acima desse valor, como esperado para um reator de placas paralelas. No reator de DDB, devido o aumento da área da secção transversal do compartimento entre eletrodos, há uma elevação de turbulência da face do anodo, impedindo a formação de um regime de fluxo laminar bem definido. Utilizando um efluente real contendo fenóis e derivados, foram aplicadas valores apropriados de densidade de corrente (Jap) para aumento dos valores de eficiência de corrente e diminuição dos índices de consumo energético. Aplicando-se um perfil exponencial de Jap (t) obteve-se um rendimento de corrente médio de 95 % e um consumo de 23,5 kWh por kg de O2. Com isso foi possível propor um método de operação de reatores de DDB para elevação dos índices de eficiência. De modo geral, os anodos de Ti/70TiO2-30RuO2 e de DDB ótimos desempenhos para a eletroxidação de cloranfenicol (CAP) e outros compostos orgânicos e para redução da DQO e do COT / Abstract: Electrochemical oxidation was used as a method for organic pollutant degradation in aqueous media. In the technique was used in solutions containing chloramphenicol (CAP) and phenolic compounds. A commercial DSA® type anode, of composition 70TiO2-30RuO2, and a boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) were used. Each anode was mounted in a filter-press type reactor connected to a recirculating flow system with 3 L of capacity. Initially, voltammetric studies were carried out with electrochemical reactors operating in hydrodynamic mode. On the DSA® type anode O2 evolution reaction was observed after 1 V vs. SCE and the current densities for O2 evolution decreased when chloramphenicol was present in solution. On stainless steel cathode, before H2 evolution, reduction of NO2 group to HO-NH- group was observed for CAP molecule, at pH = 5. On DDB, the anode was passived with an organic film at potentials from 0.6 V. Current responses on DDB anode were restored after anodic treatments within O2 evolution range of potentials. On BDD, O2 evolution took place after 2.2 V vs SCE. Galvanostatic experiments were carried out within the range of potentials for O2 evolution. Pseudo-first order kinetics were observed for CAP concentration decay on the DSA® anode, when current densities (Jap) were ranged from 50 to 180 mA cm-2, and from 10 to 30 mA cm-2 on DDB anode. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) showed linear concentration decays when the oxidation reactions were controlled by charge transfer process and it showed exponential decays when these reactions were controlled by mass transfer process. H2O2 production on DDB anode was investigated as function of Jap. Dimensionless numbers and their mass transfer figures of merit were studied from mass transport data of CAP decays as function of several flow rates. In the reactor composed by DSA® anode, a laminar flow was observed below Reynolds (Re) equal 2000 and a turbulent flow was observed above this value. In the BDD reactor, the transition between laminar and turbulent flow was not observed. Using a real effluent composed by phenols and derivates, appropriate values of Jap was applied on DDB reactor to increase the anodic efficiency and to reduce the energy consumption per kg of O2. Applying an exponential profile of Jap in galvanostatic experiments, an anodic efficiency of 95% was reached, corresponding to an energy consumption of 23,5 kWh per kg of O2. From these results an operation method of BDD reactors arose in order to increase the performance of this electrochemical device. Good performances were observed when DSA® and BDD anodes were used in electrochemical oxidation of chloramphenicol and other organic pollutants, especially in BDD case / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica