"Drawing as a Way of Knowing: Architectural Survey in the Late Renaissance" explores a group of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century architectural manuscripts that are each part of a network of copies. Made by French and Italian draftsmen studying ancient and modern Roman monuments from the 1560s to the 1640s, the drawings contain information about the buildings--which include the Pantheon and Saint Peter's--that is not known from any other sources. Yet the information that the drawings preserve is only part of their value: the drawings also show how that information was recorded, transferred, and valued by other draftsmen. With a special focus on chronological complications, "Drawing as a Way of Knowing" examines the singularities that are produced when draftsmen try to repeat pictorial statements exactly. These chronological complications include the representation of elements that no longer exist, that never existed, or that collapse several distinct chronological moments into a single image. All these complications can be found in the network of drawings now found in the Goldschmidt and Scholz Scrapbooks in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ms XII. D. 74 in the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, the Cronstedt Collection of the Stockholm Nationalmuseum, the album known as Architectura Civile in the Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo at Windsor Castle, codex Destailleur D at the Berlin Kunstbibliothek, the Album François Derand at the Louvre, and Ms B 2. 3 at the Worcester College Library at Oxford. This dissertation examines this web of manuscripts to consider how drawing was used as a way of knowing after the invention of print.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur deux phénomènes syntaxiques importants du chinois mandarin: la construction à copie du verbe et la construction en BA, chacun desquels pose un défi à l'approche générative de la linguistique. Nous avons proposé dans le travail une analyse par étiquetage qui permet éventuellement d'unifier les deux phénomènes qui sont à première vue très différents. Dans la partie sur le phénomène de copie du verbe, nous avons avancé l'idée que la forme de la copie du verbe est dérivée par le mouvement du VP qui fait partie d'une des stratégies grammaticales pour rendre labélisable la structure formée par la fusion entre le complément postverbal et AspP, qui est du type {XP, YP} dans les termes de Chomsky (2013). Dans la partie sur les constructions en BA, en nous basant sur l'hypothèse du mouvement, nous supposons que le mouvement du NP (le BA-NP) est pour satisfaire des exigences de sous-catégorisation de l'élément BA, que le Merge interne du NP avec le vP donne lieu à une structure nominale qui porte le label [φ], et que le rôle de BA est de fournir un label verbal à cette structure nominale sous T, qui autrement serait exclue à l'interface C-I / -résumé en anglais:The thesis mainly discusses two important syntactic phenomenons of Mandarin Chinese: verb copying constructions and BA-constructions, each of which presents a challenge to the generative approach of linguistics. I provided in the thesis a labeling analysis that allows to unify the two phenomena which are very different en the surface. In the part of verb copying constructions, I put forward the idea that the verb copying form is derived by VP movement, one of the grammatical strategies to provide a label to the unlabelable structure formed by the internal Merge between the postverbal complement and AspP, resulting in a {XP, YP} structure in the terms of Chomsky (2013). In the part of BA-construction, based on the movement hypothesis, I proposed that the movement of NP (the BA-NP) is to satisfy the subcategorization requirement of BA, and the internal Merge between the NP and the vP gives rise to a nominal structure labeled [φ], and we argue further that the role of BA is to provide a verbal label to the nominal structure under T, which otherwise, would be ruled out at the CI interface

Making Copies: The Impact of Photocopying on Copyright Law in Australia In recent years, there has been a growing interest in looking at the history of copyright law through the lens of different technologies. Rather than looking at the historical development of, for example, copyright defences, the development of a specific piece of legislation or the way in which copyright law as distinct body of law took shape, there is a growing interest in looking at the way in which copyright law was shaped and influenced by specific types of technology. This literature is based on the idea that by focusing on the way that the law responded to a particular technology, that this enables us to get a better sense of the way in which the different legal rules and procedures operate and intersect: something that tends to be lost in more focused doctrinal or policy accounts. While there have been a number of important studies that focus on the impact of specific technologies, notably the printing press, on the development of copyright law, there are many other technologies that have not been given the attention they deserve. The thesis aims to contribute to the growing body of copyright scholarship that looks at the impact that specific technologies have had on copyright law. More specifically, it aims to look at the impact that the photocopier had on the development of copyright law across the second half of twentieth century. In effect, the question that the thesis asks is: what impact did photocopying have on the development of copyright law in Australia? The thesis shows that in responding to the problems created photocopier, a number of important changes were made to copyright law. In addition to contributing to the introduction of published edition copyright, it will be argued that the photocopier not only led to the introduction of library copying provisions which have played and continue to play an important role in ensuring access to information, but also helped to clarify that the fair dealing defence extended beyond hand copying to include machine copies. As well as highlighting the impact that the photocopying licences, which were introduced to deal with multiple copies, had on copyright law, it will be also be argued that the photocopier led to other changes, such as the politicisation of literary copyright. In highlighting the various changes brought about as a result of the attempt to respond to the problems created by the photocopier, the thesis will highlight the important role that technological change has had on the development of copyright law.

Abstract The aim of this study is first to present the current situation in computer self-efficacy, computer anxiety, computer coping strategy and computer literacy in elementary and junior high school teachers, then to observe the variance resulting from teachers having different backgrounds, and finally to explore the relationships among the four factors. The subjects in this study are 452 elementary and junior high school teachers from Taipei city/county and Kaohsiung city/county, including 318 female and 134 male teachers. ¡§Computer literacy scale,¡¨ ¡§computer self-efficacy scale,¡¨ ¡§computer coping strategy scale,¡¨ and ¡§computer anxiety scale¡¨ are adopted as methods of analysis in this study. Data analysis are carried out by mean, standard deviation, t-test, Hotelling¡¦s , one-way ANOVA, multivariate analysis of variance, stepwise multiple regression, correlation and discriminant analysis. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1.In terms of the variables: personal background, factors of gender, age, degree(s) achieved, field of study, availability of computers, frequency and amount of computer use per week, and out-dated computer hardware tend to make subjects experience high computer anxiety and/or low computer self-efficacy. For example, an experienced female teacher with a B.A. degree in history had little contact with computers leading her to become anxious about computer use and poor on computer self-efficacy. 2.As for performance in computer coping strategy and computer literacy; they are related to teachers¡¦ competence in computer self-efficacy and computer anxiety. Teachers with high computer anxiety tend to show frequent avoidance of computer use and poor coping strategies in problem solving, support seeking, and self-adjustment, and a shallow understanding of computers and computer-assisted instruction. 3.The dominance of computer coping strategy and computer literacy over the degree of computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy can be validated with the validity of 60% above. 4.For elementary and junior high school teachers, their computer anxiety, computer self-efficacy, and computer coping strategy are significantly related to their computer literacy. 5.Teachers¡¦ computer self-efficacy, and computer coping strategy in solving problems and seeking support are implications for performance in computer literacy. Based on the conclusion of this study, some suggestions are made for future study: In terms of teachers¡¦ computer competence 1.Familiarity with computers can reduce teachers¡¦ computer anxiety 2.Positive experiences in computer use will enhance teachers¡¦ computer self-efficacy 3.Proper guidance given to teachers aids their computer coping strategy 4.Assistance provided builds teachers¡¦ confidence and application ability in computer-based instruction. 5.Requirements of teachers can be satisfied with related computer conferences and workshops. Regarding future study 1.Scope of subjects can be enlarged. 2.Variables in computer competence and performance can be added. 3.Tools of analysis can be improved. 4.Quantity and quality of the methodology should carry the same weight.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-03T16:11:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Djeane%20Barros pt2.pdf: 878414 bytes, checksum: bce97a1481f565376c9b1ada0cf82336 (MD5) Djeane%20Barros pt1.pdf: 126002 bytes, checksum: 281a63929302ed71915b36be955db24e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-09T16:06:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Djeane%20Barros pt2.pdf: 878414 bytes, checksum: bce97a1481f565376c9b1ada0cf82336 (MD5) Djeane%20Barros pt1.pdf: 126002 bytes, checksum: 281a63929302ed71915b36be955db24e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-09T16:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Djeane%20Barros pt2.pdf: 878414 bytes, checksum: bce97a1481f565376c9b1ada0cf82336 (MD5) Djeane%20Barros pt1.pdf: 126002 bytes, checksum: 281a63929302ed71915b36be955db24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Trata-se de uma investigação exploratória descritiva de caráter qualitativo que teve como objeto mulheres com câncer invasivo do colo do útero: estratégias de enfrentamento cujo objetivo foi analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento utilizadas pela mulher ao ter como diagnóstico o câncer invasivo do colo do útero. Foram traçados como objetivos específicos: identificar as modificações biopsicossociais decorrentes do câncer; descrever a experiência da mulher frente a esse diagnóstico e descrever as estratégias de enfrentamento por ela utilizada. A investigação foi desenvolvida no Ambulatório de Oncologia do Hospital de referência para o atendimento de pacientes com câncer, localizado na cidade de Itabuna-Bahia. Para a construção desse estudo, tive como suporte o referencial da Psiconcologia com ênfase nas estratégias de enfrentamento. Os sujeitos se constituíram de doze mulheres com diagnóstico de câncer invasivo do colo do útero que se encontravam em tratamento no referido hospital. A coleta de dados foi realizada através da entrevista semi-estruturada, tendo oito questões norteadoras, posteriormente agrupadas e analisadas de acordo com o referencial teórico. Com base na análise temática foram construídas duas categorias: o espaço temporal entre a busca inicial à serviços de saúde e a situação atual de saúde: revendo estratégias de enfrentamentos; as estratégias de enfrentamento da doença são influenciadas pelos contextos em que as mulheres estão inseridas. O estudo permitiu concluir que o câncer do colo do útero é diagnosticado tardiamente devido às dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde como as longas filas, o atendimento rápido e a impessoalidade de alguns profissionais, as poucas consultas e a insatisfação com os serviços prestados. Concluiu-se que muitas enfrentaram o câncer buscando o apoio na família, nos amigos e na religiosidade, encontrando aí o alicerce para definir as suas estratégias. Com isso, a depender do contexto em que a mulher se encontrava inserida, a definição de estratégias de enfrentamento sofrem influências dos familiares, da religião, dos amigos, passando a ser consideradas como resultados positivos ou negativos na forma de lidar com o câncer. / Salvador

The work of the author was to investigate the static, dynamic and machining behaviour of some new designs of slug damped boring bars with a 10 to 1 overhang ratio. The bars were mounted on a centre lathe. The static behaviour of a boring bar in relation to the geometric form errors that might be produced during boring was studied both analytically and experimentally. Specifically, two types of errors were considered, namely, a) errors that arise on entry of the boring tool into the workpiece) known as the "bell-mouth" errors; and b) reproducibility of eccentricity errors, known as the "copying" errors. The theory for "bell-mouth" errors did not seem to fit the results well; however, the theory did prove that such errors could exist. The theory for “copying” errors agreed remarkably well with the results provided that the initial eccentricity was small compared with the depth of cut. The dynamical behaviour of the slug damped boring bar was modelled by a mathematical analogue. Despite its inability to properly account for the compressibility effect of the gaseous damping fluid, the model revealed the possibility of design improvements. In consequence, the optimally-tuned slug-damped tungsten-bunged bar was conceived, Manufactured and tested along with a solid bar for comparison purposes, a slug-damped recessed bar and a slug-damped steel-bunged bar. The machining behaviour of a boring bar was studied in terms of the maximum depth of cut that it could cope before the occurrence of chatter. At first, a stability model was developed based on the mathematical analogue formulated in the study of the dynamical behaviour. But since this analogue did not fit the results accurately, a second and more precise model was set up using the frequency response obtained from dynamic experiments instead. The concept of negative damping coefficient was used; and a one-to-one correspondence between the asymptotic value of the negative damping coefficient and the limiting depth of cut was found to exist. By virtue of this, it is in principle possible to predict the limiting depth of cut of any machine tool system whose frequency response characteristics are known. Compared with other bars tested, the optimally-tuned tungsten-bunged bar was found to have the best dynamic and machining characteristics as reflected in the limiting depth of cut of 0.10511 (2.67 mm) to 0.110" (2.79 mm) at the feed of 0.0065"/rev (0.165 mm/rev) and the speed of 500 rprn on a 3.5" dia. bore (140 m/min) of EN8 steel. By constrast, the solid bar was hardly able to cut stably even at the light cut of 0.005".

Epileptic seizures are usually stressful episodes for individuals, not least as they are often experienced in public. Most research into epilepsy has been conducted in Western cultures, and we know little about the experiences of people with epilepsy and living in Middle Eastern countries. This study aims to examine the influence of social comparison on the perception of quality of life for people with epilepsy in Iran and in the United Kingdom. Three studies were completed. Two studies were qualitative; exploring individuals’ experiences of living with epilepsy and investigating coping strategies, respectively, (UK = 10, Iran = 10), for each study. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The third quantitative study was examined to determine whether social comparison dimensions, (upward negative, upward positive, downward negative, downward positive), predict quality of life in both countries, (N = 100 for each country), and a hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyse data. The first study indicated people compare themselves to others and the unpredictable nature of a seizure causes individuals to perceive negative feelings and experience anxiety, furthermore urinary incontinence attached to seizures appeared to leave people feeling ashamed and anxious. Study two revealed that whilst Iranian people used emotion-focused coping strategies, individuals from the United Kingdom applied problem-focused coping strategies. In Iran religious coping strategies were used to cope with incontinency; however positive social comparison (downward) was used as a coping strategy for incontinency in the United Kingdom. Study three found that self-esteem was the main predictor for quality of life in Iran and the United Kingdom. Whilst a seizure’s severity negatively predicts quality of life in the United Kingdom, positive social comparison (upward) accounted for quality of life in Iran. This study suggests that providing positive role models can help Iranians have a better perception for their quality of life, whereas British people potentially maximise their quality of life through seizure management.

This thesis provides an overview of extra-contractual legal institutions of the use of copyrighted work. The main emphasis is on the institution of free use and related topic of private copying and fair compensation. Statutory licenses, both chargeable and free of charge, are not omitted. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Brief introduction is followed by chapter providing definition of the fundamental terms of copyright from the perspective of Czech copyright law. The second chapter contains summary of sources of copyright law. Czech law, as well as European and international law is included. The third chapter contains crutial part of the thesis, the analysis of the extra-contractual legal institutions of the use of copyrighted work. After brief comment on free works follows analysis of the Three-Step Test, which is of great significance for all examined legal institutions. Relevant case law - WTO Panel report WT/DS160/R - is examined and the Max Planck Institute's Declaration on a balanced Interpretation of the Three-Step Test is also considered. Subsequent subchapters are dedicated to the institutions of free use and private copying under both, Czech and European copyright law. The thesis also includes comparative analysis of the level of the private Copying levies in the EU, based on...

- ENGLISH The content of this thesis is aimed towards the interpretation of the so-called non- contractual legal institutions of the use of copyrighted work. These institutions represent such legal tools, that exceptionally allow individuals different from the author to exploit copyrighted work with no dependence on the author's permission or will. The text of the work is divided into four main chapters. For introduction into the matter, the opening part is dedicated to the explanation of the term copyright law, its position in the Czech legal system and the main principles it lies upon. This broad explanation is subsequently followed by definition of its fundamental terms - author's work and its use. The crucial part of the work lies in the fourth chapter, which bears the same title as the work itself. The structure of this chapter follows the organisation of the Czech Copyright Act. After description of the free work, the paper gets to the interpretation of individual exemptions and limitations to copyright, thus the institutes of free use and statutory licences. In relation with the matter of exemptions and limitations to copyright, the work does not forget to deal with their key tool, the Three-Step Test, and its related significant interpretation performed by The Dispute Settlement Body at...

Computer-based instructional programs are being used more frequently in classrooms. While these programs offer many benefits from traditional teaching methods, humans still need to program them. There is inconsistency in the literature regarding the best way to design such programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three training procedures in teaching individuals to type a specified three-letter response in the presence of a corresponding symbol. Results show that the training format that prompted individuals to copy the correct response before the opportunity to respond was more efficient than viewing the correct response after an error, or copying the correct response after an error. A discussion of the results as well as implications for classroom use is also provided.