FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A expressÃo convencional cabra à uma expressÃo polissÃmica tanto do ponto de vista da SemÃntica Lexical como do ponto de vista da SemÃntica Cognitiva. Com efeito, tanto os dicionÃrios gerais como todos os demais dados por nÃs analisados, oriundos de fontes documentais â romances regionais, cordeis, dicionÃrio de cearÃs e dicionÃrio geral â e, de dados de campo - coletados a partir da aplicaÃÃo de cinco questionÃrios junto a 153 participantes - apontaram para uma compreensÃo de cabra ora como homem, sujeito, ora como homem de origem rural e mestiÃa, viril, valente, bom carÃter e atà mesmo violento. Dessa forma, investigamos a polissemia da expressÃo convencional cabra à luz dos postulados da SemÃntica Cognitiva, especialmente, à luz da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceptual, formulada por Lakoff e Johnson (1980) e da Teoria dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados, formulada por Lakoff (1987), de acordo com os quais a polissemia pode ser abordada com base no MCI Proposicional do tipo Categoria Radial. Nessa perspectiva e a partir da anÃlise empreendida em consonÃncia com nosso objetivo principal em examinar as correspondÃncias entre pensamento metafÃrico/conceitual, linguagem e cultura a partir da polissemia da mencionada expressÃo, verificamos que o MCI Proposicional HOMEM forma, por meio de mapeamentos metonÃmicos e metafÃricos, um agrupamento de modelos (ou agrupamento radial) com os demais MCIs CABRA e HOMEM CABRA, estruturando, assim, a relaÃÃo polissÃmica entre o significado nÃo metafÃrico animal e os significados metafÃricos homem, cabra da peste, cabra macho, morador de zona rural, mestiÃo e cangaceiro a partir de dois esquemas. Ou seja, de acordo com o resultado de nossa pesquisa, o MCI Proposicional HOMEM estrutura a polissemia da expressÃo convencional cabra ao organizar: de um lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos falantes fortalezenses na contemporaneidade com base nos quais o significado prototÃpico animal estabelece extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados mais representativos homem (sujeito), cabra macho e cabra da peste e extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados menos representaivos mestiÃo, morador de zona rural, capanga e cangaceiro; de outro lado, os entendimentos compartilhados por parte dos membros da comunidade nordestina rural em dado momento com base nos quais o significado prototÃpico animal estabelece extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados mais representativos morador da zona rural, mestiÃo e cangaceiro e extensÃes metafÃricas com os significados menos representativos cabra da peste, cabra macho e cabra bom. / The conventional expression cabra (goat) is a polysemic expression both from the point of view of Lexical Semantics and from the point of view of Cognitive Semantics. This is so because as well as dictionaries and all data we analyzed originated from documentary sources - novels regional, cordel literature, urban dictionaries and specialized publications - and field data collected from the application of five surveys, pointed to an understanding of a cabra (goat) as an ordinary man, a manly and courageous man; as a good character man, and even as violent man. Thus, our research investigated the polysemic aspect of the conventional expression cabra (goat) based on the tenets of Cognitive Semantics, especially based on the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor formulated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the Theory of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICM theory), formulated by Lakoff (1987), according to these postulates, polysemy can be addressed with basis on the Propositional ICM of Radial Category. In this perspective and from the analyzes undertaken with our main objective to examine the correspondences between metaphorical / conceptual thinking, language and culture of the polysemy of that expression, we found that based on metonymic and metaphorical mappings the Propositional ICM MAN forms a cluster of models (or radial cluster) with other ICMs CABRA (GOAT) and HOMEM CABRA (GOAT MAN), structuring the relationship between the non metaphorical meaning animal and metaphorical meanings, cabra macho (male goat), cabra da peste (plague goat), resident of rural area, mestizo and cangaceiro (bandit) from two schemes. In the others words, according to the results of our research, the Propositional ICM MAN structures a polysemy of the conventional expression cabra (goat) to organize: on one hand, understandings shared by the speakers from Fortaleza in contemporary society, based on which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives man (subject), cabra macho (male goat) and cabra da peste (goat plague) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives mestizo, a resident of rural area, hired killer, cangaceiro (bandit) ; on the other hand, understandings shared by members of the rural community in northeastern of Brazil in a given time based in which the prototypical meaning animal establishing metaphorical extensions to the meanings more representatives resident of rural area, mestizo, and cangaceiro (bandit) and metaphorical extensions to the meanings less representatives cabra da peste (goat plague), cabra macho (goat male) and cabra bom (good goat).

O objeto desta pesquisa é a condução da luz natural, por sistemas não convencionais, para aproveitamento em ambientes internos. O objetivo é avaliar a eficiência luminosa dos sistemas condutores não convencionais. Especificamente, foram avaliados dutos com seção quadrada de 10cm, 25cm e 40cm e comprimentos de 1m, 1,5 e 2m, revestidos internamente por espelhos Optimirror Plus. O método utilizado é experimental indutivo (ensaio com modelos em escala real e reduzida para aquisição de dados de iluminância) com análise comparativa de resultados, fornecendo subsídios para a proposição de modelagem matemática. Essa é desenvolvida com base nos conceitos e princípios físicos relativos à iluminação natural, verificando-se sua aplicabilidade por meio da correlação de seus resultados com os observados empiricamente nos ensaios realizados. Os produtos finais da pesquisa são: (1) procedimento para ensaio de dutos de luz sob condições de céu real e artificial (modelo caixa cúbica de espelhos); (2) proposição do fator de eficiência em dutos de luz (EDL); (3) eficiência dos dutos de luz espelhados de seção quadrada (10cm, 25cm e 40cm) nos comprimentos 1m, 1,5m e 2m; e (4) modelo preditivo de eficiência luminosa em dutos (MPELD). / The object of this research is the conduction of daylighting, by non-conventional systems, for indoor use. The objective is to assess the luminous efficiency of the non-conventional conductor systems. Specifically, ducts with square section of 10cm, 25cm and 40cm and 1m lengths, 1.5 and 2m, Optimirror Plus coated, were assessed. The method adopted is experimental inductive (testing with real scale and models for illuminance data acquisition) and comparative analysis of results, providing support to the proposition of mathematical modeling. This modeling is developed based on physical principles and concepts related to daylighting, verifying its applicability by the correlation of its results with those observed in the empirical tests. The final products of the research are: (1) procedure for testing ducts of light under conditions of real and artificial sky (mirror cubic box); (2) proposition of ducts of light efficiency factor (EDL); (3) efficiency in ducts of light with mirrored square section (10cm, 25cm and 40cm) and length of 1m, 1.5m and 2m; and (4) predictive model of luminous efficiency in ducts (MPELD).

L’exercice des pratiques non conventionnelles est confronté, à présent, à différentes difficultés dans la recherche de légitimité, notamment celle professionnelle. En particulier, les praticiens exerçant dans ce domaine créent une activité d'indépendant sur des savoirs peu légitimes du point de vue des standards. Cette population de praticiens étudiés recouvre plusieurs segments : médecins en soins de santé non-conventionnels, thérapeutes sans diplômes de médecine et chamans. L'étude est faite en comparant ces trois segments en France et en Tunisie et en montrant l’importance de l'apprentissage et la construction de l'expertise sur un marché faiblement régulé dans des contextes sociétaux différents. Dans ce cadre, ce premier courant théorique est complété par le courant théorique s’intéressant, en sciences de gestion, au mode d’apprentissage et de construction de l’expertise en entrepreneuriat. Cette construction de l’expertise suppose un apprentissage des connaissances déclaratives et procédurales, celles-ci combinées à travers l’apprentissage par l’expérience, viennent agrandir et modifier les connaissances issues de la formation académique, par la théorisation de la pratique. Ainsi, grâce à une démarche qualitative menée en France et en Tunisie, la compréhension de la dynamique de construction de l’expertise chez différents praticiens, dont le parcours se construit diversement en fonction de leur appartenance et attributs professionnels, nous a permis de déterminer les types de légitimités acquises. / The exercise of non-conventional practices is now confronted with various difficulties in the search of legitimacy, particularly the professional one.The practitioners, practicing in this field, create an independent activity on a slight illegitimate knowledge, from a standard perspective. This studied population of practitioners cover many segments: non-conventional doctors, therapists without medical qualifications, and shamans. This research study is done by comparing above mentioned three segments in France and Tunisia, also by showing the importance of learning and constructing the expertise in a low- regulated market in different societal contexts.In this context, this first theoretical insight is completed which interest, in the science of management, in the mode of learning and construction of expertise in entrepreneurship.The construction of expertise supposes a learning of the declarative and procedural knowledge. This procedural knowledge, combined through the learning by the experience, enlarge and modify the knowledge resulting from the academic formation, by the theorization of the practice.Thus, through a qualitative research conducted in France and Tunisia, understanding dynamics of construction of expertise of different practitioners, whose course is constructed differently according to their attributes and professional affiliations, allowed us to determine the types of legitimacy acquired.

Dietary intake is one of the major routes of human exposure to perfluoroalkyl and/or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The objective of this study was to measure perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in organic and conventional egg from Sweden (n=8, consisted of 4 pooled eggs and 4 individuals) and China (n=9, consisted of 4 pooled eggs and 5 individuals) and compare the concentrations of PFAS between the two categories (organic and conventional). Also, to evaluate if there was any difference in concentrations of PFAS between both countries. In the end, evaluation of tolerable weekly intake of PFOS and PFOA due to consumption of egg recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was conducted if consuming these eggs would cause any human health risk. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS in the egg samples. In egg samples from China, PFOA was the predominant PFAS; in an organic egg sample from Shenzhen with concentration up to 2000 pg/g, making up to 86% of the 3 PFAS. In contrast, PFOS had the greatest concentration of all PFAS in egg samples from Sweden and was detected in organic egg sample with concentration up to 184 pg/g, making up to 78% of the 3 PFAS. PFOA in samples from China was 18 times higher compared to egg samples to Sweden; results showed no significant differences in PFAS concentrations in egg samples between Sweden and China. In samples from China, concentrations of PFAS had total mean of 50 pg/g for PFOS, 373 pg/g for PFOA and 13 pg/g for PFHxS. In Sweden, mean concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, and PFHxS were found to be 5, 2, and 1,5 times (respectively) higher in organic eggs when compared to conventional. However, significant difference was only observed for PFOS in Swedish organic eggs (p<0.05, t-7.96, df=6). The different concentrations of contamination between organic and conventional egg could be due to the fish powder in organic chicken feed and ingestion of soil through pecking. The result suggests that current concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in organic and conventional chicken eggs are unlikely to cause any immediate harm to Swedish populations. For Chinese population since the consumption of egg has a high risk of exceeding the TWI, the current concentration of PFOA in organic chicken eggs may cause harm to the population based on TWIs established by EFSA. Further investigation is needed with more samples to be analyzed to confirm this point.

No description available.

Women are now making use of weight training for improving strength, flexibility and body contours. Most studies on weight training have used male subjects. This study compared the results of a conventional exercising program and a weight training program for reducing inches in the circumferences of the right upper arm, pectorals, waist, hips, and right thigh. The subjects were twenty-nine female students in figure control classes at Utah State University. The control group of sixteen subjects exercised in the conventional manner, and the experimental group of thirteen subjects exercised on the weight training machine. Subjects were asked not to change dietary habits nor engage in physical activity outside the exercise period. The subjects participated in six weeks of exercise meeting two days per week. The control group showed a decrease in the circumference of the right upper arm, the pectorals, the waist, and the right thigh, whereas the experimental group showed a decrease in the circumference of the right upper arm, the pectorals, the waist, and the hips. The largest circumference lost for the experimental group was the right upper arm. A gain was shown by the experimental group in the right thigh. Within the limits of this investigation it can be concluded that (a) circumference losses were attained by both the conventional and weight training methods; However, such losses were not sufficient to support one method over the other; (b) during regular exercising, a slight weight increase does not necessarily prevent a decrease in anthropometric measurements.

Utah State University Division of Environmental Engineering student, under the direction of Ms. Judith L. Sims, has investigated the fate of six pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in conventional and engineered on-site wastewater drain fields. The presence of PPCPs in the environment, especially in aquatic environments, has raised awareness to the effects of PPCPs on aquatic life and the fate of these PPCPs, and has caused regulators to become more involved in setting requirements for the removal of PPCPs from wastewater. This research investigated the fate of caffeine, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, progesterone, and fluoxetine in laboratory scaled columns that simulate conventional pipe and gravel on-site wastewater drain fields as well as engineered columns similar to the pipe and gravel simulated columns, but with the addition of media below the gravel layer to enhance PPCP removal via sorption and biodegradation. Results from the month long experiment showed that sulfamethoxazole removal in the columns representing conventional systems peaked at 74%. The other PPCPs were non-detectable. Sulfamethoxazole removal increased to 81% in columns engineered with a layer of sphagnum peat moss beneath the gravel layer and below the method detection limit (5.5 ng/mL) in columns engineered with a layer of charred straw beneath the gravel layer. No other PPCPs analyzed from the engineered columns were detected. Batch experiments indicated that sorption is the main mechanism for PPCP removal with the exception of progesterone, where biodegradation is a major mechanism.

Fruit producers in Northern Utah face several challenges to their production, urbanization, decreased availability of agricultural land, and competition from domestic producers and imports. As consumers are willing to pay premiums for foods differentiated by production method, such as eco-friendly and organic, conversion to these methods may increase the profitability of fruit growing operations. This study found that consumers in Northern Utah are willing to pay a premium for peaches grown using organic and eco-friendly production practices over conventionally grown peaches. The study also found that of the three methods of peach production examined (conventional, eco-friendly, and organic), organic had the highest average grower net returns and had the lowest associated risk, while conventional peach production had the potential for the highest net returns. These results may guide producers when making orchard management decisions and in the profitability assessment of alternative production methods.

Glaucoma affects tens of millions of people and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Virtually all current glaucoma therapies target elevated intraocular pressure (IOP); however, the contribution of intracranial pressure (ICP) to glaucoma has recently garnered interest. Strain at the optic nerve head is now known to depend on the translaminar pressure difference (TLPD), which is the difference between IOP and ICP, rather than IOP alone. A better understanding of how IOP and ICP relate to glaucoma development and progression is essential for developing improved therapies and diagnostic tests. Glaucoma is commonly modeled in rats, yet aqueous humor dynamics are not well-documented in healthy nor diseased rat eyes. Moreover, because rats do not develop glaucoma spontaneously, it is essential to develop low-cost, reliable, and relevant models of glaucomatous pathology in the animal. The purpose of this dissertation work is to achieve the following goals: i) quantitatively assess aqueous humor dynamics in healthy, living rat eyes, ii) develop an ideal model of experimental glaucoma in rats, iii) quantitatively characterize aqueous humor dynamics throughout experimental glaucoma in living rats, and iv) investigate the effects of ICP manipulations on aqueous humor dynamics in living rats. Chapter 2 reports physiological parameters of aqueous humor dynamics for the first time in the eyes of living, healthy Brown-Norway rats, and presents a novel perfusion technique for efficiently and accurately estimating these parameters. Chapter 3 introduces the constant-pressure perfusion model of experimental glaucoma: a powerful new model which overcomes several limitations of existing techniques. The constant-pressure perfusion model induces IOP elevations which are prescribable and easily manipulated, does not directly target the trabecular meshwork or its vasculature, and offers continuous records of IOP rather than requiring regular animal handling and tonometry. Chapter 3 characterizes IOP-induced optic neuropathies in rats and demonstrates their resemblance to human glaucoma. Chapter 4 evaluates whether the constant-pressure perfusion model affects ocular physiology, specifically showing that resting IOP and conventional outflow facility are not permanently nor significantly altered in the model. Chapter 5 examines the effect of ICP manipulations on aqueous outflow physiology in living rats, and reports for the first time a graded effect of intracranial hypertension on conventional outflow facility. Evidence for a neural feedback mechanism that may serve to regulate the TLPD is also presented. Chapter 6 summarizes the results of this dissertation, provides recommendations for future work, and gives closing remarks. These collective projects provide insight into IOP regulation in both healthy and diseased rat eyes, advancing our understanding of glaucomatous development and damage in rats. A novel model of experimental glaucoma and several perfusion systems have been developed which are distinctly tailored for use in future glaucoma studies and will allow future investigators to study the disease with enhanced efficiency and exactitude. The results of this dissertation work suggest that detecting and correcting impairments of either IOP or ICP homeostatic capabilities may be of utmost importance for improving clinical outcomes in human glaucoma.

Doctor of Philosophy (Economics) / This dissertation asks how foreign assistance to one or both sides in a civil war affects the dynamics of the conflict. This overarching question is subsequently divided into two further questions: 1) how does foreign intervention affect the capabilities of the recipient, and 2) how does this affect the nature of the warfare. The puzzle for the first is that the impact of foreign intervention on combat effectiveness frequently varies significantly between recipients. This variation is explained by recipients’ different abilities to convert the inputs of foreign intervention into the outputs of fighting capability. The nature of the warfare in civil war will change in line with the balance of military capabilities between the belligerents. The balance of capabilities will be responsible for the form of warfare at a particular place and time whether it be conventional, irregular or guerrilla/counter-guerrilla. The argument is then illustrated with two extensive case studies, of civil wars in Angola and Afghanistan, where temporal and spatial variation in the type of warfare is shown to correlate with the type, degree, and direction of foreign intervention.