Submitted by Dominick Jesus (dominickdejesus@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-21T18:32:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sophia Andrade Raid.pdf: 1170137 bytes, checksum: 8d347b68d3054eaee5e225e1d50d0328 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T18:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Sophia Andrade Raid.pdf: 1170137 bytes, checksum: 8d347b68d3054eaee5e225e1d50d0328 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the floodplain the variation of the main river water level influences the water level of lakes adjacent to the river. The communities that inhabit these lakes suffer from this influence and are adapted to this change.The studies performed in the Amazon that have analyzed the effects of water level variation in planktonic copepods community were conducted in varzea lakes, which have different characteristics of black water lakes, these studies are limited to monthly and fortnightly collections during high and low water periods. This work’s purpose was oevaluate the effect of the Negro river (black waters) in the composition, richness and abundance of species of planktonic copepods in Tupé lake. Quantitative samples of the limnetic region, in three sampling stations in the lake were taken daily during January, February and March 2011. In the first 10 sampling days there was no influence of the river and on the 11th day of the Negro river waters begin to flood. A total of 14 taxons of copepods were recorded, (Oithona amazonica, Macrocyclops albidus albidus, Mesocyclops brasilianus, Metacyclops brauni, Thermocyclops sp., Aspinus acicularis, Rhacodiaptomus retroflexus, Rhacodiaptomus calatus, Rhacodiaptomus calamensis, Dasydiaptomus coronatus, Dactylodiaptomus pearsei, Notodiaptomus inflatus, Notodiaptomus coniferoides, Diaptomus linus). Diaptomidae was the most representative with 9 species, followed by Cyclopidae who presented four species and Oithonidae with only one representative. The specie Oithona amazonica was the most abundant throughout the study, with ist maximum abundance occurring in the lake's isolation period. The most abundant specie of Calanoida was Aspinus acicularis which also showed higher abundance in the lake's isolation period. The entrance of the Negro river waters negatively influenced the abundance of adult copepods and there was also a decrease in nauplii and copepodites density. However, the diversity and species richness increased during the rising water period. / Nas planícies de inundação a variação do nível da água do rio principal influencia o nível da água de lagos adjacentes ao rio e demais rios da bacia hidrográfica. As comunidades que habitam esses lagos sofrem com essa influência e estão adaptados a essa mudança. Na Amazônia os estudos que analisaram os efeitos da variação do nível das águas na comunidade de copépodes planctônicos foram realizados em lagos de várzea, que apresentam características diferentes dos lagos de água preta, e os mesmos restringem-se a coletas mensais ou quinzenais durante os períodos de seca/enchente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da enchente do rio Negro (águas pretas) na composição, riqueza e abundância das espécies de copépodes planctônicos no lago Tupé. Foram utilizadas amostras quantitativas diárias da região limnética de três estações amostrais no lago. O período de amostragem compreendeu os meses de Janeiro, Fevereiro e Março de 2011. Nos 10 primeiros dias de amostragem não há entrada da água do rio no lago, e a partir do 11° dia as águas do rio Negro começam a entrar no lago. Um total de 14 táxons de copépodes foram registrados, (Oithona amazonica, Macrocyclops albidus albidus, Mesocyclops brasilianus, Metacyclops brauni, Thermocyclops sp., Aspinus acicularis, Rhacodiaptomus retroflexus, Rhacodiaptomus calatus, Rhacodiaptomus calamensis, Dasydiaptomus coronatus, Dactylodiaptomus pearsei, Notodiaptomus inflatus, Notodiaptomus coniferoides, Diaptomus linus). Diaptomidae foi a mais representativa com 9 espécies, seguida da Cyclopidae que apresentou 4 espécies e Oithonidae apenas um representante. A espécie Oithona amazonica foi a espécie de Cyclopoida mais abundante durante todo o período de estudo, e de Calanoida foi Aspinus acicularis, a máxima abundância das duas espécies ocorreram no período anterior a entrada da água do rio Negro. A entrada da água do rio Negro influenciou negativamente a abundância de copépodes adultos, houve também diminuição na densidade de náuplius e copepoditos. Entretanto, a diversidade e riqueza de espécies aumentou no decorrer da enchente.

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-06-15T17:32:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 273728.pdf: 13102209 bytes, checksum: 521bb732d2ce883a31275f4835400293 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T17:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 273728.pdf: 13102209 bytes, checksum: 521bb732d2ce883a31275f4835400293 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / CAPES / FUJB / O litoral brasileiro possui a fauna de Siphonostomatoida parasita de peixes relativamente bem conhecida contudo não se tem registros de espécies de Siphonostomatoida associados de invertebrados. Deste modo foram realizadas coletas em três diferentes pontos do litoral brasileiro, Ilhas Cagarras, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Recife de Viçosa, Nova Viçosa (BA) e Porto de Galinhas (PE), para o levantamento taxonômico de Siphonostomatoida. Nessas coletas foram analisadas as espécies de Siphonostomatoida Asterocheridae associadas à Porifera. Nove espécies novas são descritas, sendo seis do gênero Asterocheres (A. abrolhensis n. sp., A. crenulatus n. sp., A. Junatus n. sp., A. paraboecki n. sp., A. spinopaulus n. sp. e A. tetrasetosus n. sp.), uma de Asteropontoides (A. elephantinus n. sp.), uma de Cletopontius ( C. titanus n. sp.) e uma de Monocheres (M. cagarrensis n. sp.). Foi descrito, pela primeira vez, um macho do gênero Cletopontius. Além dessas espécies novas, um novo gênero (Kolomyzon n. gen.) de Asterocheridae é descrito para a espécie Kolomyzon angustus n. gen. n. sp. Chaves para a identificação dos gêneros de Asterocheridae e para as espécies de todos os gêneros estudados são apresentadas. O gênero Asterocheres que possui uma distribuição mundial é pela primeira vez registrado para o Atlântico Sul Ocidental. Asteropontoides, Cletopontius e Monocheres cujas espécies eram apenas conhecidas para o Oceano Índico também foram registradas para o Oceano Atlântico. / The Brazilian coast has the Siphonostomatoid species that parazitise fishes relatively well known, however there are no records of the Siphonostomatoid species that live associated with invertebrates. Thus, sampling was clone in three diferent areas of the Brazilian coast: Cagarras Islands, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) ; Viçosa Reefs, Nova Viçosa (BA) and Porto de Galinhas (PE) , to study these Siphonostomatoids. ln these samples the Asterocheridae species associated with Porifera were analyzed. Nine new species are described, six of them belonging to the genus Asterocheres (A. abrolhensis n. sp. , A. crenulatus n. sp., A. lunatus n. sp., A. paraboecki n. sp., A. spinopaulus n. sp. and A. tetrasetosus n. sp.) , one to Asteropontoides (A. elephantinus n. sp. ) , one to Cletopontius ( C. titanus n. sp.) and, one to Monocheres (M cagarrensis n. sp. ) . For the first time a male from the genus Cletopontius is described. Besides these new species a new genus (Kolomyzon n. gen.) of Asterocheridae is described to the species Kolomyzon angustus n. gen. n. sp. Keys for the genera of Asterocheridae and for the species of the studied genera are presented. The genus Asterocheres has a worldwide distribution, but for the first time, it is recorded for the South western Atlantic. Asteropontoides, Cletopontius and Monocheres whose species were only known from the lndian Ocean were also first recorded for the Atlantic Ocean.

Entomolepididae é uma família de sifonostomatóides com distribuição cosmopolita. Até o momento, é composta por 9 gêneros e 19 species, com maior diversidade no Indo-Pacífico. Entomolepididade encontra-se dividida em duas subfamílias que diferem, basicamente, pelo número de segmentos pedígeros entre o cefalotórax e o escudo terminal - Parmulodinae apresenta apenas um segmento enquanto que Entomolepinae possui dois segmentos. Assim como nas subfamílias, é comum encontrar sobreposições nas diagnoses do gênero. Apesar de ser um grupo relativamente antigo, não há na literatura dados acerca das relações entre as espécies de Entomolepididae. Assim, esta tese teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão taxonômica e um estudo filogenético da família Entomolepididae. Ao estudar os espécimes tipos de Parmulodes verrucosus, e Entomopsyllus stocki, foi possível identificar inconsistências que levaram à redescrição da primeira e a adição de notas na descrição da segunda espécie. O estudo da fauna associada à esponjas do gênero Aplysina permitiu a identificação de 4 novas espécies de Spongiopsyllus: S. atypicus, S. stocki, S. boxshalli e S. hoi. O estudo filogenético incluiu as 23 espécies de Entomolepididade, conhecidas até então, além de 3 espécies de Asterocheridae como grupos-externos, e como resultado, foi obtida apenas 1 árvore maximamente parcimoniosa. Apenas a subfamília Entomolepinae foi recuperada como grupo monofilético. Dentre os gêneros de Entomolepididae, apenas Entomopsyllus não é monofilético. Spongiopsyllus mostrou-se um clado próximo à Entomopsyllus. A evolução de Entomolepididae envolveu muitos caracteres homoplásticos, tornado difícil o reconhecimento de padrões / Entomolepididae is a cosmopolitan siphonostomatoid family. Until now, the family is composed by 9 genera and 19 species with major diversity on Indo-Pacific Ocean. Entomolepididade has two subfamilies which differs basically by the number of pedigerous segments between the cephalotorax and the terminal shield - Parmulodinae show one segment instead Entomolepinae has two segments. As in the subfamilies, is common to find overlaps in genera diagnosis. Despite its ancient characteristics, do not have in the literature data concerning the relationships among Entomolepididae species. Thus, this thesis aimed to make a taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic study of Entomolepididae. The analyze of Parmulodes verrucosus, and Entomopsyllus stocki type specimens allowed the identification of incongruences that led to the redescription of the first and to the descriptional notes of the second species. The study of associated fauna of Aplysina sponges allow the idenification of 4 new Spongiopsyllus species: S. atypicus, S. stocki, S. boxshalli and S. hoi. The phylogenetic study include all 23 known Entomolepididae species, in addition to 3 Asterocheridae species as outgroups, resulting in 1 most parsimonious tree. Only the subfamily Entomolepinae was recovered as monophyletic. Among the genera, just Entomopsyllus was non-monophyletic. Spongiopsyllus is a clade close to Entomopsyllus. The Entomolepididae evolution involved many homoplastic characters which become difficult the identification of patterns

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-12T17:25:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 551986.pdf: 8877480 bytes, checksum: e3c2b382ef2afd307d864fc685f03822 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T17:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 551986.pdf: 8877480 bytes, checksum: e3c2b382ef2afd307d864fc685f03822 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Objetivando analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal da Classe Copepoda, foi desenvolvido um estudo na Baía de Guanabara no período de Março de 1998 a Novembro de 1999. Bimestralmente, arrastos horizontais de superfície foram realizados em 8 estações de coleta com auxílio de rede cilíndro-cônica com abertura de malha de 200 μm. Arrastos verticais na estação da entrada da Baía de Guanabara foram realizados para complementar a lista de espécies. Foram identificadas 25 espécies de copépodes, sendo as mais abundantes e frequentes, Acartia tonsa, Acartia lilljebörgi e Paracalanus parvus. Foi possível observar um gradiente crescente de densidade e diversidade específica dos copépodes no sentido norte-sul da baía associado, provavelmente, às variações de salinidade e ao padrão de circulação de suas águas. Além disso, a análise de agrupamento evidenciou uma tendência ao aumento da densidade e da diversidade específica durante o inverno. / This study presents the space-time of the Class Copepoda for Guanabara Bay from March 1998 to November 1999. Bimonthly, surface horizontal net hauls were carried out at 8 sites, using a conic-cylindrical net of 200μm mesh size. Vertical tows at Guanabara Bay entrance site were done to complement the species list. Twenty-five species of copepods were identified, and the most abundant and frequent ones were Acartia tonsa, Acartia lilljebörgi and Paracalanus parvus. It was possible to observe an increasing north-to-south gradient in organisms abundance and in species diversity, which was probably associated to salinity variations and circulation pattern. Moreover, the cluster analysis showed a tendency for abundance and species diversity to increase during wintertime.

Submitted by Alberto Vieira (martins_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2018-01-12T18:39:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 567114.pdf: 33861737 bytes, checksum: 0b2b4a897ad09431f0fb624fb45ea6b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T18:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 567114.pdf: 33861737 bytes, checksum: 0b2b4a897ad09431f0fb624fb45ea6b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-05 / CAPES / Copépodes Monstrilloida são relativamente raros no plâncton e somente o primeiro estádio de náuplio e os adultos são de vida livre, enquanto que todos os outros estádios são endoparasitas de poliquetas e moluscos. Estudos taxonômicos e ecológicos deste grupo são limitados devido à raridade dos espécimens. Dezoito táxons de Monstrilloida perteocentes aos gêneros Monstrilla. Cymbasoma e Monstrillopsis (Monstrilloida: Copepoda: Crustacea) foram registrados para o Atlântico Sul Ocidental (5-50 ºS). Dados sobre a ocorrência, distribuição, aspectos morfológicos e informações ecológicas são fornecidos para todos os táxons. As características diagnósticas das espécies registradas para o Atlântico Sul Ocidental são semelhantes às das espécies encontradas em outras localidades, ocorrendo algumas variações em relação ao comprimento total das mesmas. Foi apresentado o padrão de armadura da antênula das fêmeas das espécies analisadas. com a finalidade de servir como base para futuras comparações. As quinze espécies identificadas foram agrupadas em 4 áreas, segundo os parâmetros de temperatura e salinidade da região, sendo determinadas a existência das seguintes associações de espécies de Monstrilloidas para o Atlântico Sul Ocidental (5 a 50 ºS): a) Associação de espécies da Zona Tropical. formada pelas espécies da Área (Monstrilla rugosa, M grandis, M careli, Cymbasoma longispinosum, C. rigidum e Monstrillopsis gracilis), abrangendo o litoral dos estados do Rio Grande do Norte a Alagoas. onde foram registradas temperaturas que variaram entre 27 e 37ºC e salinidade de 35.4 a 36.4 PSU, caracterizando a presença da Água de Plataforma com temperaturas elevadas e da Água Tropical. e Área 2 (Monstrilla careli, M brasiliensis, M. satchmoi. M bahiana e Monstrillopsis gracilis), abrangendo a costa do estado da Bahia, onde foram registradas temperaturas entre 25.4 e 26,9ºC e a salinidade variou de 36.4 a 37.4 PSU, características da Água Tropical: b) Associação de espécies da Zona Subtropical. formada pelas espécies Monstrilla grandis. M. careli. M. rugosa, M. brasiliensis. M pustulata. M satchmoi. Cymbasoma quadridens. C. longispinosum, C rigidum. C. rachai. Monstrillopsis dubia. M. gracilis e M. fosshageni. abrangendo o litoral dos estados do Espírito Santo a Santa Catarina, onde foram registradas temperaturas entre 20.5 e 29.6 ºC e salinidade entre 28 e 35. 9 PSU, características da presença da Água Costeira e da Água de Plataforma; e c) Associação de espécies da Zona de Transição, formada pelas espécies Monstrilla grandis e M. helgolandica. abrangendo o litoral da Argentina. onde foram encontradas temperaturas entre 12.3 e 19 ºC e salinidade de 33.3 a 34.0 PSU, sendo definida como de mistura entre a região Subtropical e Subantártica. Foi verificada a diminuição do número de espécies no sentido norte-sul e que a sua grande maioria não fica restrita a apenas uma massa d' água. As espécies se distribuem usualmente cobrindo pelo menos uma massa d'água inteiramente ou parte de uma ou duas outras. / Taxonomic and ecological works of the group are limited by the rarity of specimens which are captured by plankton nets as adults only. Most stages are highly modified internai parasites of benthic polychaetes and molluscs. The material examined was collected during zooplankton surveys in neritic and oceanic areas off the coast of Brazil and Argentina. The diagnostic taxonomic characteristics of the South Occidental Atlantic specimens are similar to the one found in other places. with some variations in relation to the length of the body. The pattem of antennular armature was described for each species in order to use this feature in future taxonimical comparisons. The fifteen species were associated to four areas each with distinct conditions of temperature and salinity. The following associations of monstrilloids in the surveyed area were determined by cluster analysis: a) species associations of the Tropical Zone – with species of Areas l and 2 . ln Area 1 Monstrilla grandis. M rugosa, M careli, Cymbasoma rigidum. C. longispinosum, and Monstrillopsis gracilis occurred. lt included the coast of region from Rio Grande do Norte to Alagoas (Brazil), with temperatures ranging between 27 and 37 ºC and salinity between 35.4 and 36.4 PSU. These values are characteristic of the Shelf and Tropical Waters in the region. Monstrilla brasiliensis. M. careli. M. satchmoi, M bahiana, and Monstrillopsis gracilis occurred in Area 2, restricted to coastal zone of Bahia (Brazil). with temperatures between 25.4 and 26.9 ºC and salinity between 36.4 to 3 7.4 PSU characteristic of Tropical Water: b) species association of the Subtropical Zone – it included Monstrilla grandis. i\1. careli. M. rugosa. M. brasiliensis, M. pustu/ata, M satchmoi. Cymbasoma quadridens. C. longispinosum. C. rigidum. C. rachai. Monstrillopsis dubia. M. gracilis. and M fosshageni occurred in the coastal zone from Espírito Santo to Santa Catarina (Brazil), with a thermal range of 20.5 – 29.6 ºC and a salinic variability of 28 – 35.9 PSU; these values are characteristic ofthe Shelf and Coastal Waters; and e) species association of the Transitional Zone – with Monstrilla grandis and ,\;f helgolandica. both occurred in the coasts off Argentina (12.3 to 19 ºC. 33.3 to 34 PSU. The Transitional Zone is defined as an area of mixture of Subtropical and Subantarctic Zone conditions. These is a decreasing number of species from North to South. most species are not limited to one water mass. The species recorded usually are distributed in one water mass entirely. and also in at least parts of one or two others.

Un enjeu scientifique majeur du XXIème siècle est de prédire l'impact du changement climatique sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Dans les Océans, le plancton joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation du climat, les cycles biogéochimiques et la dynamique des réseaux trophiques marins. Le zooplancton transfert l'énergie depuis les producteurs primaires vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs, tout en participant à la pompe à carbone biologique. Pourtant, les liens entre sa diversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins demeurent méconnus. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la diversité taxinomique et fonctionnelle du groupe majeur du zooplancton, les copépodes, dans un point chaud de biodiversité : la Mer Méditerranée. Le travail effectué vise à: (i) définir de nouveaux groupes fonctionnels du zooplancton à partir de traits fonctionnels; (ii) tester si ces groupes possèdent des niches environnementales distinctes; et (iii) analyser comment le changement climatique pourra modifier la diversité des assemblages en Mer Méditerranée, et la diversité fonctionnelle associée. Un nouveau jeu de données de traits fonctionnels a été implémenté depuis la littérature afin de définir des groupes fonctionnels. Les occurrences des espèces ont été utilisées pour modéliser leurs niches environnementales. Puis, plusieurs modèles de niche ont été développés pour prédire l'évolution de la diversité α et β des assemblages de copépodes de la Mer Méditerranée sous divers scénarii de changement climatique. Finalement, les résultats sont discutés pour fournir une vision synoptique de l'impact du changement climatique sur la diversité fonctionnelle des copépodes en Mer Méditerranée. / One of the 21st century’s greatest scientific issues is to predict the impact of climate change on the functioning of ecosystems. In the Ocean, the plankton plays a pivotal role in climate regulation, biogeochemical cycles, and marine food webs dynamics. The zooplankton transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels, while actively exporting organic matter from the surface to the deep ocean. However, the links between zooplanktonic diversity and marine ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. During this PhD project, we have studied the taxonomic and functional diversity of the major marine zooplanktonic groups, the copepods, in biodiversity hotspot: the Mediterranean Sea. This work aims to: (i) define new zooplankton functional groups based on functional traits of many copepod species; (ii) test whether said groups present distinct environmental niches; and (iii) explore how climate change may modify the diversity of Mediterranean assemblages, and the associated functional diversity. A new dataset of species functional traits was gathered from the literature and was used to identify functional groups. The species’ occurrences were used to model their environmental niches, thus highlighting the control of abiotic conditions on the distribution of species. Multiple niche models were implemented to predict the evolution of the α and β diversity of Mediterranean copepod species assemblages under different climate change scenarios. Finally, the results from this PhD are discussed to provide a synoptic vision of the impact of climate change on copepod functional diversity in the Mediterranean Sea.

L’estuaire de Seine est l’un des plus pollués de l’hémisphère nord dû notamment à ses activités urbaines et agricoles de son bassin versant. Malgré cela le copépode E. affinis représente 90 % de la biomasse zooplanctonique en estuaire de Seine. L’objectif de la thèse était de développer un nouveau Bio-essAi Survie Croissance copépode (BASIC) à l’aide du copépode E. affinis sur différentes matrices environnementales. Dans un premier temps, le bio-essai a été mise au point à l’aide de sédiments enrobés avec des molécules modèles représentatives de la contamination estuarienne (APs, HAPS et PCBs) avant d’être validé, par la suite, sur des sédiments naturels de l’estuaire de Seine. Le bio-essai à ensuite été appliqué en solution au 4-NP et au PCB 126 et sur Vibrio anguillarum issus de l’estuaire de Seine. Un protocole d’exposition multi-générationnel a été appliqué dans les mêmes conditions pendant trois générations. Les résultats recensés ont montré un effet sur le développement larvaire lors des expositions après 6 jours d’expositions à des sédiments enrobés. Dans le cadre des expositions en solution, des résultats similaires ont été obtenus, notamment, un retard de croissance après deux jours d’exposition au 4-NP et au PCB 126 corrélé avec les niveaux d’activité chitobiase. En revanche, à la fin de l’expérimentation ce résultat n’est plus observé. Lors des expositions à Vibrio anguillarum, une augmentation de l’activité chitobiase a été enregistrée les premiers jours de l’exposition, impliquant une augmentation de la croissance au sixième jour. Dans le cadre des expérimentions multi-générationnelle, le copépode semble se stabiliser à la troisième génération. / Seine estuary is one of the most polluted in the northern hemisphere largely due to its urban and agricultural activities of its watershed. Despite this the copepod E. affinis represents 90% of zooplankton biomass in the Seine estuary. The aim of the thesis was to develop a new bioassay Survival Growth copepod with the copepod E. affinis on various environmental matrices. Initially, the bioassay was developed using sediments spiked with molecules representative models of estuarine contamination (APs, PAHS and PCBs) before being validated on natural sediments of the Seine estuary. The bioassay was applied in solution 4-NP and PCB 126 and Vibrio anguillarum from the Seine estuary. A multi-generational exposure protocol was applied under the same conditions for three generations. The results showed an effect on larval development after 6 days of exposure to sediments. In solution, similar results were obtained, including, retarded growth after two days of exposure to 4-NP and PCB 126 correlated with chitobiase activity levels. However, at the end of the experiment the result is not observed. At exposition with Vibrio anguillarum, increased activity was recorded chitobiase the first days, involving an increase in growth in the sixth day. As part of the multi-generational experimenting, the copepod appears to be stabilizing at the third generation.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles / Les copépodes dominent la biomasse du mésozooplancton des régions arctiques et subarctiques, où lumière, glace et production primaire varient fortement selon les saisons. En transformant le carbone fixé par les microalgues en réserves lipidiques pour survivre l'hiver, les Calanus spp. constituent une source d'énergie cruciale pour les poissons, oiseaux et mammifères marins. Historiquement, les copépodes sont étudiés par un comptage taxonomique après un échantillonnage par filets. Cette thèse propose un autre paradigme en combinant l'utilisation d'outils d'imagerie plus récents et une approche dite « par traits fonctionnels ». Les traits fonctionnels sont des propriétés mesurables à l'échelle individuelle et influençant le succès écologique des organismes (i.e. taille, régime trophique, migration verticale). Ils sont partagés par plusieurs espèces et peuvent être reliés à des fonctionnalités des écosystèmes comme l'export de carbone ou l'énergie disponible pour les réseaux trophiques par exemple. Comme une majorité des traits possèdent une signature morphologique, nous les avons définis sur deux types d'images individuelles du plancton, complémentaires et couramment utilisées : des images in situ de l'Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP) et des images en couleur prises lors d'observations au stéréomicroscope. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment les traits fonctionnels des copépodes, identifiés sur des images, peuvent être reliés aux dynamiques environnementales et au fonctionnement des écosystèmes arctiques et subarctiques. Dans le Chapitre 1, nous analysons des images in situ prises par l'UVP au moment de la fonte printanière de la banquise dans l'arctique canadien. Des variables morphologiques sont utilisées pour projeter les images dans un espace statistique, et les axes synthétisent les variations morphologiques en trois traits continus : la taille, l'opacité (qui nous renseigne sur les structures pigmentées), et la complexité du contour (indiquant probablement un taux d'activité par la visibilité des appendices). Cette analyse exploratoire a révélé des traits nouveaux, dont les variations étaient fortement corrélées à la fonte de la banquise et à l'efflorescence des algues. Plusieurs arguments indiquent que les maxima d'opacité des individus peuvent être attribués à la présence d'astaxanthine, un pigment caroténoïde rouge. Dans le Chapitre 2, une revue de la littérature a mis en évidence les conditions écologiques propices à la coloration des copépodes pour divers écosystèmes aquatiques à l'échelle globale. Nous démontrons que la pigmentation rouge peut participer au succès des individus (croissance, survie, reproduction) grâce aux propriétés antioxydantes de l'astaxanthine. Comme la pigmentation semble ajustable à de courtes échelles temporelles et avantageuse dans diverses conditions environnementales (lumière intense, basses températures et couvert de glace, ou grandes profondeurs), nous pensons qu'elle peut être considéré comme un de "couteau-suisse" de protection métabolique. Dans le Chapitre 3, une méthode de déconvolution de la couleur de l'astaxanthine a été utilisée pour produire un indice de rougeur sur des images de copépodes arctiques observés au stéréomicroscope. L'indice a été validé par comparaison avec une quantification chimique des pigments, et peut être utilisé pour des images prises dans diverses conditions grâce à une étape préalable de calibration des canaux de couleur. Cette thèse montre qu'il est possible d'extraire un maximum d'information à partir d'une image de plancton pour dégager des tendances écologiques sur de grands jeux de données, tout en gardant accès à la variabilité interindividuelle. Utiliser les traits définis ici (taille, pression de broutage, taux d'antioxydants), en combinaison avec d'autres outils, pourrait participer à la compréhension du fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques. / Copepods dominate the mesozooplankton biomass of arctic and sub-arctic regions, where light, ice and primary production are highly variable according to the season. By converting carbon fixed by microalgae into lipid reserves for winter survival, Calanus spp. are a crucial source of energy for fish, birds and marine mammals. Historically, copepods have been studied by taxonomic counting after net sampling. This thesis proposes an alternative paradigm by combining the use of more recent imaging tools and functional trait-based approach. Functional traits are properties that are measurable at the individual scale and influence the ecological success of organisms (i.e. size, trophic regime, vertical migration). They are shared by several species and can be related to ecosystem functionalities such as carbon export or energy available for food webs for example. As a majority of them have a morphological signature, we defined them on two types of individual plankton images, complementary and commonly used: in situ images from the Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP) and color images taken during stereomicroscope observations. The objective of this thesis is to understand how functional traits of copepods, identified in images, can be related to environmental dynamics and functioning of arctic and sub-arctic ecosystems. In Chapter 1, we analyze in situ images taken by the UVP at the time of spring melt in the Canadian arctic. Morphological variables are used to project the images into a statistical space, and the axes synthesize morphological variation into three continuous features: size, opacity (which tells us about pigmented structures), and complexity of contour (likely indicating feeding activity through appendage visibility). This exploratory analysis revealed novel traits, having variations strongly correlated with sea ice melt and algal blooms phenology. Several arguments indicate that opacity maxima in individuals can be attributed to the presence of astaxanthin, a red carotenoid pigment. In Chapter 2, a review of the literature highlighted the ecological conditions conducive to copepod coloration for various aquatic ecosystems on a global scale. We demonstrate that red pigmentation can participate in the success of individuals (growth, survival, reproduction) through the antioxidant properties of astaxanthin. Since pigmentation appears to be adjustable on short time scales and advantageous under various environmental conditions (intense light, low temperatures and ice cover, or great depths), we believe it can be considered as a "swiss army knife" of metabolic protection. In Chapter 3, an astaxanthin color deconvolution method was used to produce a redness index on stereomicroscope images of arctic copepods. The index was validated by comparison with a chemical quantification of the pigments, and can be used for images taken under various conditions thanks to a prior calibration step of the color channels. This thesis shows that it is possible to extract a maximum amount of information from a plankton image to identify ecological trends on large datasets, while keeping access to inter-individual variability. Using the traits defined here (size, grazing pressure, antioxidant levels), in combination with other tools, could participate in understanding the functioning of food webs.

Com o objetivo de se conhecer a comunidade zooplanctônica da zona de arrebentação da Praia de Tramandaí – RS e identificar a variação sazonal das espécies e sua relação com os padrões de ventos e influências de massas de água, foram realizadas 24 amostragens com intervalo de quinze dias entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006. Dados de temperatura do ar e da água, salinidade, velocidade do vento e direção do vento e da corrente de deriva foram obtidos no campo no momento de cada coleta. A concentração de clorofila-a foi obtida em laboratório, assim como a identificação e quantificação do zooplâncton e sua biomassa em peso seco. Copepoda foi o grupo mais diverso com maior importância representada pela espécie Temora turbinata, seguida de Acartia tonsa e Subeucalanus pileatus. O misidáceo Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica apresentou entre todos os taxa encontrados, a maior freqüência de ocorrência e abundância relativa, correspondendo a grande parte da biomassa em peso seco encontrada. Biomassa de zooplâncton e clorofila-a não apresentaram correlação significativa, apresentando picos de 96 mg.m-³ e 138 μg.L-¹, respectivamente. O copépode Ctenocalanus vanus, apesar de originário de Águas Subantárticas e Subtropicais foi freqüente na região de estudo e a falta de conhecimento sobre seu comportamento e exigências reprodutivas nos levou a realizar testes de laboratório que permitiram observar sua forma de desova e eclosão, assim como estimar valores de produção de ovos, pelotas fecais e náuplios em duas dietas diferentes. Assim os dados levantados servirão de base para novos estudos que permitam um maior entendimento dos processos que ocorrem na coluna d’água da Praia de Tramandaí - RS. / This article aims at the research of the zooplanktonic community of the Tramandaí Beach – RS surf zone and at the identification of the seasonal variation of the species; its relations with wind patterns and water mass influence. To reach such objective, 24 samplings were done between August 2005 and August 2006 at intervals of fifteen days. Data about air and water temperature, salinity, wind speed, drift current, and wind direction were collected in the field at the same time of each sampling. The chlorophyll-a concentration was measured in laboratory as well as the identification and quantification of the zooplankton and its dry biomass. Copepoda was the most diverse group. Temora turbinata was the most important species followed by Acartia tonsa and Subeucalanus pileatus. The Mysidacea Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica expressed the highest frequency of occurrence and relative abundance among all taxa, corresponding to a considerable part of the total dry biomass. Zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a did not present significant correlation. The highest concentrations found were 96 mg.m-³ and 138 μg.L-¹ respectively. In spite of being originated in Subtropical and sub-Antarctic waters, the copepod Ctenocalanus vanus was frequently found in the study area. Because of the lack of knowledge about their behaviour and reproductive requirements, we accomplished laboratorial tests which allowed the observation of their kind of spawning and hatching. It also allowed estimating at the number of eggs, fecal pellets and number of nauplius in two different diets. Such data is going to be the basis for new studies to provide a higher understanding of the processes occurring in the water column of Tramandaí Beach - RS

Com o objetivo de se conhecer a comunidade zooplanctônica da zona de arrebentação da Praia de Tramandaí – RS e identificar a variação sazonal das espécies e sua relação com os padrões de ventos e influências de massas de água, foram realizadas 24 amostragens com intervalo de quinze dias entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006. Dados de temperatura do ar e da água, salinidade, velocidade do vento e direção do vento e da corrente de deriva foram obtidos no campo no momento de cada coleta. A concentração de clorofila-a foi obtida em laboratório, assim como a identificação e quantificação do zooplâncton e sua biomassa em peso seco. Copepoda foi o grupo mais diverso com maior importância representada pela espécie Temora turbinata, seguida de Acartia tonsa e Subeucalanus pileatus. O misidáceo Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica apresentou entre todos os taxa encontrados, a maior freqüência de ocorrência e abundância relativa, correspondendo a grande parte da biomassa em peso seco encontrada. Biomassa de zooplâncton e clorofila-a não apresentaram correlação significativa, apresentando picos de 96 mg.m-³ e 138 μg.L-¹, respectivamente. O copépode Ctenocalanus vanus, apesar de originário de Águas Subantárticas e Subtropicais foi freqüente na região de estudo e a falta de conhecimento sobre seu comportamento e exigências reprodutivas nos levou a realizar testes de laboratório que permitiram observar sua forma de desova e eclosão, assim como estimar valores de produção de ovos, pelotas fecais e náuplios em duas dietas diferentes. Assim os dados levantados servirão de base para novos estudos que permitam um maior entendimento dos processos que ocorrem na coluna d’água da Praia de Tramandaí - RS. / This article aims at the research of the zooplanktonic community of the Tramandaí Beach – RS surf zone and at the identification of the seasonal variation of the species; its relations with wind patterns and water mass influence. To reach such objective, 24 samplings were done between August 2005 and August 2006 at intervals of fifteen days. Data about air and water temperature, salinity, wind speed, drift current, and wind direction were collected in the field at the same time of each sampling. The chlorophyll-a concentration was measured in laboratory as well as the identification and quantification of the zooplankton and its dry biomass. Copepoda was the most diverse group. Temora turbinata was the most important species followed by Acartia tonsa and Subeucalanus pileatus. The Mysidacea Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica expressed the highest frequency of occurrence and relative abundance among all taxa, corresponding to a considerable part of the total dry biomass. Zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a did not present significant correlation. The highest concentrations found were 96 mg.m-³ and 138 μg.L-¹ respectively. In spite of being originated in Subtropical and sub-Antarctic waters, the copepod Ctenocalanus vanus was frequently found in the study area. Because of the lack of knowledge about their behaviour and reproductive requirements, we accomplished laboratorial tests which allowed the observation of their kind of spawning and hatching. It also allowed estimating at the number of eggs, fecal pellets and number of nauplius in two different diets. Such data is going to be the basis for new studies to provide a higher understanding of the processes occurring in the water column of Tramandaí Beach - RS