Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

xxii, 242 p. : ill. (some col.) / The arminacean nudibranch Janolus fuscus (family Zephyrinidae) is found in rocky intertidal habitats along the northeast Pacific coast. Adult J. fuscus are conspicuous from April to October but absent in the early winter at two sites, North Cove and Fossil Pt., in the Coos Bay region of Oregon. Over four years of intertidal surveys at these sites, the density of J. fuscus peaked with the abundance of their bryozoan prey, Bugula pacifica and Tricellaria circumternata , in spring and summer, while adult absence in winter was correlated with strong winter storms. To describe the timing of development and determine the life cycle of J. fuscus , embryos and larvae were reared in the laboratory and examined with light, scanning electron, and confocal microscopy. Larvae reared in the lab and juveniles collected from the field were monitored to quantify growth. Janolus fuscus exhibited typical spiral cleavage and hatched as planktotrophic veligers that grew for over a month before they reached competency, settled, and metamorphosed on their prey, B. pacifica . Juvenile growth was rapid, and adults reached maximum sizes of over 50 mm before dying. These demographic and developmental studies suggest that J. fuscus is a subannual species with a life span of approximately five months. Janolus fuscus is often infected with an endoparasitic copepod, Ismaila belciki . In the field, prevalence of I. belciki increased with host density and size. The distribution of I. belciki was weakly aggregated in the host population. The large female parasite was generally found in the anterior portion of the host hemocoel, and one or more dwarf males were typically associated with each female. Infected J. fuscus produced significantly smaller egg masses with fewer larvae than did uninfected individuals. Infection did not influence growth rate but did cause decreased survival in older nudibranchs. To examine the life cycle of I. belciki , naupliar larvae were reared in the lab and incubated with potential hosts. Additionally, copepodid stages were described from dissected J. fuscus collected from the field. Ismaila belciki has a least three planktotrophic naupliar stages and four copepodid stages in its life cycle. / Committee in charge: Barbara Roy, Chairperson; Craig Young, Advisor; Richard Emlet, Member; Sandra Brooke, Member; Frances White, Outside Member

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 neves_gp_dr_botib.pdf: 4613254 bytes, checksum: c98056f453471613dcd37c08240edc51 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram estudados copépodes planctônicos das ordens Cyclopoida e Calanoida na bacia do rio da Prata, a segunda maior da América do Sul. Amostraram-se no verão e no inverno, 43 locais, incluindo trechos lóticos e reservatórios, esses últimos amostrados nas zonas de montante e próximo as barragens. As coletas foram feitas através de arrastos verticais na coluna de água com rede cônica de plâncton de malha de 68μm. Na análise dos organismos, foram elaborados inicialmente cinco capítulos, porém um deles já foi submetido e está apresentado em forma de anexo. Nos quatro capítulos gerados e incluídos no formato final da tese, constam: 1. Guia de identificação de copépodes planctônicos das ordens Cyclopoida e Calanoida; 2. Redescrição de uma espécie rara de Diaptomidae – Odontodiaptomus thomseni; 3. Atributos ecológicos básicos de copépodes planctônicos Cyclopoida e Calanoida na bacia do rio da Prata; e 4. Limites de distribuição geográfica de Diaptomidae na bacia do Prata, com síntese de processos históricos e atuais. No guia de identificação são apresentadas chaves de identificação, diagnoses taxonômicas, comentários gerais, ilustrações, imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura para 37 espécies, sendo consideradas as fêmeas de Cyclopoida e os machos de Calanoida. Nesse capítulo 1, espécies com status taxonômico incerto não foram incluídas. Para os atributos ecológicos no capítulo 3, o número de espécies utilizado nos cálculos de riqueza e diversidade foi maior, e os resultados apontaram maiores riquezas nos trechos médio e baixo do rio Paraná, no verão e inverno, respectivamente. Por fim, no capítulo 4, as tendências de evolução dos Diaptominae são apresentadas, para os quais são verificados padrões de endemismo para elevado número de espécie, sugerindo processos evolutivos... / The planktonic copepods of Cyclopoida and Calanoida orders of the ―La Plata‖ River Basin, the second largest in South America, were studied. Samples were obtained during summer and winter at 43 stations distributed in river stretches and reservoirs (considering upstream and dam zones). Samplings were performed through vertical hauls of plankton net of 68μm of mesh size in the water column. The results of the study are presented in 4 chapters, besides an annex (submitted as a paper): 1. Guide of identification of planktonic copepods of Cyclopoida and Calanoida orders; 2. Redescription of one rare species of Diaptomidae – Odontodiaptomus thomseni; 3. Basic ecological attributes of planktonic cyclopoid and calanoid copepods of ―La Plata‖ River Basin; and 4. Boundaries of geographic distribution of Diaptomidae in ―La Plata‖ Basin, with synthesis of historic and current processes. In the guide of identification are presented keys of identification, taxonomic diagnosis, general commentaries, illustrations, scan electron microscopy images of 37 species, for cyclopoids females and calanoids males. In chapter one, species with incertae status were not included. For ecological attributes in chapter three, the number of species included in richness and diversity calculations was higher, and the results points to major richness in the middle and low stretches of Parana River, in summer and winter, respectively. Finally, in chapter four, the evolution tendencies of Diaptominae are discussed, which point to high endemism patterns for many species, suggesting an ancient evolution processes after Cretaceous separation of the continents, when the Brazilian shield was used as refuge along the time until the current fauna status

Orientador: Marcos Gomes Nogueira / Coorientador: Carlos Eduardo Falavigna da Rocha / Coorientador: Geoff Boxshall / Banca: Janet W. Reid / Banca: Edinaldo Nelson dos Santos Silva / Banca: Fábio A. Lansac Tôha / Banca: Odete Rocha / Resumo: Foram estudados copépodes planctônicos das ordens Cyclopoida e Calanoida na bacia do rio da Prata, a segunda maior da América do Sul. Amostraram-se no verão e no inverno, 43 locais, incluindo trechos lóticos e reservatórios, esses últimos amostrados nas zonas de montante e próximo as barragens. As coletas foram feitas através de arrastos verticais na coluna de água com rede cônica de plâncton de malha de 68μm. Na análise dos organismos, foram elaborados inicialmente cinco capítulos, porém um deles já foi submetido e está apresentado em forma de anexo. Nos quatro capítulos gerados e incluídos no formato final da tese, constam: 1. Guia de identificação de copépodes planctônicos das ordens Cyclopoida e Calanoida; 2. Redescrição de uma espécie rara de Diaptomidae - Odontodiaptomus thomseni; 3. Atributos ecológicos básicos de copépodes planctônicos Cyclopoida e Calanoida na bacia do rio da Prata; e 4. Limites de distribuição geográfica de Diaptomidae na bacia do Prata, com síntese de processos históricos e atuais. No guia de identificação são apresentadas chaves de identificação, diagnoses taxonômicas, comentários gerais, ilustrações, imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura para 37 espécies, sendo consideradas as fêmeas de Cyclopoida e os machos de Calanoida. Nesse capítulo 1, espécies com status taxonômico incerto não foram incluídas. Para os atributos ecológicos no capítulo 3, o número de espécies utilizado nos cálculos de riqueza e diversidade foi maior, e os resultados apontaram maiores riquezas nos trechos médio e baixo do rio Paraná, no verão e inverno, respectivamente. Por fim, no capítulo 4, as tendências de evolução dos Diaptominae são apresentadas, para os quais são verificados padrões de endemismo para elevado número de espécie, sugerindo processos evolutivos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The planktonic copepods of Cyclopoida and Calanoida orders of the ―La Plata‖ River Basin, the second largest in South America, were studied. Samples were obtained during summer and winter at 43 stations distributed in river stretches and reservoirs (considering upstream and dam zones). Samplings were performed through vertical hauls of plankton net of 68μm of mesh size in the water column. The results of the study are presented in 4 chapters, besides an annex (submitted as a paper): 1. Guide of identification of planktonic copepods of Cyclopoida and Calanoida orders; 2. Redescription of one rare species of Diaptomidae - Odontodiaptomus thomseni; 3. Basic ecological attributes of planktonic cyclopoid and calanoid copepods of ―La Plata‖ River Basin; and 4. Boundaries of geographic distribution of Diaptomidae in ―La Plata‖ Basin, with synthesis of historic and current processes. In the guide of identification are presented keys of identification, taxonomic diagnosis, general commentaries, illustrations, scan electron microscopy images of 37 species, for cyclopoids females and calanoids males. In chapter one, species with incertae status were not included. For ecological attributes in chapter three, the number of species included in richness and diversity calculations was higher, and the results points to major richness in the middle and low stretches of Parana River, in summer and winter, respectively. Finally, in chapter four, the evolution tendencies of Diaptominae are discussed, which point to high endemism patterns for many species, suggesting an ancient evolution processes after Cretaceous separation of the continents, when the Brazilian shield was used as refuge along the time until the current fauna status / Doutor

Entomolepididae é uma família de sifonostomatóides com distribuição cosmopolita. Até o momento, é composta por 9 gêneros e 19 species, com maior diversidade no Indo-Pacífico. Entomolepididade encontra-se dividida em duas subfamílias que diferem, basicamente, pelo número de segmentos pedígeros entre o cefalotórax e o escudo terminal - Parmulodinae apresenta apenas um segmento enquanto que Entomolepinae possui dois segmentos. Assim como nas subfamílias, é comum encontrar sobreposições nas diagnoses do gênero. Apesar de ser um grupo relativamente antigo, não há na literatura dados acerca das relações entre as espécies de Entomolepididae. Assim, esta tese teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão taxonômica e um estudo filogenético da família Entomolepididae. Ao estudar os espécimes tipos de Parmulodes verrucosus, e Entomopsyllus stocki, foi possível identificar inconsistências que levaram à redescrição da primeira e a adição de notas na descrição da segunda espécie. O estudo da fauna associada à esponjas do gênero Aplysina permitiu a identificação de 4 novas espécies de Spongiopsyllus: S. atypicus, S. stocki, S. boxshalli e S. hoi. O estudo filogenético incluiu as 23 espécies de Entomolepididade, conhecidas até então, além de 3 espécies de Asterocheridae como grupos-externos, e como resultado, foi obtida apenas 1 árvore maximamente parcimoniosa. Apenas a subfamília Entomolepinae foi recuperada como grupo monofilético. Dentre os gêneros de Entomolepididae, apenas Entomopsyllus não é monofilético. Spongiopsyllus mostrou-se um clado próximo à Entomopsyllus. A evolução de Entomolepididae envolveu muitos caracteres homoplásticos, tornado difícil o reconhecimento de padrões / Entomolepididae is a cosmopolitan siphonostomatoid family. Until now, the family is composed by 9 genera and 19 species with major diversity on Indo-Pacific Ocean. Entomolepididade has two subfamilies which differs basically by the number of pedigerous segments between the cephalotorax and the terminal shield - Parmulodinae show one segment instead Entomolepinae has two segments. As in the subfamilies, is common to find overlaps in genera diagnosis. Despite its ancient characteristics, do not have in the literature data concerning the relationships among Entomolepididae species. Thus, this thesis aimed to make a taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic study of Entomolepididae. The analyze of Parmulodes verrucosus, and Entomopsyllus stocki type specimens allowed the identification of incongruences that led to the redescription of the first and to the descriptional notes of the second species. The study of associated fauna of Aplysina sponges allow the idenification of 4 new Spongiopsyllus species: S. atypicus, S. stocki, S. boxshalli and S. hoi. The phylogenetic study include all 23 known Entomolepididae species, in addition to 3 Asterocheridae species as outgroups, resulting in 1 most parsimonious tree. Only the subfamily Entomolepinae was recovered as monophyletic. Among the genera, just Entomopsyllus was non-monophyletic. Spongiopsyllus is a clade close to Entomopsyllus. The Entomolepididae evolution involved many homoplastic characters which become difficult the identification of patterns

Using three-dimensional Schlieren-based videography, males of the freshwater alpine species Hesperodiaptomus shoshone (Wyoming) were found to follow both conspecific females and conspecific males, remaining 0.45 ± 0.13 cm (male) and 0.56 ± 0.13 cm (female) from the lead copepod for 0.91 ± 0.35 seconds (male) and 0.84 ± 0.46 seconds (female). Trail following is initiated when the male makes a rapid reorientation. Chemical pheromones either were not produced by the female or were not detected by the male because males would follow trail mimics composed of female-conditioned water. Using unconditioned water, males were found capable not only of following trail mimics but they showed a preference, quantified as a higher follow frequency, of trails running at speeds matching that of their female mate. Remarkably, the male copepods always followed upstream, micro-casting between the edges of the trail to remain on track. Trails flowing at speeds matching their mate’s swimming speed were followed for a longer period of time and at greater gross distance. As the flow speed of the trail mimic increased, the distance the copepod would advance would decrease until the threshold speed of 2.30 cm/sec at which it would not follow a trail and only station hold. Station holding has never been observed before for copepods and may represent an adaptive behavior to avoid being washed out of their resident alpine pond. At speeds greater than that evoking station holding, the stream seemed to push the copepod out of the flow even though the copepod would make repeated efforts to swim up the stream. This research revealed a behavior not documented before: instead of relying on discrete pulses of flow left by hopping copepods, this high alpine lake copepod followed smoothly swimming mates or continuously flowing thin streams, relying only on sensing hydrodynamic cues.

To protect the environment from contaminants, environmental risk assessment (ERA) evaluates the risk of adverse effects to populations, communities and ecosystems. Environmental management decisions rely on ERAs, which commonly are based on a few endpoints at the individual organism level. To bridge the gap between what is measured and what is intended for protection, individual-level effects can be integrated in population models, and translated to the population level. The general aim of this doctoral thesis was to extrapolate individual-level effects of harpacticoid copepods to the population level by developing and using population models. Matrix models and individual based models were developed and applied to life-history data of Nitocra spinipes and Amphiascus tenuiremis, and demographic equations were used to calculate population-level effects in low- and high-density populations. As a basis for the population models, individual-level processes were studied. Development was found to be more sensitive compared to reproduction in standard ecotoxicity tests measuring life-history data. Additional experimental animals would improve statistical power for reproductive endpoints, but at high labor and cost. Therefore, a new test-design was developed in this thesis. Exposing animals in groups included a higher number of animals without increased workload. The number of reproducing females was increased, and the statistical power of reproduction was improved. Individual-level effects were more or equally sensitive compared to population-level effects, and individual-level effects were translated to the population level to various degrees by population models of different complexities. More complex models showed stronger effects at the population level compared to the simpler models. Density dependence affected N. spinipes populations negatively so that toxicant effects were stronger at higher population densities. The tools presented here can be used to assess the toxicity of environmental contaminants at the individual and population level, improve ERA, and thereby the basis for environmental management. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

The segregation of progenitor somatic cells from those of the primordial germ cells that sequester and retain elevated levels of DNA during subsequent developmental events, poses an interesting, alternative pathway of chromosome behavior during the reproductive cycle of certain species of cyclopoid copepods and several other organisms. Separation of maternal and paternal chromosome sets during very early cleavages (gonomery) is often a feature following marked elevations of DNA levels in germ cells for some of these species. Here, we report on the accumulation of large amounts of DNA in germ line nuclei of both female and male juveniles and adults of a freshwater copepod, Mesocyclops edax (Forbes, 1890). We also report the robust uptake of 3H-thymidine by germ cells prior to gametogenesis in this species. By using cytophotometric analysis of the DNA levels in both germ line cells and somatic cells from the same specimens we demonstrate that germ cell nuclei accumulate high levels of DNA prior to the onset of gametogenesis. These elevated amounts coincide with the levels of heterochromatic DNA discarded during chromatin diminution. A new model is proposed of major cytological events accompanying the process of chromatin diminution in M. edax.

Physical processes in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and mesoscale (10-300 km) processes associated with the Loop Current are fairly well known. However, little is known about the physical/ biological interactions of the frontal boundary system of the Loop Current. Zooplankton abundance and distribution was determined at 28 stations in the vicinity of the Loop Current. Species richness was high at all stations. Copepods comprised 60% of the total zooplankton collected. Oithona plumifera, Nannocalanus minor and Euchaeta marina were the most abundant copepods. Chaetognaths and ostracods were also very abundant and made up 11 and 5 % respectively of the zooplankton total. Total zooplankton abundance was higher at the boundary of the LC than it was inside the LC but not significantly different from abundances outside of the LC. Stations in the western Gulf of Mexico and on the western boundary had the highest abundances of zooplankton overall. The chlorophyll concentrations at the chlorophyll maximum were higher at the boundary of the LC than inside the LC. Physical-biological processes associated with the frontal boundary of the LC appear to influence the abundance and distribution of zooplankton in the GOM.

Un enjeu scientifique majeur du XXIème siècle est de prédire l'impact du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Dans les Océans, le plancton joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation du climat, les cycles biogéochimiques et la dynamique des réseaux trophiques marins. Le zooplancton transfert l'énergie depuis les producteurs primaires vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs, tout en participant à la pompe à carbone biologique. Pourtant, les liens entre sa diversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins demeurent méconnus. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la diversité taxinomique et fonctionnelle du groupe majeur du zooplancton, les copépodes, dans un point chaud de biodiversité : la Mer Méditerranée. Le travail effectué vise à: (i) définir de nouveaux groupes fonctionnels du zooplancton à partir de traits fonctionnels; (ii) tester si ces groupes possèdent des niches environnementales distinctes; et (iii) analyser comment le changement climatique pourra modifier la diversité des assemblages en Mer Méditerranée, et la diversité fonctionnelle associée. Un nouveau jeu de données de traits fonctionnels a été implémenté depuis la littérature afin de définir des groupes fonctionnels. Les occurrences des espèces ont été utilisées pour modéliser leurs niches environnementales. Puis, plusieurs modèles de niche ont été développés pour prédire l'évolution de la diversité α et β des assemblages de copépodes de la Mer Méditerranée sous divers scénarii de changement climatique. Finalement, les résultats sont discutés pour fournir une vision synoptique de l'impact du changement climatique sur la diversité fonctionnelle des copépodes en Mer Méditerranée. / One of the 21st century’s greatest scientific issues is to predict the impact of climate change on the functioning of ecosystems. In the Ocean, the plankton plays a pivotal role in climate regulation, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs dynamics. The zooplankton transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, while actively exporting organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. However, the links between zooplanktonic diversity and marine ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. During this PhD project, we have studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of the major marine zooplanktonic groups, the copepods, in biodiversity hotspot: the Mediterranean Sea. This work aims to: (i) define new zooplankton functional groups based on functional traits of many copepod species; (ii) test whether said groups present distinct environmental niches; and (iii) explore how climate change may modify the diversity of Mediterranean assemblages, and the associated functional diversity. A new dataset of species functional traits was gathered from the literature and was used to identify functional groups. The species’ occurrences were used to model their environmental niches, thus highlighting the control of abiotic conditions on the distribution of species. Multiple niche models were implemented to predict the evolution of the α and β diversity of Mediterranean copepod species assemblages under different climate change scenarios. Finally, the results from this PhD are discussed to provide a synoptic vision of the impact of climate change on copepod functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea.